welcome to manifested Publishers hello students welcome once again to our today's lesson we're going to have a lesson in history and government that is form four uh we're going to have a lesson in history and government that is the lesson we are going to have today and uh today we are going to introduce a new topic we're going to introduce a new topic which is the second topic uh that is international international relations international relations so I hope you are doing well as as you continue to to learn and uh today we are going to introduce a new topic international relations previously we have learned uh a topic or you have been studying a topic that we called world wars and we studied the different Wars and we said uh uh world war is award that engaged uh many countries and was fought uh in more than one continent and uh we discussed in detail the world wars that have been experienced in the world that is the first world war the second world war we interrogated the different uh countries that were involved in this war and now we are going to take a step further and look at international relations as our new topic so from what we learned in our previous topic that is the world wars we discovered that the the world war was not a very good the world war that were that were engaged that people were engaged in in the world were not very good they had devastating effect on the economies of people they had effect serious effects on the lives of people because we mentioned that a lot of lives were lost countries spend huge amounts of money uh during this war so immediately after the second world war there was now a period of peace and now the the countries were motivated to find amicable ways of solving their issues they had to find ways in which they could interact with each other or uh Nations could be able bble to uh have relations with other people that is what we are going to be uh discussing and studying in our topic international relations we are going to ask ourselves how did now from the war moving forward because initially uh countries were were were so much psyched up against one another trying to compete against one another until there was an outbreak of War now because they have seen they have tested the countries have tasted and have seen the effects of a World War now what steps did they take what were the steps that were taken to make sure that there was now a period of peace or if there is any conflict if there is any right the people or the countries could be able to uh interact or be able to view each other or solve their problems uh in a more amicable way so that is what we are going to be discussing in uh in this topic uh so we are going to start with uh with how uh the first thing that we are going to look at how do people or methods or ways of interaction remember initially uh nations were competing against one another they were competitors but now we are now after the the the the the first and the second world war there were Now new ways in which nations could interact with one another that is one thing that we going to be looking at or we're going to be studying in this topic international relations and then we are also going to look at the organizations the organizations which is which are international the organizations that were created to make sure that there was a period of peace or people could interact with one another and among these uh uh Nations you're going to look at the United United Nations that is the first organization that you're going to look at then you're also going to look at the Common Wealth I'm sure you you have been able to hear that word we're going to now to interrogate and learn what does it or what is this organization and then we also going to look at uh the other one the nonaligned the nonaligned movement let me write it it's nonaligned Movement we are going to uh be discussing more so when we talk of this we are going to be asking ourselves how are they formed we're going to look at their formation we're going to learn about their formation how they were formed and then their structure or organs how are they structured how do they carry out their activities that is another thing that we are going to be discussing in each of these and then we also going to look at the year performance we going to look at the year performance we going to look at their performance how did they perform were they able to succeed did they fail in any way do they have shortcomings we are going to be discussing each and each and every organization that we are going to look at we're going to look at the formation how it was formed then the organization the structure how is it structured because you are saying it involves many countries often L across continents so how are they structured how do they carry out their activities that is the organ or organization then you're going to look at the performance what are the achievements if any of this uh of these organization or if there is uh shortcomings you're also going to be uh discussing that in in in this topic the other thing that we are going to be discussing in this topic is uh the Cold War the cold war that ensued we are going to Define what the cold war is immediately after the second world war countries or the two blocks that had been formed uh that is the capitalist and the and the Communist blocks uh the Western and the Eastern blocks how they were fighting now this was not a physical War like the world war that we we we had discussed in our previous topic now this was war of words war of propaganda or economic sanctions one country or one nation sanctioning another nation and then um uh lastly we are going to be discussing the uh the nonaligned movement as part of uh of of the international organizations or a movement that involved many nations so in a these These are the the the issues we are going to be dealing with in this topic when we talk of international relations so to start us off my dear learner let us start at looking at the methods in which uh countries uh interacted or countries interact uh in the world we are living in today and especially which uh we are with reference from the time of the second one World War when the second world war ended until now how have Nations been uh how have Nations been interacting so methods or ways of interaction ways of interaction so uh that is what uh we are going to discuss uh to start us off in our today's lesson so um I've mentioned IM immediately after the first world or the second world war there was a period of Peace Nations could now come together they saw the importance of them coming together and sticking together trying to solve their problems ambly as opposed to uh threatening or attacking the other uh Nation so there are different ways in which independent nations remember we are talking of states or countries that are in independent from the other so how do they interact so the first way in which they interact uh the first method of interaction is uh political relations political relations so when you talk of political relations these involves let me underline this so that there is so when talk of political in relations this involves ideologies it involves ideologies when you talk of an ideology is the driving power or the understanding what drives a person the belief system of a Nation or or or of a group of people that is the ideologies so different countries that had the same ideologies came together they they they made alliances or they made unions to come or discuss the issues because they have the same thinking pattern they have the same way of handling issues that is the ideologies and even Beyond uh the different ideologies as we are going to discuss in the coming lessons you'll find that Nations found a way of accommodating even competing ideologies so when you talk of ideologies there are two major ideologies that are that existed at the time we had the capitalist the capitalist ideology that was adopted by the Western block I'm sure you have already learned that uh which was happening during the second world war the Western block and then we had the Communists the Communist ideology that was held by the Eastern block this was led by the USSR I'm sure you have already uh discussed that so these were the major ideologies in the world the Communist ideology and they had the capitalist ideology so these were the ideologies that were driving the world at that time so Nations that had a capitalistic view right could come and could easily interact with one another and the Communist also but are of importance to note is that even post the second world war these blogs found way of interacting yes they have different ideologies but they started borrowing ideas from others so you'll find Nations that I would adopt part of capitalist ideology and part of the Communist ideology so that is the first way in which countries or nations that are sovereign I want you to remember that each nation is independent from the other found ways of interacting the first one is political relations the second one uh we are going to discuss the uh economic economic relations economic relations economic relations so these involves uh adopting trade treaties or trading with one another so when you talk of economy remember in history when you hear the word economy in history you are talking of the livelihood of people so economic relations involved trading activities trade so Nations started to trade and uh export and import from their neighbors You' find uh countries that initially were not or were hostile to one another post the second world war they could now start interacting or finding trade or markets or a source of raw materials from from even the uh countries that were competing with them so after the second world war countries found ways or relaxed their restrictions to trade so they would they would work together they would exchange uh they would now started using of common currency common currency was another way uh common current Cy so you would find Nations using the same kind of currency so that to e in their trade activities with one another that is another way in which uh they could interact also you would find a country uh giving loans loans and grants you'd find a country that is more economically empowered for example the USA giving other nations loans so that they could revive revive their uh their their economies remember one of the effects of the of the world wars was the economies of the world came to almost most of them uh there was a very great uh depression or Rec in the economies so they had to revive their economies so they had to loan each other uh uh they had to loan that is give uh Monies to help economies to be revived they also give grants grants is money that is given out and you do not expect it back it's like a gift so in times of or when you talk of economy there are countries that could able to be share their economies or they could share their economic uh their economic uh knowledge and also giving physical loans or physical money to make sure that countries do not uh do not are not uh uh their economies do not go down right so that is another way in which the countries were able to uh interact remember we we are talking of of an international organization or inter International interactions so countries from different continents were able to interact in terms of trade and even uh having the same currency and as I've explained having um the loans and grants given to them apart from that there was also diplomatic relations that is number three diplomatic diplomatic relations there are diplomatic relations when you talk of diplomacy diplomacy means there is cordial there is peaceful interactions so diplomatic relations was another very essential way in which countries or nations in the world now interact they send or they have uh they have diplomats uh being sent uh being sent from one nation to the other these diplomats you have heard of ambassadors or high Commissioners so after the world war Nations started uh sending Representatives diplomats are representatives of one nation to the other so You' find each and every nation striving to have a representative representing the interest or representing that nation in in a foreign Nation so You' find for example talk about the nation of Kenya for example you'll find Kenyans we shall send ambassadors to other nations so that they can represent us in those Nation market for what we have and also find ways in which we can interact act with other nations so that is diplomatic relations so diplomats were sent diplomats were sent from one nation to the other these made sure that in case there is a problem these diplomats or these ambassadors or high Commissioners could be able to solve the issues that could have risen also uh uh apart from diplomatic relations there is social cultural interactions there is social cultural social cultural interaction that is social cultural interactions or interactions so when you talk of social cultural that involves or this involves exchange of culture and ideas countries started exchanging or learning from one another as a result of the war people moved from one nation to the other so when they found out that there are people living or have different uh cultures than ours Nations started to exchange their ideas they started to exchange their beliefs and they could also exchange their skills so there was Exchange of culture that is the first uh interaction we talk of that people's way of life beliefs right and then also exchange of skills exchange of skills and very good example is in the medical field in the medical field you'll find doctors coming from one nation going to another Nation to train the people of that Nation or doctors in that Nation You' find teachers coming from one nation going to another so that they can be able to train that other nation that does not have resources so there was interactions in terms of exchange of skills a very good example that we have seen in Kenya is when you have seen the Cuban doctors doctors from Cuba coming to help or uh train together with uh or train the Kenyan doctors or even just offer their services where they are needed that is a very good example that we can site of how the Nations have been interacting another way in which they have interacted socially and culturally is through games is through games so you have found or you have heard of different countries coming together to compete against one another in games they not competing to fight no they are competing as as a way of interacting you have heard of Olympics right you have heard of we have we have our own elud Kip who is uh who is competing for us we have had David rudisha right we have had Julius yo who was competing in the in the javelin right you have also had other competitions like the World Cup that is in football so those are are ways in which nations today are are are are interacting so you'll find each and every nation will want to be represented in these games and as they interact there is relations or there is peace uh and then uh uh lastly there is humanitarian assistance humanarian assistance so this is where you find in case there is uh feine for example or their are floods you'll find other nations coming to help whenever there is a problem Nations will bring in help or uh they will come and rescue these nations that have been affected where there are refugees yeah nations are able to accept people who have run away from their Nations because of uh internal wrangles that is another way in which nations have been interacting and then lastly the last way uh in which uh countries have been interacting is through International through International organizations International Organization when talk of an international organization this is an organization that each and every country or draws membership members of these organizations are drawn from different countries in different continents so for an organization to be an international organization it has to have members from different countries in different continents so there are organizations that were created to promote International Peace that was their main aim promote International peace that was their uh their main Aim so these were created to bring peace in the world an example is the United Nations that is one organization that has been created it has so many almost every country in the world is a member of the United Nations and we going to be discussing that in our coming lessons another one or another organization is the the uh is the Commonwealth organization these are different countries that have come together to make sure or to safeguard or to make sure that there is peace in the world and we going to be discussing very uh even example singular organizations that run throughout the uh the world to make sure that there is peace or uh or or see that there is peace uh being uh experienced among the Nations so those are the different ways in which uh the countries of the world are able to interact I've talked of political relations that is ideologies right or beliefs those who have the same system of administration you will find them coming together for example the commonwealth countries they have they were under the British uh Colony you'll find them coming together then we have the economic uh relations that is that is has to do with uh trade and uh the economies of the world people will want or countries will want to uh be able to work with one another we have talked of diplomacy social cultural interaction so as we come to the end of our first lesson in this topic that is an introduction I would want you to attempt uh this question uh very simple uh question to help you attempt or to help you internalize what we have already uh what we have learned today so we have a revision a revision question revision question and the question is identify identify ways in which countries interact identify ways in which countries interact and I'm sure you are able to attempt uh that question so with that we have come to our history and government lesson for today I've been your teacher Conan gaku bye [Music] bye