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Understanding Elements and Compounds
Nov 28, 2024
Lecture Notes: Elements and Compounds
Introduction
Focus
: Naming Compounds
Key Terms
: Elements, Compounds, Binary Ionic Compounds, Polyatomic Ions, Binary Covalent Compounds, Acids, Hydrated Compounds
Elements
Found on the Periodic Table (118 elements)
Definition
: Molecules made up of the same atoms
Examples: Oxygen, Hydrogen, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Ozone
Classification
:
Metals
: High melting points, conduct electricity
Non-metals
: Covalent compounds
Metalloids
: Characteristics of both metals and non-metals
Compounds
Naming Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds
Definition
: Ionic compounds made of two elements
Examples
:
Potassium Fluoride (K-F)
Sodium Nitrite (Na-N)
Calcium Phosphide (Ca-P)
Naming Rules
:
First name is the metal
Second name ends with '-ide'
Example: Fluorine -> Fluoride
Polyatomic Ions
Definition
: Ions made of multiple atoms
Characteristics
:
Can be part of ionic compounds
Not necessarily different types of atoms
Examples
:
More than one atom forms the ion
Naming Ionic Compounds
Formulas
: Balance charges between ions
Example: Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)
Naming
: Positive ion first, then the negative
Example: Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂)
Binary Covalent Compounds
Definition
: Compounds made of two different atoms
Naming Rules
:
First element as is
Use prefixes (mono, di, tri) for second element
'-ide' suffix to the second element
Exceptions for single first element: No 'mono' prefix
Acids
Binary Acids
Definition
: Compounds with hydrogen and one other element
Examples
:
HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
HBr (Hydrobromic Acid)
Naming
: Different depending on state (aqueous or liquid)
Oxy Acids (Oxo Acids)
Definition
: Acids containing oxygen
Examples
:
Nitric Acid (HNO₃)
Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄)
Naming
:
'-ic' for acids with more oxygen
'-ous' for acids with less oxygen
Hydrated Compounds
Definition
: Compounds with water molecules attached
Example
: Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate
Water molecules physically attached to the compound
Heating evaporates water
Study Tips
Memorization of names and formulas is beneficial
Practice via guided learning and revision questions
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