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Understanding Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes
Dec 23, 2024
Lecture Notes: Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes
Overview
Genes, DNA, and chromosomes are fundamental to determining individual identity.
These elements act as instructions inherited from parents.
Present in all cells, these components are essential to life.
Cells
All living organisms are composed of cells.
Different types of cells include:
Nerve cells
Hair cells
Skin cells
Basic cell structure:
Membrane
: The outer border of the cell.
Cytoplasm
: Liquid material within the cell.
Nucleus
: Contains chromosomes.
Chromosomes
Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) in each cell.
22 pairs are autosomes, appearing the same in both males and females.
1 pair is the sex chromosomes:
Females: XX
Males: XY
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Long strings forming the chromosomes.
Structure:
Double helix
: Ladder-like shape that is twisted.
Composed of four bases:
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Genes
A segment of DNA is known as a gene.
Genes function like a recipe for building proteins.
Protein Synthesis
:
Order, length, and sequence of DNA bases determine the protein's size and shape.
Protein size and shape dictate its function in the body.
Biological Hierarchy
Proteins form cells.
Cells form tissues.
Tissues form organs (e.g., eyes, skin).
Determinants of Physical Traits
Genes influence:
Species identity (e.g., human, cow, apple).
Physical attributes:
Hair color
Skin color
Eye color
Conclusion
Genes, DNA, and chromosomes are crucial for defining not only our species but also individual physical characteristics.
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