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Identify and explain one significant societal effect of the Protestant Reformation.
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The Protestant Reformation fragmented religious unity in Europe, leading to religious wars and significant political changes.
What is the doctrine of predestination, as advocated by John Calvin?
Predestination is the belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned.
In what way did Geneva under John Calvin become a model for Protestant communities?
Geneva became a theocracy, a city governed by religious principles, reflecting Calvin's ideas on wealth as a sign of God's favor.
How did the printing press contribute to the spread of Martin Luther's ideas?
The printing press allowed Luther's 95 Theses and other writings to be distributed widely and rapidly.
Why was Martin Luther declared a heretic at the Diet of Worms?
He was declared a heretic because he refused to recant his criticisms of the Church and his 95 Theses.
Describe John Calvin's concept of the 'Doctrine of the Elect.'
The Doctrine of the Elect posits that the chosen individuals by God cannot lose their salvation.
What role did indulgences play in the corruption of the Catholic Church, and how did Pope Leo X utilize them?
Indulgences, sold to reduce time in purgatory, were used by Pope Leo X to fund the construction of St. Peter's Basilica, creating a system of buying forgiveness instead of earning it through confession.
What theological belief distinguished Anabaptists from other Protestant groups?
Anabaptists believed in adult baptism rather than infant baptism.
Explain Martin Luther's concept of 'Sola Scriptura.'
'Sola Scriptura' is the belief that the Bible is the sole authority for Christians, not church tradition or papal authority.
What were the primary reasons for the papacy's move to Avignon in 1309?
The move was due to disputes between popes and European kings, particularly under pressure from the King of France.
Describe the term 'simony' and how it contributed to the corruption of the Catholic Church.
Simony refers to the buying and selling of church offices, leading to corruption by prioritizing wealth over spiritual values.
What key theological doctrine did Martin Luther emphasize in his reinterpretation of the New Testament?
Martin Luther emphasized grace over works as the means of salvation and forgiveness.
What conflicts arose in Geneva under John Calvin’s leadership, and how were dissenters treated?
Conflicts included opposition to Calvin's strict theocratic governance, leading to the execution of dissenters.
What was the impact of the rival popes on the Catholic Church's authority during the Avignon Papacy?
The presence of rival popes undermined the Church’s authority and unity, leading to the Western Schism.
How did the doctrine of 'priesthood of all believers' challenge the existing church hierarchy?
It challenged the necessity of a mediating clergy by asserting that all Christians have direct access to God.
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