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What is the effect of Angiotensin II on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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It increases GFR to maintain waste filtration despite low blood pressure/volume.
Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Angiotensin II.
What is the main hormone that triggers multiple effects in the RAAS?
Where are baroreceptors located in the nephron?
In the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arterioles.
What effect does Angiotensin II have on the pituitary gland?
It stimulates the pituitary gland to release ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone), which increases water reabsorption.
Where is angiotensinogen produced, and what is its state before activation?
It is produced by the liver and is an inactive hormone before activation.
What is the result of the sympathetic nervous system activation by Angiotensin II?
Enhanced fight-or-flight response, increasing blood pressure.
What is the function of ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) in the RAAS?
ACE converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.
How does aldosterone increase blood volume and pressure?
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, leading to increased water reabsorption.
What medication can inhibit the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?
ACE inhibitors.
What organs are key in the integration process of RAAS?
Liver, kidneys, and lungs.
How does Angiotensin II affect blood vessels?
It causes vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure.
What role does the enzyme renin play in the RAAS?
Renin converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I.
What is the primary effect of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)?
Increased water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
What stimulates the initial release of renin in the RAAS?
Decrease in blood pressure or sodium levels detected by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
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