foreign [Music] this class I want us to study about respiration so what is respiration so simply respiration is the processor by food is chemically broken down in the body to release energy so in the definition for respiration never say that food is only broken down so it should be specific food is chemically broken down in the body in order to release energy because we see that during digestion food is also chemically and mechanically broken down that is not respiration and that's why for respiration you must be specific and say that this is the procedure by food is chemically broken down in the body to release energy so this energy that is being released during respiration it is used to carry out different characteristic of living things let's say for example growth and development movement and Locomotion for example we have nutrition for example we have irritability etc etc so you see that respiration occurs all the time and if stopped cellular activities will be disrupted in the body due to lack of energy so all cells in the body require energy in order to to be able to perform their specific function so if respiration stops indefinitely so most of the cellular activities in the body will be disrupted because there won't be any energy to facilitate any of the physiological and the physical processes that the cells do carry out so this may also result in death in severe conditions so for example you see that if the brain cells are going to lack energy uh needed for respiration for a short period of time they'll start to die Slowly by slowly so the brain cells are going to die not only the brain cells but all the cells of the body so if they don't get enough energy to carry out their specific processes they are going to die this is because also cells require energy for different characteristics like for example obtaining nutrients reproduction in order to make more cells apart from that irritability in order to detect that this is a harmful bacteria this is an essential bacteria so they also require to get the energy from the process of respiration in order to carry out their different processes of the body so you see that many living many living things also like for example now the full body of the organism so the full body of the organism gets energy from the cell so the cell gets energy from the mitochondrion so the mitochondrion will see in the just in the upcoming so you'll see that the mitochondrion is the main organelle which produces energy for the cells so we see that as much as energy will be produced by the mitochondrion the energy to be used for movement Locomotion everything so as much as the energy will be produced by the mitochondrion so you see that most energy however is lost also during uh or rather it is lost as heat so most of the energy is lost as heat that's why after you are after someone has undertaken a very much strenuous exercise they really feel a rise in temperature so there is always a rise in temperature on their body so this rise in temperature is brought as a result of most of the energy being lost are in the process of respiration producing heat so most of the energy is lost it's lost as heat so you see that also this heat that is being lost in the process of respiration it is mainly essentially in human beings because this heat in human beings it is used to keep the body warm or rather it is used to help in maintaining a constant body temperature so that's the main function of this heat lost during respiration yes the heat is being lost but the bodies of the human beings use also this heat in order to maintain the body temperatures back to normal and that is at 37 degrees Celsius so apart from now the introduction of respiration let's look at the first sub topic which is tissue respiration so simply what is tissue respiration so in tissue respiration you see that this is basically the respiration which takes place inside the cells in all tissues so remember for the hierarchy of the living things or living cells in the human or rather in all living things we see that we begin from a cell so he said that a cell is a basic unit of any living organism so many cells make up a tissue so many cells brought together to perform a specific function they make up a tissue and that's why for the tissue respiration we have said that this the respiration taking place inside the cells found in inside the cells whereby these cells are found in the tissue so the main respiratory organelle in every cell is the mitochondrion so mitochondrion is a very important organelle whereby it is found in all living cells so all living cells have mitochondrion whereby the function of this mitochondrion is to provide energy for the cell so after the sellers received the energy so the energy will be again taken to all the cells of the body whereby these cells of the body will now give the organism energy the organism to move my hand these are very many cells having mitochondria now by the mitochondrons are producing energy for me to move this hand for me to work for me to do this and that so every living cell requires energy and that's why every living cell has a mitochondrial for facilitating or producing that energy which is being required for daily activities so we see that most of the organisms require oxygen for respiration to take place so we didn't see all organisms require oxygen no we say that most organisms require oxygen for respiration to take place because we'll see that some organisms they don't require oxygen in fact if oxygen is available some of the cells are going to die so it is not all cells that require oxygen for respiration some cells do not require oxygen cells bacteria viruses some of them they don't require oxygen if oxygen is made available they are going to die for example you are going to look at now the obligates and the facultative anaerobs so we are going to differentiate between this so some organisms if oxygen is made available they are going to die some organisms if oxygen is available or if oxygen is now not available they are going to die so we're going to look at them so as you can see this is the diagram of the mitochondria so this is the organelle which mainly produces energy for the cell so it's a mitochondrion and it's basically sausage shaped so for this mitochondria we see that we have the two outer layers so the first layer we have the outer layer to the outside and then we have the inner layer to the inside so the inner layer take note that it is it has a different projections so these projections they refer to as Crystal so you can see those projections in the inner inner membrane so they are referred to as crystals so we'll see that the function of the crystal is mainly to provide a large surface area for the attachment of the respiratory enzymes for the process of respiration because if the crystal strike would have been just a straight line that is carved like that it is only limited amount of respiratory enzymes could attach themselves to the mitochondrion in order to provide energy but now since there are very many projections they are very they are highly folded so the highly folded in order to provide a large surface area for the attachment of the respiratory enzyme in order to facilitate maximum respiration so apart from that we have space between membranes and then we have the Matrix so the Matrix also contains different respiratory enzymes for respiration to take place so this organelle as you have said we see that it is Rod shaped and it's an organelle which is mainly found in the cytoplasm of every cell so if we are talking about one we are going to mention mitochondrion with the on but if we refer to very many we are going to call it mitochondria so therefore you should take note that in biology mainly plural is a very key factor so if you have been asked name the organelle that organelle is mitochondrion with o n but if there are two or more organelles of the mitochondrial you could have said that those are mitochondria so if we have two or more they are called mitochondria if we only have one they are called mitochondrion ending with o n so you see that a mitochondrial has a smooth outer membrane and the inner folded membrane which is called the crystal so basically let's look at the next subtopic whereby the next subtropic let's now look at the adaptations of their mitochondria to its function so what are now the adaptations of the mitochondrion anytime in biology will be asked a question on adaptation what is the question testing so if you have been asked a question on adaptation so the question is testing on what are the main reasons as to why mitochondrion has the same characteristics so remember if you have been asked the difference between characteristic and adaptation if you have been asked about the characteristic you only say mitochondrion has Chris tie mitochondria nurse the inner membrane and the outer membrane that is characteristic you don't give the reason why but for now the adaptations adaptations you must give the reason as to why it has that characteristic like for example you can say that the mitochondrion has crystalline that is only a characteristic but to make the characteristic and adaptation you now give us the reason why it has that crystalline for example you can say the mitochondrion has a matrix containing DNA ribosomes for making the different protein enzymes for the breakdown of the pyruvic acid to carbon IV oxide hydrogen ions and the electrons now you see that is now an adaptation because if we could have only said the Matrix contains DNA ribosomes yeah only the Matrix Only The Matrix contains DNA ribosomes that is a characteristic but we now give the reason why it has the DNA ribosome so you say that it has the DNA ribosomes which are used to break down the pyruvic acid or the pyruvate to carbon for oxide hydrogen ions and electrons so you see if you give the reason for the characteristic it becomes an adaptation if you only say it has this that is only a characteristic so the next adaptation will say that it has a double membrane to protect the inner organelles or the inner organelle contents basically so it has a double membrane so you see the outer membrane and the inner membrane so as much as the inner membrane is folded to crystalline for for the attachment of different respiratory enzymes you see that it also serves to protect the inner contents found in The Matrix so that is the function of the double membrane which comprises of the outer membrane and the inner membrane so apart from that we'll say that they are highly vascularized and with compartments to increase a large surface area for the production of energy so they are highly vascularized to increase the surface area for the production of enzyme uh production of energy basically if you hear mitochondrion it is energy if you are if you are to give any argument give all arguments based on production of energy so apart from that we talked about Crystal we can still mention it and say that they have finger-like projections which are called Crystal for the attachment of different respiratory enzymes for the production of energy all Arguments for mitochondrion base your answers based on energy so because mitochondrion the main function is production of energy so apart from that you can see that they have a fluid-filled cavity which is called The Matrix which are filled with the different respiratory enzymes for the production of energy so they have a fluid Fields uh cavity that middle cavity which is called The Matrix so that Matrix has different respiratory enzymes which are used for the production of energy during the breakdown of the food substrate so apart from that we see that we have mainly two types of respiration so the first type of respiration we have aerobic respiration apart from aerobic respiration we have now the anaerobic respiration so these two types of respiration basically they comprise of different organisms so we have different organisms which only undertake aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration so remember when we began by the definition of respiration we say that their organisms which ah undertake respiration when oxygen is made available so an oxygen is made available some organisms will undertake respiration so this aerobic respiration this is mainly respiration which involves oxygen so oxygen must be present in this respiration which is called aerobic respiration so if oxygen is not available so the organisms are going to undertake an aerobic respiration again I'll repeat so if oxygen is available organisms are going to undertake aerobic respiration if oxygen is not available organisms are going to undertake anaerobic respiration so this means that in aerobic respiration there must be oxygen for respiration to take place in anaerobic respiration oxygen should not be present for respiration to take place so oxygen is not required for respiration to take place that is anaerobic respiration this also means that in our in aerobic respiration if oxygen is not available organisms are going to die because oxygen is not available must use oxygen for respiration if oxygen is not present this organisms will die for anaerobic respiration organisms they don't use oxygen if oxygen is made available oxygen is going to poison these cells and these cells are going to die [Music] biology [Music]