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What is Trousseau syndrome and how is it related to gastric cancer?
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Trousseau syndrome is characterized by migratory thrombosis in veins, often a perineoplastic syndrome associated with gastric cancer.
What is the Kruckenberg tumor in the context of gastric cancer?
Kruckenberg tumor refers to bilateral ovarian metastases originating from gastric cancer.
Describe linitis plastica and which type of gastric adenocarcinoma is it associated with.
Linitis plastica is a condition characterized by a thick and rigid stomach wall due to cancer infiltration, associated with diffuse (undifferentiated) adenocarcinoma.
What are some protective factors against gastric cancer?
High intake of fruits, vegetables, fiber, and folate
Identify the regions of the stomach.
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pyloric antrum
Name the four layers of the gastric wall.
Adventitia (serosa), Muscular layer, Submucosa, Mucosa
Which subtype of adenocarcinoma is most commonly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and where does it typically appear?
Intestinal (well-differentiated) adenocarcinoma; it typically appears on the lesser curvature of the antrum
What is the significance of G cells in the stomach concerning gastric carcinomas?
G cells are associated with carcinoid tumors, a type of gastric carcinoma that appears as a polyp.
Describe the Leser-Trelat sign.
The Leser-Trelat sign involves the sudden appearance of seborrheic keratosis spots, which can be a perineoplastic syndrome associated with gastric cancer.
What diagnostic methods are used to detect and assess the spread of gastric cancer?
Endoscopy with biopsy, X-rays with barium, Abdominopelvic CT
What is the function of E-cadherin and its relation to gastric cancer?
E-cadherin is a protein responsible for cell adhesion. Malfunction due to CDH1 gene mutation can lead to cell detachment and uncontrolled division, contributing to diffuse gastric cancer.
What are the three layers of the mucosa in the stomach?
Epithelial layer, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa
Which gene mutation is commonly associated with diffuse (undifferentiated) gastric adenocarcinoma?
CDH1 gene mutation
What are the four types of cells from which gastric cancer can originate?
Adenocarcinoma (columnar glandular epithelium), Lymphoma (lymphocytes), Carcinoid tumor (G cells), Lyomyosarcoma (smooth muscle cells)
List three risk factors specific to intestinal adenocarcinoma.
Male gender, H. pylori infection, blood type A
Compare the treatment options for early-stage versus advanced-stage gastric cancer.
Early-stage treatments include surgery; advanced-stage treatments may involve palliative surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
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