Introduction to the Scientific Method in Psychology

Jan 23, 2025

Lecture Notes: Introduction to the Scientific Method in Psychology

Overview

  • The lecture discusses how questions are asked and answered in psychology using the scientific method.
  • Information presented is introductory and will be expanded in further readings and assignments.

The Scientific Method

  • Begins with a Theory:
    • A theory is a set of principles that predicts behavior based on observation.
    • Example: Observing that well-rested students perform better on quizzes than sleep-deprived students might lead to the theory that sleep affects memory.

Developing a Hypothesis

  • Hypothesis: A testable prediction derived from a theory.
    • Example: "Sleep deprivation decreases memory."
  • Criteria for a hypothesis:
    1. Does it predict something?
    2. Can it be tested?
  • The purpose of a hypothesis is to provide direction to research.

Testing the Hypothesis

  • Conduct research and make observations based on the hypothesis.
  • Results could confirm, refute, or necessitate revisions to the hypothesis.
  • Lack of support for a hypothesis is valuable as it guides future research.

Data Collection Methods

  • Method of Description: Ways to collect data to support a hypothesis.

Case Study

  • In-depth analysis of a person to gather detailed information.
  • Example: Phineas Gage, whose personality change after a brain injury provided insights into the role of the frontal lobe in personality.

Survey

  • A questionnaire method for gathering self-reported data.
  • Example: Election polls describe current public opinion but cannot predict future outcomes.

Naturalistic Observation

  • Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference.
  • Records current behaviors but does not provide causation or future predictions.

Correlational Research

  • Correlation: Identifies relationships between variables.
    • Example: Children who are breastfed may have higher academic achievement.
  • Important Note: Correlation does not imply causation.
    • Many factors, such as the number of books in a home and how much a child is read to, also influence academic achievement.

Conclusion

  • Understanding the scientific method and various research methods is crucial for studying psychology.
  • Correlation helps predict outcomes but does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

End of Lecture