Introduction to the Scientific Method in Psychology
Jan 23, 2025
Lecture Notes: Introduction to the Scientific Method in Psychology
Overview
The lecture discusses how questions are asked and answered in psychology using the scientific method.
Information presented is introductory and will be expanded in further readings and assignments.
The Scientific Method
Begins with a Theory:
A theory is a set of principles that predicts behavior based on observation.
Example: Observing that well-rested students perform better on quizzes than sleep-deprived students might lead to the theory that sleep affects memory.
Developing a Hypothesis
Hypothesis: A testable prediction derived from a theory.
Example: "Sleep deprivation decreases memory."
Criteria for a hypothesis:
Does it predict something?
Can it be tested?
The purpose of a hypothesis is to provide direction to research.
Testing the Hypothesis
Conduct research and make observations based on the hypothesis.
Results could confirm, refute, or necessitate revisions to the hypothesis.
Lack of support for a hypothesis is valuable as it guides future research.
Data Collection Methods
Method of Description: Ways to collect data to support a hypothesis.
Case Study
In-depth analysis of a person to gather detailed information.
Example: Phineas Gage, whose personality change after a brain injury provided insights into the role of the frontal lobe in personality.
Survey
A questionnaire method for gathering self-reported data.
Example: Election polls describe current public opinion but cannot predict future outcomes.
Naturalistic Observation
Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference.
Records current behaviors but does not provide causation or future predictions.
Correlational Research
Correlation: Identifies relationships between variables.
Example: Children who are breastfed may have higher academic achievement.
Important Note: Correlation does not imply causation.
Many factors, such as the number of books in a home and how much a child is read to, also influence academic achievement.
Conclusion
Understanding the scientific method and various research methods is crucial for studying psychology.
Correlation helps predict outcomes but does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship.