Introduction to Computer Science

Basic Concepts

• Code Error: Do nothing and run again. If it persists, deeper knowledge is needed.
• Software Engineering: One can learn to program and get a well-paid job without knowing how everything works.

Computer Fundamentals

• Turing Machine: Can theoretically compute anything.
• CPU: Central Processing Unit.
  • Contains billions of transistors (microscopic switches).
  • Bit: The value of one of these switches.
  • Byte: Set of 8 bits.
  • Character encoding: ASCII, UTF-8.
• Binary System: Counting base used by computers (0 and 1).
  • Hexadecimal representation (base 16).
• RAM: Random Access Memory, function of temporary data storage.
• Input and Output Devices: Keyboard, mouse, and monitor.
• Operating Systems: Linux, Mac, Windows.

Shell and Programming

• Shell: Program that exposes the operating system to the user.
• Secure Shell (SSH): Connects computers remotely.
• Programming Languages: Tools that abstract the complexity of hardware.
  • Python: Interpreted.
  • C++: Compiled.
• Data Types: Integers (int), floating-point (float), characters (char), strings (string).
• Variables: Store data under a specific name.
• Memory Management: Garbage Collector.

Data Structures

• Array/List: Ordered list of elements with an index.
• Linked List: List where each element points to the next.
• Stack: Last in, first out (LIFO).
• Queue: First in, first out (FIFO).
• Hash/Map/Dictionary: Collection of key-value pairs.
• Trees: Nodes organized in a hierarchy.
• Graphs: Nodes connected arbitrarily.

Algorithms and Functions

• Algorithms: Code that solves a problem.
• Functions: Named blocks of code, input, and output.
  • Comparisons using operators.
  • Booleans: true/false.
• Conditionals: if, else.
• Loops: while, for.
• Recursion: Function that calls itself.
• Big-O Notation: Measures time/space complexity of an algorithm.
• Algorithm Types: Brute force, divide and conquer, dynamic programming, greedy, backtracking.

Programming Paradigms

• Declarative: Describes what the program does without worrying about the control flow.
• Imperative: Uses explicit statements about how to produce a result.
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Use of classes and objects.
  • Classes: Templates for data and functions.
  • Instantiation: Creation of objects.
  • Heap Memory: Long-term memory.
  • Inheritance: Sharing behaviors between classes.

Concurrency and Cloud Computing

• Threads: Parallel execution on the CPU.
• Concurrency Models: Event loop, co-routines.
• Virtual Machine: Software that simulates hardware.
  • IP and DNS: Addresses and domain name services.
• TCP Handshake and SSL: Security and communication on the network.
• HTTP and APIs: Hypertext Transfer Protocol and application programming interfaces.
• Payload: Practical implementation and use of printers.

Conclusion

• Printers: Understanding their operation to solve common issues.

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