[Applause] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] all animals instinctively pair together but if monkeys are at all all sensitive if they can guess what Another Monkey may be thinking if they have memories and make plans for the future it must be surprisingly close to how we [Music] [Applause] [Music] feel [Music] we give words to thoughts and feelings without words is thinking even possible the jungle to us may seem a cacophony of meaningless sounds each animal listens to its own calls and usually Tunes out the rest but some monkeys are [Music] multilingual quinon live here and there are several species of them each has its own calls for communicating with other members of its [Music] troop these Diana monkeys have joined an army of other gwon a United Nation of monkeys and that requires them to understand each other on the forest floor live suti manes they specialize in gathering Fallen nuts above a red colbus spot noosed and patino's gwon black and white colbus Campbell's gwon and the Diana monkey which live mainly in the upper canopy these monkeys all behave as though they're one troop moving through the forest together resting together and all looking out for Predators on the forest floor the suy mangabe can rely on the eyes and ears above and relax thanks to the alliance if a red colbus spots something like a snake it gives the red colbus alarm call for snake a spot knows grenon reacts immediately if a Diana monkey high in the trees see an eagle the alarm goes up Eagle and all the monkeys look up each species has a different alarm core but they all understand each other with eight different monkeys and about 15 calls each that's 120 different sounds the mangaby see a leopard all the other monkeys call leopard in their own way but there are other calls in there too Diana monkeys have been the most studded their ability to understand other species gives scientists a running translation of other monkey calls if Diana monkeys hear a string of calls by a Campbell's grenon say they behave as if they were here a sentence some calls add detail may be or not urgent with another gwon if the sounds are in a different order it means something else grammar the basis of true language was once thought of as uniquely human chimps have not yet been shown to have this ability in the wild only monkeys and people Diana monkeys also have a voice box more like ours so alarm calls may be only [Music] [Music] [Music] they soon calm down once noticed most predators are of little danger the warning system is built on trust and honesty yet very occasionally some monkeys deliberately shout an alarm call when there is no snake there the reason for this deception lies in the fact that monkey Society is very competitive the leaders often take food from subordinates the problem for a low status monkey is not just finding food it's hanging on to it and sometimes they have to be a little crafty suppose a subordinate is acting a little strangely watching the others closely he then could without any obvious Panic call snake and everybody leaps out of the water while the others are looking for snakes he could sneak down and recover a fallen bird's egg he could have been hiding the leaders slowly return to the pool it seems that lying may be as old as language itself if our little manipulator is spotted with his egg he's in big trouble this sort of deception has been noticed in several species it shows they imagine things when they're not visible and it implies that they're beginning to think about what each other may be thinking about millions of years ago some monkeys reached this point and then took another huge leap into the unknown they left the [Music] forest open grassland is a hard place in which to survive fruits and flowers are scarce there's nowhere to escape and some very dangerous [Music] predators