all right any other questions before we move on to mitosis excellent okay so what we're gonna do now is we're gonna kind of put aside our notes on that and we're gonna get out our graphic organizer on the cell the steps rather the steps to mitosis so it's this graphic organizer right here and it's double-sided and it says mitosis modeling diagrams so this is what we're gonna be using for the rest of class today and I guess that you're gonna be working in pairs you've got some materials on your table I'll explain to you what they are we're gonna do with them but first we're gonna take about 10 minutes to talk a little bit about these phases shouldn't everybody get one buddy has one yeah um so we're gonna start to talk a little bit about the phases and I want you to I know you took this in your notes but I want you to jot some stuff down here okay because in a little bit with your partner you're gonna do some modeling and you're gonna you're gonna draw what you see so we're gonna we're gonna capture some information about the steps of mitosis on the left on the right side and then we're gonna be drawing on or yeah we're gonna be drawing on the left side alright so give me a second minutes which might PowerPoint really quickly and we're gonna begin talking about those right you about this argument is really enjoying it okay are you guys ready yeah human error there's not supposed be cheaper phases how did that happen so prophase prometaphase what's on the back metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis oh okay well it's just extra space for you to have thank you for pointing that out buzzing all right so we're gonna talk about cellular reproduction mitosis and cytokinesis how many of you have ever learned this in your life like show me the raise your hand if you've learned those steps to mitosis in your life okay thank goodness I don't see up further you never learn this you did okay that's your so we've all learned about this right you saw it in seventh grade saw it in eighth grade beside in ninth grade nothing has changed since then all right so that's a good thing I keep telling you that the unit this unit is a little bit more just comfortable and you're gonna see why okay sure she doesn't believe me my latina doesn't believe me all right so let's talk a little bit about eukaryotic cell reproduction and if you I know you've got your graphic organizer from yesterday the the smallest part of a cell cycle the less the least amount of time the less volume I would say of like a pie chart would be mitosis and then mitotic phase and so this is when the cell actually divides all of the work the hard work was already being done in s1 and g1 smg2 and so this is just really taking everything that we did all of our work that the cell did at the beginning and in her face and then just kind of dividing it up right giving it up into two new daughter cells but it's really important because we get genetically identical daughter cells so maybe in that extra space that you have at the top where it's prophase twice you can add that really important notes and that's something that I really want you guys to have as a driving key point is that the daughter cells are genetically identical so I know you probably wrote this down already in your notes but I really there's no harm in doing it again daughter cells are genetically identical so you're making this connection back to sixth grade seventh grade eighth grade ninth grade when you learned all of these things hopefully that's something that your top your teacher made sure to make a point of but if not I want you to make sure that you can really really take this with you because when we talk about other types of cell division we don't have so much i identical cells so when we talk about meiosis which is the reproduction of the gametes of the reproductive cells we don't have identical cells and that's a good thing right otherwise we would all look the same in this room so because we look different we'll talk about meiosis later but mitosis makes it so that we all have the same structure of our ears and our arms and our legs and our fingers and that's what mitosis does it keeps us a little bit more normed as humans so we've got unicellular and multicellular mitosis and we're gonna focus on we are multicellular organisms right and so in unicellular organisms we have a cell division that makes a copy but in multicellular organisms we have cell division that we use for growth or repair to make new organisms from a fertilized egg so here's something else you can add in that first box is that we undergo multi cellular mitosis and also that it's for these purposes it's for growth it's for repair and it's for new formation of an organism and that's a big big part of why we are so complex so chromosomes are something that we've also already discussed we've discussed how DNA is wrapped up and it's packed up into these really amazing packages in this double helix that I've shown you before and I'll bring out again we've got this really great organization right and it's got proteins it's got histones it's got all these great things that help package like 10 feet of DNA into one so but we're going to talk about what happens when that DNA comes apart what happens when it unravels so that's what we will focus on today so we know that the DNA is coiled up we know that it's really well organized so that we don't lose any integrity of it and we don't lose any information but we're gonna talk about would we have to divide it and separate it so in your little cups that you have you've got some pipe cleaners you've got some plastic cups oh you've got some beads so if you would with your partner really quickly find me a pair make me one chromosome maybe one whole chromosome with your partner so make me one whole chromosome make me one whole chromosome yeah those are chromatids so each individual pipe cleaner is a chromatid show me a chromosome with your partner so perfect you can use a B to represent the centromere you can do whatever you want for right now it doesn't matter to me show me a chromosome show me a chromosome really quickly what does that look like you can use beads to help you with the centromere is perfect let me see Isak you guys so if you don't already know Isaac and Sean I've already created their first chromosome yeah I was quick here you go thank you guys okay perfect so you're gonna get to play with these a lot more in just a moment excellent the ladies here have two chromosomes and has to be used the old-fashioned way that I would just kind of intertwine them and so if you used a little bead to show that centromere so what do we have let's just do some really quick identification chromatids versus chromosomes so will you show me what you guys with you with your partner will you make them now just the chromatids so show me the chromatids there you go undo them yes all you're doing is you're removing that chromosome pair and you're making some chromatids perfect so you've got your chromatids excellent thank you Jana's got both of hers in one hand perfect oswaldo where's your chromatids there you go thank you okay so chromatids versus chromosomes that's important to understand and that's an important thing to understand in mitosis a chromatid is a single right it's a single strand it's a single piece and when we put them together we have a chromosome so chromatids is a single versus chromosome it's two of them put together right two pieces of this DNA and so we've got that centromere that's holding them together which is what your bead is representing and makes it so that they're easily removed did you guys have a hard time forming or separating your chromosomes no right what's really easy well that's the whole purpose of the reason why we have chromatids created the way they are and put together the way they are to make a chromosome it's because we need to separate them easily so as we go through let's look at the phases so I want you in your own words and your own understanding in your own summary let's talk really quickly about what happens during prophase and we're gonna jot it down in our graphic organizer and then we are going to do a quick just a recap of what's happening in each phase so you should have that graphic organizer out so what's happening in prophase so one chromatin fibers condense what does that mean that means that we are going from this spaghetti bowl of loose DNA and we're starting to create this beautiful organized structure that we have that is the chromosome that you guys created so we've got that's one quick sentence that you can use chromatin condenses to form a chromosome so if I had to take all of these words because it's a lot of words I would just write chromatin condenses into chromosomes easy quick short to the point chromatin condenses into chromosomes you've got these really cool organ like I guess they like organelles or they're like I don't know how we would classify them but they're called cohesiveness they're like proteins I think they're proteins and hey they hold the chromatin arms together we've got the nucleus or the nucleoli that disappears so we've got that that really important kind of vessel that's keeping everything protected and it's being removed and then we form the spindle so that's another big thing that happens the spindle forms and that spindles going to be important and that's what we talked about it doesn't talked about it when we talked about g2 and how it's an important piece because it's what's going to separate these cromoz from each other this chromosomes gonna get separated into two so we've got chromatin condensing into chromosomes we've got cohesions that are holding things together we've got the disappearance of that shelter or that that capsule that's keeping everything inside and then we've got that spindle that's forming and once we've got all of that set up then we can go ahead and start moving our genetic information so that was prophase does anybody need more time with this light you've got these in your notes too so we're just kind of capturing and transferring our thoughts a little bit into a better organized way shorter more concise right cool okay anybody need this anymore all right let's go on so this is what prophase looks like in a like cartoonish version right we've got the spindles that are starting to form so our DNA is kind of all like in a spaghetti bowl but it's starting to condense you've got this envelope around here the nucleolus it's starting to break down and then you've got the spindles that are forming right outside they're ready we have an in-between phase that maybe you didn't focus on too much in your ninth grade biology class that we give a little bit more depth to in ap bio and that's prometaphase prometaphase is we just continue the movement continue the condensation into chromosomes continue the removal of that nuclear envelope and so that nuclear envelope starts to come apart and we can't see it anymore the centrosomes that are on each side of the cell are starting to appear we've got the mitochondria I'm sorry the microtubules that are starting to show up as well so here we've got a lot of like staging a lot of physical structures that are getting out either out of the way or they are getting into place so we've gotten rid of the nuclear envelope we've gotten the microtubules are taking their place so they can start dividing stuff and moving stuff and we've got these kinetic cores and so the kinetic core is basically what they're going to do is they're going to help to kind of reel in those sister chromatids as they're being separated so the kinetochore microtubules attach to each other and they're gonna start moving stuff so they're all structural so in prometaphase we have a lot of structural pieces that are coming into place okay make sure to leave that left side blank I know as some of your drawing which is great leave some space in there so that you can draw what you model with your partner today okay prometaphase are we cool on this does anybody need any more any more time with this slide so big big takeaways structural stuff right no more nuclear envelope structural kinetochores microtubules are getting ready to separate things perfect all right are we good yes yeah cool okay that's what it looks like in a electron scanning microscope you can start to see those poles forming you can start to see those spindles kind of getting into place here's another view of these non kinetochore microtubules in other words these are the ones that are they're gonna they're kind of free and they're ready to start keeping that the cell giving it some shape getting ready for the next phase next phase is metaphase metaphase is the longest phase of mitosis and this is where our double stranded chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate so this is the phase that I think most students remember because everything's right in the middle so you've got some great bullet points here to guide you longest phase chromosomes lined up period like nothing more than that and we sometimes we call it the equatorial plate or the metaphase plate there's lots of different views here for you to see we've got this kind of cartoonish diagram we've got some real microscopic images we've got this other like version what it uses like different energies to show you how everything is starting to organize but in short we've got this nice lining up and this is gonna be really important because this is gonna allow for there to be kind of like a an equity or a symmetry in the cell and in the chromosomes cool all right are we ready to go on I wanna stand out of phase out of phase oh there's a lot in this slide but we can just condense that in anaphase this is the basics for this guys's clique chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles so our sister chromatids are pulled away from each other and they're moving away to each of the poles and the spindles are the ones that are grabbing them and pulling them and I always think in my mind ever since I've learned this is anaphase away and I always think about the sister chromatids in they're kind of bent and they and I've said this before like in another class I think in Anatomy but I remind some of the chromosomes or the chromatids are like this or think of anaphase away and they're sisters all right so I'm like no sister don't leave me don't go there pulling be forced apart from your sister and you don't want to leave them well some of you might want to but in this case we don't want them there that's what reminds me of how the structure of the chromatid is in there going away from each other and they're like no please don't leave me but they are they have to be separated because we need identical daughter cells so that's our anaphase chromosomes chromatids are pulled to opposite poles and the spindles are pulling them all right any questions so far I've been going kind of quick and I didn't haven't stopped to ask you any questions again I know you're comfortable with this I know you know this you've known this for some time now so all right lastly so we can finish it up is our telophase and our cytokinesis so in telophase that's when we have our last kind of movement our structures are are coming to a place where they're gonna kind of reorganize to make our two new daughter cells so our two daughter nuclei are there okay they reappear their nuclear envelopes come back so we're getting ready to provide that kind of capsule encapsulation around this this cell and the genetic information and then our chromosomes go back to this unwound spaghetti bold type of organization they're no longer condensed in these nicely tightly packed coiled chromosomes are starting to just kind of let their hair down again and let loose again and they're getting ready to go back to the way they started to go back to the way the cells started before we divided it so Tila things to daughter cells their nuclei are forming the envelope returns and the chromosomes unwind again they go back to that kind of relaxed yep exactly that's a great question is you guys hear about anything that's question so then she's asking is the DNA normally in just this unwound unkept unorganized gate yes it is why because when we are replicating it we need it to be accessible and if it's all tightly wound up we're not going to be able to get to it mRNA is not gonna be able to be copied as easily it's not gonna be able to be in wrong as easily so it is in a relaxed state yeah so it means that it is in its it's still in that stage it's trying to let you know that it's in that on its uncoiled it continues being coiled but if we use that as our starting phase if we use g1 is like our start we have to say we're gonna start with uncoil DNA and then in S phase we do the replication and then our g1 phase we get the structural stuff ready and then we coil it up so yeah that's a great question but so we've got that unwinding lastly and so here's what that nice cartoon picture looks like lastly we are in cytokinesis so what is cytokinesis cytokinesis is simply the total division of each of these cells and they're going into their daughter cells they're making their they're finding their own freedom they're becoming their unique cells and that's what happens in cytokinesis we've got the cytoplasm literally splitting so saito for cytoplasm and Kinesis is for moving or remove men or for separation so that's really it that happens in cytokinesis that you have complete separation of the cytoplasm and so it's really interesting to find out about cytokinesis and animals is that if they don't fully separate they if that cytokinesis does not happen you're going to get what we call a multinucleated cell this means that we're gonna have a cell in an animal it's less frequent that doesn't that does not have that complete furrow it doesn't completely separate it happens a little bit more regularly and things like algae and plants and fungi but in humans that doesn't necessarily happen very often and so that's when we get a cell that's going to be kind of like two cells lumped together which is interesting in algae you can see it's got a cell wall so it looks a little bit different in other plants again you can see how there's a little bit of a difference in the way that the cytokinesis actually occurs in plant cells but in animals this is our beautiful cell that's got that cleavage furrow that little division point there and everybody's like oh looks like a peach or looks like a but yes it's okay to laugh at that that is what it looks like and that's a good way for you to remember what it looks like all right questions on cytokinesis are on anything about mitosis in these steps that we just went through in the last fifteen minutes we'll talk a little bit more about we'll talk all about DNA replication coming up tomorrow and next week so let's talk about our activity so we've got a good 15 minutes that we can work together with our partners and we can kind of bring everything to a close and really understand what's happening here so you've got these materials now I'm not going to tell you what to do with them I'm just gonna give you the materials I'm gonna highlight what you have and then I'm going to let you work with your partner so you've got two cups why - I don't know you decide what you're gonna do with these two cups you have eight pieces of pipe cleaner they're different colors that might mean something as well for you that might be a clue and then you've got four beads and these are gonna be oh well I'm not gonna tell you what you're gonna do with the beads you're gonna do something with them so what I would like for you to do with your table partner is I'd like for you to model every single step of the mitotic phase or phase is rather I want you to use all of the materials given to you so you're gonna have to figure out how to use them I will be walking around I see you guys are already formulating a plan I'll be walking around checking with you here's the caveat really quickly before you get started please draw every single step that you model and you will have enough time to do that and also for us to close up our discussion today so go ahead and get started I'm gonna walk around and see what you're doing with your materials and you let me know what you're doing you can you can make that definitely can make that sunshine you can make that happen how would you like well yeah yeah so so the thing is is remember we talked about this is a model right and so we don't know exactly what goes first there's if they're like okay where's for their glitz number one goes first and you go second others so we see they start to convince we're talking about how they're beginning to take that shape you in your mind if you want to think of it as okay one is starting and they don't all get done until purpose or metaphor metaphase yeah then you can do that so you can show that there are some that are already that are organized or some that are still in this kind of like spaghetti course Getty what are you do with the cups okay you can do that awesome that works okay so um as you're going about this I want your draw what it is you're seeing so you're seeing that chromosome what is condensed and are they two separate pieces so you have to cut right does that mean that there's they're two different like nuclear envelope so different is you nuclear are you going to keep Italy they're gonna keep it like that until they separate okay do you want to okay just checking just wondering because it cooks it is right right cuz if they're all together so I was thinking maybe if you use this as your nucleus and like that but you guys can do whatever you want so I was thinking that's in my mind that's what I would do it that back if you want to make this your holding cell like that it's all good somebody's just gonna go represent you have to represent in it that is in one nuclei right this our this is all happening within only one so I gave you two for a reason but I'm gonna take away oh you could do it like that cool okay it's just a coach I don't know how to draw a cup [Music] okay you know it what's up so these represent don't like oh I like what you're doing with a hot from right here there so what are these two cups representing yourselves they're do so so you've already divided yourself you're on prophase okay so then do we have two cells during prophase no so then what should you do how should you model this properly so that you show only another you know purpose so when you're asking me what about Charlie and okay if this is one cell there really the answer that's breaking you could do that you could do it like that or you could completely take the cups out altogether and say like okay the nuclear envelope spray key and then the nucleon looks gone so you don't have it you could kind of say though it's hard with these right you can't say like let me crush let me cut part of it or I like how you thought about removing it that way but essentially what it's saying is if this is starting to disappear so that's why I gave you the cup see that's it exactly so the centrosomes we're not we don't have anything to represent it but basically all that's gonna do is it's gonna be like a structure that's gonna start to become visible so that we or it's gonna become usable so that it can start moving these things around so you can almost use this like that as a kinetic or is this so it's just if we don't have a piece for the model on that and that's a I'm glad that you pointed that out but that's really what that is it's it's saying that they're getting ready on each end so you can start moving things right and getting them the centrosomes are gonna be part of the spindle that helps to like I said move everything around so that's a great question and that's missing from the models [Music] so I can never pronounce Akeno prometaphase I'm snow drivers at the moment to the center [Music] so what you use I think they were just mine there's two of them yeah the word happens yeah [Applause] [Music] it's still working it's just saying that the chromosomes are two opposites I guess I mean yeah they are painful together so so you guys really quickly did you catch that like on the on the slides from NIM Z that it says that in anaphase that the chromosomes are pulled apart okay so yes it does say that chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles and one thing that's missing from there is what what's missing if they are chromatids exactly so I'm glad you caught that and I just want to make sure that you make a note of that we're talking about when the chromosomes are pulled apart they're pulled apart in their sister chromatids we right with you it unwind again and so when they unwind what is gonna happen that's where you're gonna be okay that's okay so then what happens you're in here on to your face right ok so then it talks about how they are well we don't have that here but if you notice that well show you two of things they are pulled apart you see how they're pulled apart to the end so all we were doing is we're saying that we these kinetic cords that are like fishing rods fishing reels rather that are reeling them in they bring them over and so they start they're still in wound but they bring them over it's around them and now what do we have well they're kind of close together right yeah and then what happens what's our last phase that operational phase so what does that look like okay okay okay all right so I went to every single table I was so glad to see I was so glad to see everybody modely really really well thank you so much for being so involved in so invested in this we're gonna go ahead and put this to rest today tomorrow gonna keep talking a little bit more about this process thank you guys you can put your materials inside and you can go ahead and get ready to go