Coconote
AI notes
AI voice & video notes
Export note
Try for free
Understanding Gene Expression and Phenotypes
Oct 19, 2024
Lecture Notes: Gene Expression and Phenotypes
Overview of DNA and Genetic Information
Structure of DNA
DNA structure and how it's copied
Transmission of genetic information across generations
Protein Synthesis
DNA used to build proteins in cells
Genetic Variability
Accumulation of changes in DNA over time
Mechanisms causing these changes
DNA sharing in bacteria
Gene Expression Control
Definition
: Conversion of DNA information into proteins
Operon
: Structure in bacterial DNA controlling gene expression
Contains genes for necessary proteins
Includes regulatory sequences to control gene expression
Gene Clusters
Related proteins in a pathway often clustered in bacteria
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype
Complete sequence of DNA inherited from parents
All the genes (from mother and father)
Phenotype
Observable traits and physical appearance
Result of protein expression
Examples of Phenotype
Sickle Cell Anemia
Individuals produce both normal and sickle cell hemoglobin
Human Characteristics
Differences in height, hair color, and patterns
Despite 99.9% genetic similarity, differences exist
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Unique genes (genotype) and their expression (phenotype)
Example: Tall vs. short individuals
Phenotypic Traits
Traits determined by gene expression and environmental influence
Environmental Influence on Phenotype
Genetics and Environment
Phenotype affected by both DNA and environmental factors
Example: Korean Peninsula
Similar genetic makeup between North and South Koreans
Differences due to political systems affecting nutrition
Height differences attributed to available nutrition
Global Perspective
Stunted growth in children due to malnutrition
Examples from sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and more
Conclusion
Gene Expression and Phenotype
Genotype influences phenotype but does not solely determine it
Environmental factors play a significant role in phenotypic traits
Focus
Upcoming focus on how gene expression controls phenotypes and the role of genes themselves.
📄
Full transcript