Hi everybody and welcome back to LearnAmo! We decided to start this video with Octavianus Augustu's famous words because we want to talk about the history of Rome. A city, a republic and an empire that had an important impact on Italian culture's history and not only. We're going to recall every single phase of the history of Rome, from its legendary origins up till the peak of its power, so, of course, when it became the largest empire of ancient times. The history of Rome is really important also for European languages, because it allowed latin to expand in many different territories like Spain, France, Romania, Portugal, etc. So the expansion of the Roman Empire laid the foundations for what we call nowadays romance languages, that is to say Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Rumanian and so on. But let's go in order first of all: theme song! Historians dived the history of Rome in three big ages: Regal period, from 753 B.C. which was Rome's foundation year, till 509 B.C. which was the year of the expulsion from the city of the Tarquins, last kings of Rome. Republican age: from 509 B.C. till 27 B.C. when Rome's senate fully empowered Octavianus, awarding him with the title of Augustus. Imperial age from 27 B.C. till 476 A.D. the year of the downfall of the Western Roman Empire. Good, once we've done this chronological division we can really get to the heart of history! Legend has it that Rome was founded in the middle of the eighth century B.C. by two brothers, Romulus e Remus, Enea's descendants, raised by a she-wolf. Actually, modern archeological studies and historical researches think that Rome was born thanks to the union of small communities that lived in the seven hills of Rome, each one of them situated on the left bank of the river Tevere. During the first phase, called Regal Period, Rome was a monarchic city-state similar to the greek poleis, a sovereign had the power and he was called Rex. The king did not only hold the political power, but also the militar and religious one. Moreover he was flanked by a senate made up by ancient patricians. The monarchy in Rome lasted about two and a half centuries during which, traditionally, 7 kings succeeded: Romulus, who according to the legend killed his brother Remus becoming the first king of Rome; Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, Tarquinius Superbus. The seventh king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbius, had several enemies until he was exiled from Rome in 509 B.C. becoming the last king of the city. This is how the Republican age began, characterised by the important role of the Senate in the roman government. During the Republican age Rome expanded in Italy and the Mediterranean following the Samnites and Punic wars. Therefore during the first century B.C. the Republic suffered an intense crisis especially because of the conflict between those who supported the populares' faction and those who supported the optimates' one . Between 83 and 82 B.C. the civil war in Rome divided the populates' faction guided by Gaius Marius and the optimates' faction guided by Lucius Cornelius Sulla. This one won and got the title of dictator for life after killing all his enemies. Anyway, not all internal problems were solved, Catilina's conspiracy, organised by the Republic and then revealed by the lawyer Cicerone in 63 B.C., was the proof of it. In 60 B.C., the boss Pompey, Crassus and Julius Caesar, despite their different parties, gathered together in the first triumvirate in order to solve the instability situation and crisis in Rome. But this coalition didn't last too long: when Crasso died in 49 B.C. back from Gaul, Julius Caesar guided his legions through the Rubicone river pronouncing his famous words: "Alea iacta est", "The dice has been cast" and causing the second roman civil war, which opposed his legions to the Pompey's Optimates' ones. Julius Caesar defeated Pompey in Farsalo in 48 B.C. and then the other optimates becoming the uncontested leader and dictator of Rome. After accomplishing several reforms Julius Caesar was stabbed to death on the 15th of March 44 B.C. on the Ides of March, by a conspiracy organised by a group of senators both conservatives and republicans headed by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus and Decimus Brutus. Julio Caesar's death lead to a difficult instability phase in Rome. Octavianus, his adopted son Marcus Antonius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, founded the second triumvirate in 43 B.C. They put back order in the Republic and split the possessions of Rome. After Lepidus expulsion from the triumvirate, Octavianus became the owner of the western empire and Antonius of the eastern one. This one married the Egyptian queen Cleopatra and began to distance himself from roman customs. Octavianus took advantage of the discontent of the Senate towards Antonio and went to war with him. In 31 B.C. Octavianus defeated Marcus Antonius in the battle of Actium and in 27 B.C. the senate fully empowered him and awarded him with the title of Augustus. This is how the empire was born! Hi! Before continuing with the Imperial age I remind you, if you haven't done it yet, to subscribe to this amazing channel and like this video! Thank you! The Imperial age was characterised by the cession of power from the senate to a single person: the emperor. The imperial period can be divided in two phases: a prosperous and glorious phase up till the second century A.D. and a phase characterised by a deep crisis from the third century A.D. on. Octavianus Augustus, first emperor of Rome, was fully empowered, both politically and militarily and he managed to give peace and stability to Rome after years of civil wars. With him started the Julio-Claudian dynasty in which till 68 A.D. the following emperors succeeded: Tiberius, Caligola, Claudius and Nero. Something that only few people know is that the whole Julio-Claudian dynasty loved wearing with the LearnAmo Collection merchandising! And you, what are you waiting for buying the amazing LearnAmo Collection merchandising? You'll find the link to visit our shop in the description! It is worth remembering that the empire largest expansion was reached between 98 and 117 A.D. with the emperor Traianus and it covered an area that went from Spain til the Asia Minor and from England till the whole northern Africa. The main reasons of the deep crisis of the empire in the third century A.D. were: the strong power of the army that organised coups d'états repeatedly, the economic crisis, other countries pressure over the borders and the Christianity spread. Moreover, the difficulties that running an empire entailed in the fourth century A.D. lead the emperor Diocletianus to choose tetrarchy that is to say, the administrative division of the power in four territories. This is how the division of the empire began and it was definitive in 395 A.D. with the death of the emperor Theodosius I who divided the empire into two parts: eastern and western part. In the forth century the Western Roman Empire suffered from a deep political and economical crisis and it couldn't push away pressures of other countries on the borders anymore. In 476 A.D. the general Odovacer deposed the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus, and that established the downfall of the Western Roman Empire. In the eastern part, the Roman Empire survived for a longer time in Costantinopoli. Actually until 1453, when the imperial city conquered by Mehmed the Conqueror, became capital of the Ottoman Empire. So, this is in a nutshell the history of Ancient Rome, full of events and really important for the development of Europe as we all know it today. And you, have you ever been to Rome? Have you ever visited the roman hills or the Colosseum? Well, if you haven't yet, don't worry because Italy is full of amazing places and beautiful monuments so if you want to know them better don't miss the video that we have published a few weeks ago! As usual, you'll find the link up in the card or down below in the description. On the other side, if you're learning Italian we suggest you to visit our official website www.learnamo.com where you can find many grammar and vocabulary video-lessons but not only! Hurry up and visit it! 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