Transport in Animals - Exam Booklet Overview

Key Concepts in Animal Transport

• Importance of Transport Systems: Essential for moving nutrients, gases, and waste products to and from cells.
• Components of Transport Systems:
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood

The Heart

• Structure:
  • Composed of cardiac muscle
  • Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
• Function:
  • Pumps blood throughout the body
  • Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

Circulatory Pathways

• Double Circulation:
  • Pulmonary circuit: heart to lungs and back
  • Systemic circuit: heart to body and back
• Advantages: Allows for efficient oxygenation of blood and distribution to body tissues.

Blood Vessels

• Types:
  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart, thick-walled
  • Veins: Carry blood to the heart, have valves
  • Capillaries: Site of exchange between blood and tissues

Blood

• Components:
  • Red blood cells: Carry oxygen
  • White blood cells: Fight infections
  • Platelets: Aid in blood clotting
  • Plasma: Liquid medium carrying dissolved substances

Regulation of Heartbeat

• Pacemaker Cells: Control heart rate
• Nervous and Hormonal Influence: Modify heart rate based on body's needs

Common Disorders

• Hypertension: High blood pressure; risks include heart disease
• Atherosclerosis: Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup

Review Questions

• Understand the difference between single and double circulatory systems
• Be able to label parts of the heart and blood vessels
• Explain how substances are exchanged in capillaries

These notes cover the fundamental concepts required for understanding animal transport systems, particularly focusing on the structure and function of the heart, types of blood vessels, and composition of blood. It also addresses common disorders related to the circulatory system and includes essential review questions for exam preparation.