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Overview of Behaviorism Theories
Nov 2, 2024
Lecture on Behaviorism
Introduction to Behaviorism
Originated in late 19th century Russia.
Key figure: Ivan Pavlov, known for experiments with dogs.
Classical Conditioning
Discovery by Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov observed that dogs salivated not only at food but also at stimuli associated with food, like a bell.
Experiment process:
Identified food as the unconditioned stimulus causing salivation.
Introduced a neutral stimulus (bell) alongside the food.
Eventually, the bell alone (conditioned stimulus) triggered salivation (conditioned response).
Concept
: Learning process where an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
John B. Watson and Behaviorism
American psychologist influenced by Pavlov.
Advocated for psychology as a science based on observable facts.
Belief: Human development determined by environment.
Famous for Little Albert Experiment
Conditioned 11-month-old Albert to fear white rats using loud noises.
Method: Loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) naturally caused crying (unconditioned response).
Rat became a conditioned stimulus, causing fear (conditioned response) in Albert.
B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning
Further developed behaviorism and introduced operant conditioning.
Famous for experiments with animals in the 'Skinner box'.
Concept
: Behavior modification through reinforcement or punishment post-response.
In contrast to classical conditioning, it involves voluntary behavior changes.
Focuses on motivation and the impact of environment on behavior.
Differences Between Classical and Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Involves involuntary responses.
Changes timing of a natural response.
Operant Conditioning
Involves voluntary responses.
Employs reinforcement or punishment post-response to modify behavior.
Summary
Behaviorism emphasizes observable behaviors and the effects of environment on behavior.
Key figures: Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner.
Concepts: Classical conditioning (involuntary responses) and operant conditioning (voluntary responses).
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