Overview of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Sep 6, 2024

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Human Anatomy and Physiology Overview for ATITs

Introduction

  • Importance for healthcare students, especially for ATITs test preparation.
  • Focus: Human anatomy and physiology including all body systems.
  • Test contains 44 questions, 18 on human anatomy and physiology.

Anatomical Terminology

  • Orientation and Position
    • Cephalic (head), Cranial (skull), Facial (face), etc.
    • Anterior (towards front), Posterior (towards back), Superior (towards head), Inferior (towards feet).
    • Medial (towards midline), Lateral (away from midline), Proximal (closer to trunk), Distal (further from trunk).
  • Planes of the Body
    • Sagittal (divides body into right/left), Frontal (divides into front/back), Transverse (divides into upper/lower).

Respiratory System

  • Structure: Nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
  • Function: Oxygen intake, carbon dioxide release, gas exchange in alveoli.
  • Impacting Factors: Diseases (e.g., asthma), smoking, pollution, allergies.

Cardiovascular System

  • Components: Heart (4 chambers), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood.
  • Blood Flow: Oxygenated blood travels through arteries, deoxygenated returns via veins.
  • Functions: Oxygen/nutrient delivery, blood pressure regulation, temperature regulation, waste removal.
  • Electrical System: SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers control heart rhythm.

Digestive System

  • GI Tract: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, rectum.
  • Accessory Organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
  • Processes: Mechanical/chemical digestion, nutrient absorption.

Nervous System

  • Division: Central (CNS - brain, spinal cord) and Peripheral (PNS - nerves).
  • Neuron Structure: Cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath.
  • Types of Neurons: Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent); autonomic (involuntary), somatic (voluntary).

Muscular System

  • Types: Skeletal (voluntary, striated), Cardiac (involuntary, striated), Smooth (involuntary, non-striated).
  • Functions: Movement, force generation, contraction.

Reproductive System

  • Male Structures: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis.
  • Female Structures: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva.
  • Hormones: Gonadotropin, FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone.
  • Processes: Fertilization, menstrual cycle.

Integumentary System

  • Components: Skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), hair, nails, sweat glands.
  • Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Endocrine System

  • Glands: Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testes/ovaries.
  • Functions: Hormone regulation, growth, reproduction, metabolism, mood.
  • Feedback Mechanisms: Positive (e.g., oxytocin), Negative (e.g., insulin).

Urinary System

  • Components: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
  • Functions: Blood filtration, waste excretion, balance maintenance.
  • Relationship with Cardiovascular: Blood transport, regulation via erythropoietin.

Immune System

  • Defenses: Innate (physical & chemical barriers), Adaptive (lymphatic system, WBCs).
  • Functions: Protection from pathogens, antibody production, memory response.

Skeletal System

  • Components: Bones (long, short, flat, irregular), joints, ligaments.
  • Functions: Structure, protection, movement (via muscular system).
  • Bone Types: Compact, spongy (cancellous, trabecular), marrow.
  • Bone Diseases: Brittleness, osteogenesis imperfecta.

Conclusion

  • Encouragement to study these systems for the ATITs.
  • Additional resources available for further learning.

Note: This summary captures the essence of the lecture and is designed to help with understanding key concepts necessary for the ATITs examination.