Board Exam Review: Oral Facial and Head & Neck Anatomy

Introduction

• Review of important points from oral facial and head and neck anatomy classes.

Body Planes

• Horizontal Plane (Transverse Plane): Separates the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.
• Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane): Separates the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.
• Sagittal Plane: Separates the body into right and left parts.
  • Midsagittal Plane: Specifically divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Anatomic Position and Directional Terms

• Anatomic Position: Standing erect, arms at the sides, head, eyes, and palms facing forward.
• Directional Terms: Medial, Lateral, Superior, Inferior, Dorsal, Ventral
  • Ventral Tongue: Underneath the tongue.
  • Dorsal Tongue: Top of the tongue.
  • Superficial Structures: Toward the body's surface, e.g., skin.
  • Deep Structures: Away from the body's surface.

Bony Structures

• Bony Prominences: Areas sticking out of the bone.
  • Examples: Condyle, Tuberosity, Tubercle.
• Bony Depressions: Concave areas on the bone.
  • Examples: Fossa, Notch, Digastric fossa.
• Bony Openings: Holes or channels in the bone for nerves and blood vessels.
  • Examples: Foramen, Canal, Meatus, Fissure.

Skull Anatomy

• Neurocranium: Eight bones surrounding the brain - Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Occipital, Temporal (paired), Parietal (paired).
• Facial Bones: Fourteen bones not surrounding the brain - Mandible, Vomer, Nasal (paired), Lacrimal (paired), Zygomatic (paired), Inferior Nasal Conchae (paired), Palatine (paired), Maxillae (paired).

Foramina and Canals

• Foramen Magnum: Large opening for brain-spinal cord connection.
• Other foramina and canals: Passageways for cranial nerves and blood vessels.

Sinuses

• Four Sinuses: Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid.
• Drainage: Sinuses drain into nasal meatuses (Superior, Middle, Inferior).

Cranial Nerves

• Twelve Cranial Nerves: Responsible for sensing, muscle control, and gland regulation.
  • Important for dental field: Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Hypoglossal (XII).

Muscles of Facial Expression

• Origin and Insertion: Muscles attach to less movable structures and insert into more movable ones.
• Important muscles: Zygomaticus major (smiling), Buccinator (chewing), Orbicularis oris (lip movement).

Muscles of Mastication

• Key Muscles: Masseter, Temporalis, Medial Pterygoid, Lateral Pterygoid.
• Functions: Elevate or depress the mandible, protrusion, and retrusion.
• Innervation: Trigeminal nerve (V3 - mandibular branch).

Hyoid Muscles

• Suprahyoid Muscles: Above the hyoid bone, assist in mandible depression.
• Infrahyoid Muscles: Below the hyoid bone, help stabilize larynx and hyoid.

Summary

• Future sessions will cover arteries, veins, salivary glands, lymph nodes, and root morphology.