Lecture on Urbanization, Population Dynamics, Demographic Transition, Globalization, and Social Movements

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas (cities).
- Functionalism Perspective: Cities are both beneficial and harmful.
  - Centers of culture and diversity.
  - Sources of crime.
- Conflict Theory Perspective: Cities are sources of inequality.
  - The elite exploit resources from the poor.
  - Cultural diversity leads to conflicts between different beliefs and values.
- Symbolic Interactionism: Cities are hubs for culture with strong norms and values.
Reasons people move to urban areas:
- Jobs
- Better utilities
- Easier access to hospitals and schools
As people move to cities:
- People form small communities for connections.
- Some move to suburbs for a balance of city benefits without the downsides.
- Exurbs are more prosperous and further from the city.
Urban Renewal: Revitalizing city areas, which can lead to gentrification.
Rural Rebound: Movement from urban areas back to rural areas.

Study of how populations grow or shrink over time.
Components:
- Fertility: Rate of births in a population.
- Migration:
  - Immigration: People moving into a country.
  - Emigration: People moving out of a country.
- Mortality: Rate of deaths in a population.
Population Pyramid: Visual representation of age and gender distribution.
- Expansive: High birth and death rates, many young people.
- Stationary: Low birth and death rates, balanced population.
- Constrictive: Low birth rates, more older people.
Growth Rate Calculation:
- Initial Population + Births + Immigrants - Emigrants - Deaths = New Population
- Positive growth rate = Population increase
- Negative growth rate = Population decline
Example: Most countries are currently growing, Bulgaria and Czech Republic are shrinking.

Sharing of ideas, cultures, services, and products across national borders.
Driven by:
- Interdependence of countries
- Technological progress
- Advances in communication
Theories:
- World Systems Theory:
  - Single social unit divided into:
    - Core countries (industrialized, independent).
    - Periphery countries (influenced by core, single economic activity).
    - Semi-periphery countries (middle ground).
- Modernization Theory:
  - Countries follow a similar path from traditional to modern.
- Dependency Theory:
  - Third world countries remain poor due to unfavorable economic positions in the world economy.
Perspectives on globalization:
- Hyperglobalist: Global society will take precedence.
- Skeptics: World becomes regionalized rather than globalized.
- Transformationalist: Changing importance and role of national governments.
Role of Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
- Look for cheaper materials and labor across borders.
- Sometimes make more money than entire countries.
Effects can be both positive (interdependence) and negative (labor competition).

Activist Movements: Seek to change society.
Regressive/Reactionary Movements: Resist social change.
Example: Environmental movement
Characteristics:
- Shared idea and goals
- Strong leadership
- Necessary resources
Relative Deprivation Theory: Social movements arise when people perceive deprivation or inequality.
Resource Mobilization Theory: Success depends on resources to fund and organize movement.
Rational Choice Theory: Behavior based on individuals' choices after weighing actions.
Social movements' impact:
- Can cause panics or crazes.
- Ultimately succeed and integrate into society, or fail and fade away.

Urbanization: Movement to cities for better opportunities.
- Suburbs and exurbs as alternatives.
Population Dynamics: Study of growth and migration.
- Population Pyramids as visual tools.
Demographic Transition: Changes in population stages over time.
Globalization: Interconnectedness of global cultures and economies.
- Various theories and perspectives.
Social Movements: Groups aiming to enact or resist societal changes.
- Different theories on how they emerge and succeed.