Understanding the Lobotomy

Introduction

• The lobotomy is considered a horrific procedure due to its effects on personality and rational decision-making.
• To fully understand lobotomies, one needs to grasp the anatomy involved.

Anatomy of the Cranium

• The procedure involves the frontal bone of the skull, often referred to as the forehead.
• The frontal bone wraps around and forms the top part of the eye socket (orbit).
• The bone here is extremely thin, making it easy to penetrate during a lobotomy.

Transorbital Lobotomy Procedure

• Performed by inserting an ice pick above the eye through the thin orbital bone.
• The goal was to reach the cranial vault to access the brain.

Brain Anatomy Related to Lobotomy

• Key areas involved:

  • Cerebellum: Refines motor movement.
  • Brainstem: Includes the medulla oblongata and pons.
  • Thalamus: Acts as a relay center for the cerebrum.
  • Prefrontal Cortex: Responsible for rational decision-making and personality. Not fully developed until age 25.

• The procedure aimed to sever the connection between the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex.

Aftereffects of Lobotomy

• Intended to deactivate the prefrontal cortex, leaving individuals vacant or with altered personalities.
• Symptoms varied: stupor, confusion, rage, or complete personality loss.

Historical Context

• Shockingly, lobotomies were performed as recently as the 1950s.
• Used to treat conditions like depression and psychosis.
• Approximately 20,000 procedures were conducted in the United States alone.

Conclusion

• The lobotomy is a disturbing chapter in medical history, highlighting the dire consequences of such invasive procedures.
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