Class Notes on Nursing Theories and Terminology

Class 2: The Nursing Metaparadigm and Terminology

Purpose of Theory

• Organizes knowledge, guides science advancement and practice
• Enhances patient care
• Nursing theories focus on human beings, health, and caring within nurse-person relationships

Metaparadigm or Domain

• Discipline defined by domain statement
• Domain: boundaries or discipline focus

Paradigm

• General framework with assumptions about phenomena of concern
• Perspectives on the metaparadigm or domain

Theory Components: Language

• Common terms, definitions, assumptions for review and analysis
• Specific terminology per theory
  • Concepts: abstract vs. concrete
  • Relational statements, linkages, ordering

Types of Theories

• Grand Theories: Broad phenomena focus
• Middle Range Theories: Narrower scope, useful in complex situations
• Practice Level Theories: Limited scope, direct practice effect

Theory Development

• Observation leads to questions
• Hypothesis through reasoning, testing, dissemination, replication

Theory and Practice: Praxis

• Integration of knowing and doing
• Awareness of social, political, and economic forces

Class 4: Ways of Knowing

Epistemology in Nursing

• Development of knowledge
• Includes aesthetic, ethical, personal, and emancipatory patterns

Importance

• Expert and effective practice
• Complex understanding beyond empirical knowledge
• Provides professional coherence

Patterns of Knowing

• Carper (1978): Ethical, Personal, Aesthetic, Empirical
• Chinn and Kramer (2010): Emancipatory knowing

Types of Knowing

• Ethical: Moral component, guides behavior
• Personal: Self-awareness, therapeutic use of self
• Aesthetic: Unique meanings, artful expression
• Empirical: Science of nursing, evidence-based
• Emancipatory: Awareness and critical reflection on social justice

Importance of Theory in Nursing

• Stimulates empiric knowledge development
• Organizes knowledge for examination
• Improves practice, health, and quality of life

Components of a Theory

• Purpose, Concepts, Definitions, Relationships, Structure, Assumptions

Class 5: Florence Nightingale and Patricia Benner

Nightingale's Assumptions

1. Nursing separate from medicine
2. Importance of environment
3. Support environment for healing

Nightingale's Canons

• Ventilation, Light, Cleanliness, Health of houses, Bed and bedding, Personal cleanliness, Variety, Hope, Food, Observation

Patricia Benner: From Novice to Expert

• Skill acquisition stages

1. Novice
2. Advanced Beginner
3. Competent
4. Proficient
5. Expert

Class 6: Sister Callista Roy and Madeleine Leininger

Roy Adaptation Model

• Human adaptive responses and environmental stimuli
• Nursing promotes adaptation in four modes: Physiologic, Self-concept, Role function, Interdependence

Leininger's Theory of Culture Care

• Focuses on discovering human care diversities and universalities
• Promotes culturally congruent care
• Influences of social and cultural factors

Class 7: Impact of Digital Health and Nursing Practice

CNO Practice Standards and Telepractice

• Standards outline nurse accountabilities
• Virtual technologies in care

Digital Health

• Use of digital technologies to improve health
• Includes AI, machine learning, big data

Digital Health Literacy

• Competencies for using digital technologies

Benefits and Ethical Considerations

• Informed decisions, timely diagnosis, coordinated services
• Ethical issues with personal information and AI

Class 8: Human Becoming Theory and Transpersonal Caring

Human Becoming Theory (Parse)

• Focus on living quality and human dignity
• Three themes: Meaning, Rhythmicity, Transcendence

Transpersonal Caring (Watson)

• Union with patient, holistic care
• 10 Caritas Processes for caring

Class 9: Rogers, Martinsen, Orem, King

Martha Rogers: Unitary Human Beings

• Interconnectedness with environment
• Homeodynamics, energy fields

Kari Martinsen: Philosophy of Caring

• Care as a relational, practical, and moral concept

Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory

• Self-care, self-care deficit, nursing systems

Imogene King: Theory of Goal Attainment

• Nurse-patient interactions for goal achievement

Class 10: Neuman, Johnson, Pender, Mercer

Betty Neuman: Systems Model

• Human as open systems, stress response, prevention levels

Dorothy Johnson: Behavioral System Model

• Person-environment interaction, behavioral system balance

Nola J. Pender: Health Promotion Model

• Empowering active health participation
• Personal factors influencing health behavior

Ramona Mercer: Maternal Role Attainment

• Transition to motherhood, stages of maternal role attainment

This set of notes provides a summary of key concepts from various nursing theories discussed across the classes, focusing on the metaparadigm, development, application, and impact on nursing practice.