Lecture on Representative Government in the U.S. Constitution
Introduction
Alexander Hamilton's Quote: "Here, sir, the people govern." signifies Congress as the people's representative.
Controversy: Constitution initially allowed voting only for the House of Representatives, not for President or Senate. Criticized by figures like Richard Henry Lee.
Early Criticism and Reforms
Democracy Concerns: Many were concerned about the lack of direct democracy.
Henry Clay's View: Preferred serving in the House, calling it the "people's chamber."
Modern Criticism: Elections have become expensive, influenced heavily by wealthy donors and redistricting.
Constitutional Provisions for Representation
Initial Setup: Great Compromise led to a bicameral Congress (House and Senate).
House: Proportional representation, elected by the people.
Senate: Equal representation, chosen by state legislatures.
Electoral College: Developed as a compromise to elect the President.
Changes Over Time
Andrew Jackson's Reforms: Advocated for direct voting and influenced the Electoral College system.
Progressive Era Reforms: Introduction of primary elections and direct election of senators.
Voting Laws and Evolution
Original Constitution: Provided minimal guidance on voting rights.
Southern States: Used literacy tests, poll taxes, and other means to disenfranchise Black voters until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Modern Voting Disputes:
Voter Registration: U.S. system requires individuals to register, potentially limiting voter participation.
Voter ID Laws: Often seen as a method to suppress votes from demographics that traditionally vote Democratic.
Gerrymandering
Partisan Redistricting: Both parties have historically used gerrymandering to secure electoral advantages.
Impact on Elections: Many House seats are non-competitive due to gerrymandering.
Electoral College
Discrepancy with Popular Vote: Not always aligned; notable examples in 2000 and 2016 elections.
Challenge to Change: Abolishing the Electoral College requires significant constitutional amendment efforts.
Conclusion
Current State: Representative government in the U.S. remains a "work in progress," influenced by historical reforms and ongoing challenges like gerrymandering and voting laws.
Critical Reflection: The lecture encourages consideration of whether public officials or the electorate pose a greater threat to democracy.