Lecture Notes: Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Introduction

• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, is the world's coldest capital.
• Notable issues: extreme cold (-27°C) and severe air pollution.

Air Pollution Concerns

• Morning pollution resembles fog.
• Coal smoke heavily influences air quality.
• High levels of pollution affect health, particularly children's respiratory systems.

Health Implications

• Respiratory illnesses are the leading cause of death for children under five in Mongolia.
• Case example: Mangu, a child with pneumonia.
• UNICEF reports a tripling in respiratory infections over the past decade due to pollution increases.

Societal Impact

• Many residents live in traditional felt tents (gers) which are heated with stoves burning raw coal.
• Over half a million stoves in the city contribute to the public health crisis.
• PM 2.5 particles are a significant health threat, with dangerous readings far exceeding WHO guidelines.

Personal Stories

• Families like Ganbara's face a dilemma: staying in polluted areas for financial reasons vs. the health risks to children like Mangu.
• Pollution readings in some neighborhoods reach hazardous levels.

Environmental Challenges

• Ulaanbaatar's population growth adds to pollution problems.
• Climate change-induced severe winters (dzuds) devastate rural livestock, pushing herders to urban areas.
  • Example: Herder Bat Bold and the loss of livestock leading to financial ruin.

Solutions and Obstacles

• Transition to non-polluting heating solutions is necessary but challenged by economic limitations.
• For many, the only escape is leaving the city temporarily.

Personal Protective Measures

• Homemade air purifiers offer limited relief indoors.
• Air quality inside buildings often still unsafe.

Cultural and Seasonal Context

• Mongolian New Year marked by traditional ceremonies in harsh conditions.
• Families like Ganbara's seek temporary refuge away from smog for their children's health.

Conclusion

• The ongoing coal supply to the city perpetuates the air quality crisis.
• The need for sustainable solutions is urgent to protect public health and the environment.

Additional Resources

• Encourage watching documentaries for further insights into global issues.