hi friends and welcome back to my Channel today we are going to talk about the participle previously we discussed the infinitive infinitive constructions and the jand so the participle is the last form of non-finite forms of the verb that we must learn if you haven't seen my lessons on the infinitive and the jant you can follow the links in the description to this video if you did watch them and they helped you you can support me here or following the link in the description to this video without any further Ado let us begin first and foremost let us see what are the main characteristics of the participle the participle is one of the three nonfinite forms of the verb in English like the infinitive and the gerant it has a double nature the participle combines verbal and adjectival or adverbial characteristics there are two participles in English participle one also known as the present participle and participle two also known as the past participle participle one has tense distinctions and can be divided into the simple or indefinite participle and perfect participle apart from that participle one of transitive verbs has voice distinctions where do we see the participle well almost everywhere because they main function is to help us form tenses for instance the present participle or the ink form is used to form the present progressive tense and the present perfect progressive tense I am writing a letter now or I have been waiting for my friend for some time these sentences contain the present participle I have written a letter or they spend their summer in Italy these sentences use the past participle or participle to before we proceed I would like to clarify the situation with naming the traditional terms that I will be using in this lesson are open to objection because participle one not always expresses the present tense and participle two not always speaks about the past the difference between them is not intense but rather in voice that's why sometimes they referred to as ink participle and Ed participle in participle for participle one or the present participle and Ed participle is for participle to a past participle this being said let's take a closer look at each of them and we'll start with participle one or the present participle participle one is formed by adding the suffix ing to the stem of the verb and thus we have to stroll strolling to hide hiding to run running to lie lying as I have already mentioned the participle has double nature from our previous class you might remember that the jant is half a verb and half a noun the participle is half a verb and half an adjective or an adverb it's adjectival and adverbial characteristics are manifested in its syntactic functions those of attribute and adverbial modifier let's see the sound of the rain pattering on the roof soothed me having done their homework the kids went down to play in the yard its verbal characteristics are participle one of transitive verbs can take a direct object participle one as well as participle 2 can be modified by an adverb and participle one has tense distinctions and when we're dealing with transitive verbs participle one also has voice distinctions now let's talk about the forms of participle one participle one can be indefinite or simple and perfect and can exist in the active voice and in the passive voice thus we have the indefinite active participle is making the indefinite passive participle is being made the perfect active participle is having made and and the perfect passive participle is having been made and if you compare this forms to the Geren you'll see that they coincide how do we tell one verbal form from the other well we'll look at their functions in a sentence as their functions are very different gerns are verb forms that act like nouns while participles are verb forms that behave like adjectives or adverb modifiers so these two the gerant and the participle will be found in very different places of a sentence let's talk about the tense distinctions of participle one the tense distinctions of participle one are not absolute but relative participle one simple or indefinite active and passive typically denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the main verb the finite verb depending on the tense form of the main verb it may refer to the present past or future let's look at these sentences when watching this movie you can't help laughing when watching this movie I couldn't help laughing and when watching this movie you will laugh your head off as you see the main verbs the finite verbs of these sentences are in different tenses the first one is in the present the second one is in the past and the third sentence speaks about a situation in the future this part of the sentence where we have the participle is the same so the participle doesn't change depending on the main verb it exists in the same time room as the main finite verb that's why we say that its tense distinctions are relative because what we see here is that the action expressed by participle one inde definite is simultaneous to the action of the main verb participle one indefinite may also denote an action referring to no particular time let's see we took the path leading to the Sea vegetation growing in this climate zone tolerates dry Summers well thinking about the meaning of life one can become despondent when we want to show that the action expressed by the participle happened prior to that of the main verb of the sentence we use participle one perfect participle one perfect active and passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the main verb let's look at these examples having drunk too much she decided not to drive home herself having done the exercises the children went out to play football having been wrongly addressed the letter never reached me having been served a meal our guests left we see that the actions Express expressed by Perfect participles active and passive in these examples happened prior to the actions expressed by the main verbs please note that a prior action is not always expressed by participle one perfect with some verbs of sense perception and motion such as to see to hear to look to arrive turn and some others participle one inde definite is used when priority is meant for instance here in his food steps she went to the door using having heard participle one perfect in the sentence would be weird it's an Overkill these actions happened one right after the other so we don't need to show that priority because there wasn't any time in between these two actions it's like when you use the past simple for two actions that happened one after the other in the past you don't need to use the past perfect tense because the actions were too close to each other in the past participle one of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive voice let's look at some examples When painting his picture the artist likes to listen to some classical music here participle one indefinite is active When painting being painted by an amateur the picture looked funny being painted is participle one indefinite passive having vacuumed all the carpets and dusted all the furniture Lydia curled up in the armchair with the book she had bought having vacuumed is participle one perfect active and having been built almost a century ago the house required a complete renovation here we are dealing with participle one perfect passive now as we got acquainted with the forms that participle one has let's talk about its functions in a sentence in a sentence participle one can play very different roles but first and foremost it functions as an attribute in this function participle one can preced the noun it modifies or follow it the company built in this house uses new Construction Technologies the man playing the piano is my sister's husband the room facing south is much warmer than the rest of the rooms in the house she followed the retreating car with her eyes in this last sentence here participle one is used before the noun it modifies when it is used like that before is a noun it hardly ever has any words that accompany it compare this sentence to the previous three they are parts of a participial phrases the company building this house what kind of company building this house yeah the men playing the piano what man the one who is playing the piano the rooms facing cells again that's a phrase yeah but you cannot put such a phrase in front of the noun the participle modifies it will always be one word the participle and that's it so why are we talking about the attributive function here because all of these participle that you see in these examples modify the they explain of what kind the noun is what company the company that is building this house what man the man who is playing the piano Etc when participle one follows the noun it modifies it normally has one or several accompanying words the house had a terrrace face in the sea this handbook aims to be a road map for everyone working with horses often times and attribute expressed by participle one is detached and has a certain Independence in the sentence in this case it usually is separated by comma people should understand that many natural substances used in personal care products are classified as dangerous for human health most of them being hazardous for skin and eyes their neighbors not knowing what was going on would call the police it was a one wonderful garden behind the wall stretching as far as one could see these detached participles help us express additional information create a background to our story or provide our listener or reader with certain details that are not essential in the sentence but can be legant added this way using this detached participial uh phrases now participle one can function as many different types of adverbial modifiers first and foremost it's the adverbial modifier of time drinking tea as calleded my tongue speaking English pay attention to the word order in the first sentence the participle expresses an action that was simultaneous to another action in the past yeah so that particular time when I was drinking my tea has scolded my Tong the participle and the main verb in the sentence exist in the same uh tense yeah in the same time room we cannot say the same about the second sentence though because here speaking English it's like every time when you speak English pay attention to the word order it's not tied to a particular moment in the past it's a general recommendation why are they adverbial modifiers of time here well because they answer the question when when did I scold my tongue when when I was drinking tea when should I be attentive to the word order when I speak English the words when and while can be used with participle one in this function let's see you can say when live in your room don't forget a switch off the light or leave in your room don't forget to switch off the light you should be attentive when crossing the street or you should be attentive crossing the street while working working on the project we learned a lot working on the project we learned a lot adding when and while is absolutely optional please note that participle one indefinite of the verb to be is not used as an adverbial modifier of time we cannot say when being a child he love to spend time with his aunt and neither can we say being a child he love to spend time with his aunt we should use an adverbial clause of time when he was a child he loved to spend time with his aunt however participle one indefinite of to be can be used as an adverbial modifier of cause look at this sentence attentively being only 5 years old he couldn't understand why his parents were quarreling so unlike in the previous examples in this sentence being expresses a state or a situation that caused something to happen and following this principle the sentence being a child he loved to spend time with his aunt would mean that his being a child was a cause of that fact that he liked to spend time with his aunt as if because he was a child it was very interesting for him to spend time with his aunt but that cannot be a cause yeah it's just the time we are speaking about so we should not use par iple one of the verb to be in this case we should use an adverbial clause when he was a child when he was little Etc let's look at more examples of participle one used as an adverbial modifier of cause being unsure if he was right James said nothing knowing I had plenty of time to get to the station I was not in a hurry having no food left for the weekend we went to the supermarket haven't lived in the region for almost 20 20 years she was well acquainted with local customs and traditions and having read the book till the end he knew that the main hero would survive participle one in each of these Clauses expresses a cause of something so the question we can put to it is why what caused the action James said nothing why because he was unsure if he was right I was not in a hurry why because I knew I had plenty of time we went to the supermarket why what caused us to go to the supermarket the fact that there was no food left now participle one indefinite can be used as an verbal modifier of manner and attendant circumstances remember that the ad verbal modifier of manner characterizes the action it tells us how in what Manner the action was done whereas that verbal modifier of attendant circumstances tell us about the circumstances that followed the action let me demonstrate that with the examples he burst into the Hall shouting something into the phone she sat silently looking down at her hands he came back carrying something in his arms in these three examples the question that we can put to the participial Clauses how or in what Manner he burst into the hole in what Manner shouting something into the phone thus here we are dealing with participle one and definite working as an adverbial modifier of manner let's look at these two examples gently steering the pot he added more spices to the dish with the sun set in the sky turned a beautiful shade of orange in these examples participial phrases provide additional context to the main actions so participle one here works as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances participle one indefinite can be used as an adverbial modifier of comparison in this case it is introduced by the conjunctions as if and as though James looked around as if not knowing what to say the teacher raised her brows in a silent question as if asking for our comments the officers stared at the man as if trying to determine what his intention was looking at the ceiling as though trying to remember he recited the whole poem two participles as two different adverbial modifiers are in this last sentence the first one functions as the adverbial modifier of manner and the second one functions as an adverbial modifier of comparison participle one indefinite can sometimes be used as an adverbial modifier of condition this solution even being better is not so good we can paraphrase the sentence saying even if the solution is better it is still not good she wasn't at the meeting as she hadn't been invited but being there she wouldn't vote for the new policy let's paraphrase this sentence using the third conditional if she had been invited she wouldn't have voted so the questions we can put to these participles is in what case on what condition thus these participles function as adverbial modifiers of condition participle one and definite can sometimes be used as an verbal modifier of concession in this case it is introduced by the conjunction though chronic cases of sleep talking are considered a sleep disorder though doing this occasionally is normal the Q though being long was moving fast in spite of what even if what participle one here is used in the function of the adverbial modifier of concession now participle one can function as a predicative what is a predicative a predicative is a part of a compound ninal predicate and what is a compound nominal predicate that's a predicate that consists of the link verb and a noun an adjective a numeral or a personal pronoun or several of these components let's look at some examples the hurricane was devastating the music coming from the speakers is deafening what he was saying was humiliating some members of the group remained standing and protest against what was said so these are compound nominal predicates and participle one is a part of each of them know that participles that are used in the dysfunction used predicatively are on the borderline with the adjectives or they have already become adjectives let's look at the sentences the story she told us was exciting and the book I'm reading now is very interesting so these are compound nominal predicates and the words exciting and interesting are adjectives how can we tell whether it's an adjective or a participle one adjectives ending in ing like the majority of this adjectives they ones were verbs yeah they were created from verbs and to differentiate we can think what is the word with ink that is a part of a compound nominal predicate speaks about a state or about action that is being performed or happening to somebody or something for example the hurricane was devastating it devastated or was devastating something the hurricane was performing an action yes so we characterize an action and compared that to the word interesting interesting is more characteristic than an action that is being done I hope that makes sense let's move to the next function of participle one participle one can be used as a part of a compound verbal predicate and this function participle one is used in the passive voice and after certain verbs these verbs are to see to hear to feel to find to catch to keep to leave Etc he was seen coming in but no one saw him coming out they were heard talking in a foreign language we were kept waiting for almost an hour before they finally accepted us you remember that a compound verbal predicate contains a finite verb and a model verb or a nonfinite form of the verb and some accompanying words so we differentiate between the compound verbal aspect predicate and compound verbal model predicate depending on what verbs are used if we want to use participle one in a compound verbal predicate it should be in the passive voice now participle one can be used as a part of a complex object a complex object object is an object that contains multiple components complex objects with participle can occur after different groups of verbs first and foremost these are verbs denot in physical perception like to see to hear to feel to watch to find to catch to observe to notice Etc she saw her colleague talking to a policeman I discovered my cat hiding behind the sofa they found their children playing computer games we watch the machine being taken down so these are all complex objects they all answer the question what she saw what she saw a bird a bird would be a simple object but she saw her colleague talking to a policeman is a complex object complex objects may also contain infinitives and I talk about that in this video you can check it if you like the difference between the infinitive and participle one used as a part of a complex object would be that participle one emphasizes the process so it speaks about an action in progress while the infinitive simply names the action let's compare these sentences she saw her colleague talking to a policeman and she saw her colleague talk to a policeman the first sentence tells us that she experienced a process not necessarily their whole conversation but she witnessed a part of it your eyes caught them somewhere in the middle of their conversation very as if I say she saw her colleague talk that would mean that I just mention the action as one whole thing so presumably I saw the whole problem process of talking I heard their whole conversation now another group of verbs after which we can use the participle one as a part of a complex object is verbs that have positive meaning like to have to get to set to keep to start to live I won't have you smoking in my house don't keep the boss waiting your words set me thinking about my life we left the Christmas trees hanging on the door again these are complex objects the answer the question what and again after these verbs we can use the infinitive to complex objects with participles can also occur after the verbs to want and to like I don't want you leaving so early and Jane doesn't like them talking to her like that note that the infinitive can also be used as a part of a complex object we saw them leave and we saw them leaving in the first example the bare infinitive is used because the verb that precises is the verb denote and sense perception to see yeah like to see to hear to notice after these verbs in a complex object we use the ver infinitive and we so them leaving participle one is used participle one emphasizes here the idea of an action in progress whereas the infinitive just names the action another set of examples I won't have you speak to me like that and I w't have you speaking to me like that now participle one can be used as parenthesis these are those comments that you can add to your sentence to emphasize something for example participle one is never used alone as parenthesis it is always a part of a participial phrase and these phrases are generally speaking broadly speaking roughly speaking legally speaking strictly speaking personally speaking taking everything into consideration considering everything putting it mildly judging by or judging from allowing for supposing examples generally speaking I understand your problem and I'll try to help personally speaking I have always preferred it tellan Cuisine to French taking everything into consideration we cannot offer you this job supposing you won the lottery what would you spend the money for so far we discussed participle one its forms and its functions in a sentence now let's get down to participle two how do we form participle two regular verbs form participle two by adding Ed to the base form of the verb to deliver delivered to study studied to explain EXP explained irregular verbs form participle to by changing the root of the word so we have to make made to write written to spend spend and so on and so forth let's look at participle two used in several different rules for instance in this sentence Dave has written a letter to his sister participle to is used to form the present perfect tense in this sentence the poem was written in Old English participle to is used to form the passive voice and in this one the book written by my friend gained popularity participle to is used as an attribute unlike participle one participle 2 has no tense distinctions so here we don't speak about indefinite and perfect participle it has only one form and it can express both the action that happened at the same time with the action of the main verb and the action that happened before it or prior to it let's look at the sentences the sentence written on that wall is in Latin the dishes washed by the new dishwasher are shining clean I remember the painting seen in the Louver the singing heard somewhere far reminded him of his homeland as we see participle two in the first and in the second sentences refers to no particular time we are speaking in general here in the third sentence seen refers to some before to something that we had seen before and the participle in the fourth sentence expresses an action simultaneous to the action of the main verb I heard the singing and it reminded me two simultaneous things participle two of transitive verbs has a passive meaning like a broken cup or torn Fabric or painted wall here we see that somebody broke the cup somebody painted this wall Etc so the action was done to the object with in transitive verbs participle to has no passive meaning it is used in compound tense forms like the present perfect or the past perfect tense and has no independent function in a sentence unless we are talking about verbs that denote passing from one state to another so that will be true for a withered flower for example or evaporated water or vanished paint and so on and so forth now let's look at the functions participle two has in a sentence just as participle one participle two can function as an attribute in this function it can be used both before and after the element modifies I had a plate of fried anches for dinner those abandoned buildings are overgrown with Ivy and wild grapes the jewels stolen by the thieves were very expensive this is the dress sued by my grandmother for her wedding again before the noun participle to is used without any accompanying words we can see that in the first and in the second sentences after the noun it is used with one or two words that accompany it the situation is the same with a bodyle one if you remember an attribute Express exess by participle to can also be detached for instance accompanied by the captain they stepped aboard the ship startled by what she heard she ran to her room built back in the 19th century the house was gradually turning into ruin we see participle 2 here as a detached attribute why do we say that participle two here is an attribute because it characterizes the noun they step aboard the ship in what condition accompanied by the captain of the ship she ran to her room again in what condition feeling what yeah what she was like these are the questions that we can put to our participle to here please note that not all verbs can be used as participle to both before and after the noun they modify look at these two examples a stolen necklace and the discussed matter everything is fine with a stolen necklace while a discussed matter makes no sense we should say the matter under discussion or the matter being discussed or the matter that is discussed the matter being discussed will use participle one and the matter that is discussed will be a part of a subordinate attributive clause before the noun it modifies participle to usually it expresses some permanent characteristic of this noun like a stolen necklace we said goodbye to this necklace and we consider it now to be stolen yeah so it is stolen this is a characteristic of the necklace but the discussed matter that doesn't work like that yeah discuss doesn't characterize the matter discussion is a process so what we should say is that the matter being discussed which should uce participle one to show that process so here we're thinking more about the action not about the state in which the noun is moreover some participles change their meaning according to their position the people concerned and a concerned expression the citizens involved and an involved explanation the law adopted and an adopted child in each of these pairs of word combinations we see the same participle to participle to of the same verb but it has different meanings the people concerned means the people who were affected by what was going on and a concerned expression means a worried expression obviously of somebody's face the citizens involved means the citizens that are somehow affected by the situation similarly to the previous expression the citizens involved the citizens concerned while an involved explanation means a very detailed or complicated explanation the law adopted means the law that was passed and an adopted child means the child that found his or her foster parents let's look at some examples with this words this information is automatically sent out to the people concerned your smile faded replaced with a concerned expression a law adopted in 1980 facilitated Offshore Banking he guessed that he was an adopted child participle two can function as different adverbial modifiers preceded by different conjunctions like when while if as if as though though Etc first and foremost participle to is used as an adverbial mod ifier of time let's see when questioned by the sheriff she admitted to the vandalism it's hard to say no when asked by your boss when told a lie often enough people tend to doubt their own perceptions dogs experience anxiety and fear when left alone when left in warm conditions for several hours fresh milk becomes sore this dessert tastes better when eaten fresh and some memor are even more beautiful when told I believe the last sentence is somebody's quote it popped up in my head but I don't know who the author of this phrases so if you know that please write it down in the comments participle two can function as an adverbial modifier of condition the plants will dry evenly if cut into small pieces onions and garlic will Sprout if not stored at cool temperatures walls if made with materials such as concrete can weaken a Wi-Fi signal if kept updated the software can ensure full-time protection against malware drivers are fin if seen with a mobile phone in hand on what condition is the question that we can put to these participles the plants will dry evenly on what condition on condition that they are cut into small pieces or if they are cut into small pieces and so on and so forth as well as participle one participle two can function as an verbal modifier of comparison he was covering his mouth speaking as if ashamed of his words the kids watch the TV as if mesmerized by the screen the leaves of the FAS Elastica are thick and shiny as if made of wax this idelic Village as have brought to life from a postcard annual attracts thousands of tourists We compare one action to another he was speaking like what as if what as if ashamed of his words the kids watched the TV as if what as if they were mesmerized by the screen and so on and so forth please note that some grammarians would say that such group of verbs that start with when plus a participial clause or as if plus a participial clause are called elliptical Clauses and they not participial phrases that's just a different approach I will be talking about them as about participles used in participial Clauses in the function of the adverbial modifier participle to can function as an verbal modifier of concession his Spirit though crushed was not broken though disillusioned by the Soviet Union many still believed in the dream of Communism though Cod of guard he was not not defenseless now participle two can also be used as a predicative when talking about participle one we already discussed what a predicative is what a compound verbal predicate is what a compound nominal predicate is so now let's see how participle two can be used in these uh structures and these constructions in the function of the predicative unlike participle one participle two denotes a state so it's a link verb Plus a state in which the subject is the audience remained seated despite the situation Jonathan didn't look broken whenever I came to their house the door to that room was locked everyone seemed surprised by the news that night he felt betrayed by his supporters these are all compound nominal predicates and we see that participle to two here is used as a predicative participle two can be a part of a compound verbal predicate in this function participle two is used only after certain verbs in the passive voice some of these verbs are to see to hear to make to fill and to find a handful of gold coins was found hidden in the wall she was seen accompanied by two bodyguards this information shall be made known to the public these are compound verbal predicates participle two can also be a part of a complex object complex objects with participle two are used after several groups of verbs the first is verbs denoting physical perception like to see to hear to feel to watch to find to catch to observe to notice to look at to listen to to discover Etc I never heard this name mentioned before when we finally arrived we found this store closed we saw the flag raised on the flag pole another group of verbs is verbs denot in mental activity first of all the verb to consider but also to believe and to understand scientists considered these manuscripts irrevocably lost he considered himself engaged to Juliet another group of verbs is verbs Express in emotions like to want to wish to desire to prefer to like and so on and so forth my sister wants her hair dyed red I like salon and and how do you prefer it cooked the last group of verbs after which we use a complex object with participle two is verbs of positive meaning like to have to get and to make I want to have the wallpaper in my room changed we got our house painted last summer and he didn't know their language but made himself understood with his hands as both participle one and participle 2 can be used as adjectives the two choice between these two is not always obvious to English Learners I know that from my practice as my students sometimes confuse the Ed participle or participle 2 with the in participle or participle one let's try to see the difference between these two participial adjectives participle one or participle two let's see these pairs of word combinations a mesmerizing Melody and a mesmerized C an embarrassing moment and an embarrassed person an exciting game and an excited child a boring text and a bored man an inspiring speech and an inspired artist the same place but different participles both participle one and participle two can be used as attributes of a noun and both of them can be used before it the place is the same but the meaning is different looking at these examples here we see that participle one refers to something that causes a feeling while participle two in these examples expresses how somebody is affected by something I say somebody because in such word combinations the noun will always be a living thing things do not have emotions so to these where combinations with participle one we can put the question what kind what kind of Melody a mesmerizing Melody a Melody that makes us feel mesmerized what kind of moment an embarrassing moment a moment that makes us feel embarrassed what kind of game an exciting game a game that excites us the question that we can put to these word combinations those that contain participle two is how somebody feels a mesmerized girl how does the girl feel she feels mesmerized an embarrassed person how does this person feel he or she feels embarrassed an excited child feels excited a bored man feels bored an inspired artist feels inspired by something a bit of practice let's take the verb to satisfy and the sentence the teacher was with my answer what should we use participle one satisfying or participle to satisfied obviously the teacher was satisfied with my answer how did the teacher feel about my answer satisfied and what about this sentence my answer was satisfying or satisfied satisfying of course my answer was satisfying What feelings did my answer cause how did it make others feel it was of what kind satisfy now I said participle to as an attribute cannot modify a noun which is not a living being but what about these examples a burning fire and burnt wood a sinking ship and a sunk boat falling leaves and and a fallen statue fading lights and faded colors in these Expressions participle to has a passive meaning so we speak about something that a thing received about something that was done to a thing so the wood was burnt a boat was sunk the last example contains the verb that denotes a passing from one state to another and that word is an exception you remember remember I mentioned it earlier participle to doesn't have that passive meaning with verbs that denote passing from one state to another like to fade to vanish to wither and so on and so forth the first group the one that contains participle one speaks about a process so it describes our thing what kind of fire a burning one what kind of leaves the leaves that are falling down and so on and so forth so here here nothing changed participle one describes something in a process both when it modifies a noun that is a living being or when it modifies a noun which is a thing some verbs in English have two forms of participle two one which is used in compound tenses such as the present perfect tense or the past perfect tense and one which is used as an adjective let's look at these examples the ship has sunk and divers discovered a sunken military ship in the first example participle two sunk is used to form the present perfect tense in the second example participle to sunen functions as an attribute of the noun ship let's look at two more examples the teen had shaved her head before the concert and the stranger had a cleanly shaven face in the first example participle two shaved helps us form the past perfect tense and in the second example participle to shaven functions as an attribute of the noun face another thing that I want to mention is the difference between participle one passive and participle two let's look at these examples the house being built on this plot of land will have two floors the houses built by this company are ergonomic what is the difference between participle one passive being built and participle two Built Well participle one emphasizes the meaning of the simultaneous process so the house being built now so what the first sentence says is that the house which is being built on this plot of land will have two floors the construction now is in process participle two in the second sentence expresses a more General passive idea the houses built by this company are economic in general we are not talking about what's happening to these houses now we are talking about a general fact what kind of houses built by this company let's look at another couple of examples the article being written by my colleague is very brave and the article written by my colleague is is very brave the article being written means the article which is being written now the article written by my colleague not necessarily means that the process of translation is taking place now the translation may be happening now but it might also have been translated before and now written shows us the state of the article what kind of article it is written by my colleague not a process that is St in place now that's all for today I hope this lesson was useful if you like what I'm doing please subscribe to this channel leave your comments down below and see you in the next lesson