Revolutionary Canvas: Painted during the French Revolution, which began in 1789. France became a republic in 1792.
Historical Significance: The painting commemorates a hero of the Revolution and is notable for depicting a contemporary event, unlike David's previous works focused on classical antiquity.
Political Involvement: David joined the Jacobin Club and was close to Robespierre, the leader of the Jacobins. He played a significant role in the Revolutionary government, spreading Revolutionary ideals through art.
Symbolism and Themes
Political vs. Christian Martyrdom: Transition from traditional Christian martyrs to political martyrs, signaling the shift from monarchy to republicanism.
Reaction to Monarchy and Church: The Revolution aimed to dismantle the monarchy and secularize French life, including the introduction of a new calendar (e.g., "Year Two" instead of 1793).
Rationalism and Enlightenment: Emphasis on rational thinking and empirical observation over traditional religious beliefs. Introduction of the metric system as an example of rational reform.
The Murder of Marat
Marat’s Death: He was murdered by Charlotte Corday, a royalist who opposed the Revolution. The painting shows the knife and letter used by Corday.
Depiction in the Painting: Marat is presented as noble and innocent, resembling the imagery of Christ in the Pietà, thus portraying him as a martyr to the Revolution.
Artistic Elements
Contrast and Composition: David contrasts Corday's duplicity with Marat’s nobility. The painting isolates Marat in a stark, Spartan interior, emphasizing republican ideals.
Neoclassical Influence: Careful study of anatomy and light, with attention to contours and modeling, reflects neoclassical interests.
Spare Aesthetic: Stark interior contrasts sharply with Rococo paintings, symbolizing republican ideals.
Legacy and David’s Career
Political Shifts: David's career saw dramatic shifts—from Revolutionary involvement to becoming First Painter for Napoleon.
Questions of Loyalty: Art historians debate David's true beliefs and whether he maintained his Revolutionary ideals or adapted to political changes for personal gain.
"The Death of Marat": Represents a strong conviction in Revolutionary ideals, although David's later actions raise questions about his political motivations.