Overview
This lecture covers the rise and reign of Tang Taizong (Li Shimin), how he transformed the Tang Dynasty into a superpower, and his domestic and foreign policies.
Founding of the Tang Dynasty and Li Shimin's Rise
- The Tang Dynasty was founded by Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu), but his son Li Shimin (Tang Taizong) made it powerful.
- Li Shimin came to power in 626 through a violent coup against his brothers during a Turkish attack.
- Despite facing early threats from the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Li Shimin used strategic diplomacy and military prowess to secure peace.
Early Reign and Domestic Policy
- Li Shimin prioritized stabilizing his administration and appointed talented officials regardless of their past loyalties.
- He encouraged open criticism and rewarded ministers for honest advice.
- He focused on domestic recovery over military expansion at first, especially after natural disasters struck.
Relations with the Turkic Khaganate
- The Eastern Turkic Khaganate disintegrated due to internal strife and poor leadership.
- Rebel tribes sought Tang patronage, strengthening the Tang military.
- By 630, Tang forces, aided by defected tribes, defeated the Eastern Turks, and Li Shimin was named "Khan of Heaven" by the Turkic people.
Tang as a Cosmopolitan Empire
- Li Shimin regarded himself as both emperor of China and khan of nomadic tribes, promoting multiculturalism.
- He integrated various foreign peoples into the empire, resulting in a cosmopolitan capital.
- Challenges arose, including assassination attempts by dissatisfied Turkic elites.
Succession Crisis
- Li Shimin’s heir, Li Chengqian, favored Turkic customs but lost favor due to scandal and a failed coup.
- After turmoil, the crown prince title went to Li Zhi, Taizong's ninth son.
Legacy and Controversy
- Tang Taizong's reign is considered prosperous and just, though some claims about his role in founding the dynasty may be exaggerated.
- He interfered with court histories to influence his legacy.
- Despite criticism, the Tang Dynasty thrived militarily and economically under his rule, except for a failed campaign against Goguryeo in 644.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Tang Dynasty — Chinese dynasty established by Li Yuan in 618 CE.
- Li Shimin / Tang Taizong — Second emperor of Tang, renowned for his leadership and reforms.
- Eastern Turkic Khaganate — A confederation of nomadic tribes threatening early Tang China.
- Khan of Heaven (Tengri Khagan) — Title granted to Li Shimin by the Turks, recognizing his authority.
- Zhenguan Era — Li Shimin’s reign, noted for good governance.
- Cosmopolitan — Characterized by a diverse, multicultural society.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the succession events and the structure of the Tang administration.
- Prepare for the next lecture on the siege of Ansi fortress and Tang military campaigns.