Unit One: Biology Basics - Concept One Notes

The Nature of Science

• Definition by the National Academy of Sciences:
  • Science is a way of knowing and thinking about the world.
  • Explanations in science are based on observations and experiments substantiated by other scientists.
  • Emphasis on data and experimentation.

Key Scientific Terms

1. Fact
   • An objective, verifiable observation (e.g., water boils at 100°C).
2. Principle
   • A statement based on repeated observations describing an aspect of the world (e.g., the greenhouse effect).
3. Law
   • Describes a pattern in nature; explains "how" something happens (e.g., Newton’s laws of motion).
4. Theory
   • An explanation of an observed phenomenon, organizing facts and research; explains "why" something occurs (e.g., theory of evolution).

The Process of Scientific Investigation

1. Asking Questions
   • Start with an observation.
   • Observations can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (numerical).
2. Conducting Background Research
   • Investigate what is already known.
3. Constructing a Hypothesis
   • Make a testable prediction based on observations.
   • Format: "If [independent variable], then [dependent variable]."
4. Testing the Hypothesis
   • Materials and Procedures: Be specific and concise for replication.
   • Experimental Design:
     • Control Group: Standard for comparison.
     • Experimental Group: Groups that receive the manipulation.
     • Constants/Controlled Variables: Variables that are kept the same to ensure the test's fairness.
5. Collecting and Analyzing Data
   • Use data tables and graphs (line, bar, pie charts) for visualization.
   • Discuss trends and potential sources of error.
6. Drawing Conclusions
   • State whether the hypothesis is supported or not.
   • Consider real-world applications.

Precision and Accuracy in Measurement

• Precision: Consistency of measurements.
• Accuracy: Closeness to the correct value.
• Practice through class activities.

Technology and Science

• Technology: Application of scientific discoveries to meet human needs.
• Engineering: Application of science and math to solve problems.

Technological Design Process

1. Identify the Problem
2. Design a Solution
   • Brainstorm, research, sketch, consider constraints (cost, time, materials).
3. Build and Test
   • Iterate and improve upon the design.
4. Evaluate
   • Assess if the solution meets the need and constraints.

Class Activities

• Practice making precise and accurate measurements.
• Conduct experiments like the "Water Tower Challenge" to apply technological design principles.

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Key Takeaway

Science is about data-driven investigation and experimentation, fitting into the hands-on and experimental approach of the class. Be prepared for a year full of inquiry and exploration!