okay let's finish up these this digestive system lecture right quick we are going to see a tremendous number of different hormones that are going to act on the intestinal tract these are going to be peptide in nature so they're going to be produced to protein synthesis they're gonna have multiple effects on different targets in the digestive system so not only the different parts of the actual tube of the stomach or the the wide number of the helium or the jejunum or the large intestine we're also going to see it targets some of these accessory glands so the pancreas liver the gallbladder things like this are also going to get targeted so up to one of those hormones this is called secretin and secreting is is released from the duodenum when the food is arriving in the duodenum and we get the food there that means we need to release the bile and the buffers from the liver and from the pancreas okay so once the cretan gets there we're gonna see an increased secretion of bile and buffers from the liver and the pancreas now a big one here that does very similar jobs is cholecystokinin okay if I sister kaya is secreted in the duodenum when the chyme has lots of lipids and proteins okay this is we're going to need a lot more bile we're gonna need a lot more protease enzymes from the pancreas so cholecystokinin targets that a paddle pancreatic sphincter okay and it's going to accelerate bankers do his job to Pickers to produce more okay and give us those enzyme this tells us the system is job is to relax speaker is also going to cause the gallbladder to squeeze the sack they say and it's gonna be checked by up and then remember this gallbladder secretion has a more concentrated bile in it than to what the normal liver would be producing so it's been concentrated so we get a lot more vial being utilized here because we've taken in a fatty maybe pets fake or persecuted or something like that so some fancy phone with meat okay now there's another one of these it's called gastric inhibitory peptide so when you think about this gastric that's your stomach okay it's going to inhibit okay the stomach is going to start shutting down the stomach because we've got the vents and the carbohydrates the entering the small intestine everything's good so we can start shutting the stomach down so let's start decreasing the amount of utilized this also is done from something cuff vasoactive intestinal peptide and we say vaso on something we did all kinds of blood stuff that had basil in front of it so this is going to target those capillaries this is going to violate the regional capillaries associated with the intestines if we violate those blood vessels were sitting more blood supply here so that means we're going to be piggie up more this is all about absorbs increasing the absorption into the bloodstream so we're gonna put more wood down into the small intestines where those capillaries are and that's going to allow us to absorb more of the nutrients into the bloodstream quicker yet also inhibits acid production the stomach much like gastric inhibitory peptide does gastrin is another one of these hormones in the duodenum we're going to see it released and basically it is released when we get in completely digested proteins okay and what we're saying is the proteins could do a little bit better we're not quite they're not quite in the state we would want there to be in as they're making their way into the duodenum so we're going to release this gastrin and what gastrin does is say okay let's increase the motility of the stomach let's mix it more and let's stimulate the acids in enzyme production here the stomach more because we have got partially digested they're not the level that we want them to be we need to increase the stomach's job in this okay that's what guys do this okay so as we're going through the intestines and we're doing all this absorption the stuff that's going to remain in the intestines that's gonna be the waste so it's gonna take us about five hours to go from the duodenum all the way through to the ileum okay so to make your way through the small intestines it takes about five hours normally now this can be sped up if you have some toxins or irritation here we can move things a lot faster if we need to okay and one of the things that we're going to do is we're good we're going to use that peristalsis that we talked about but we're also going to as we're doing this it's going to be that weak peristaltic action we're just kind of sloshes it along and that's gonna keep things in solution to keep it mixed and stir it up so that as we're doing the absorption we're always mixing it so that we get more of those nutrients that can be absorbed out on the outside so by keeping it makes here okay it's constantly changing that environment so those absorptive cells can keep absorbing it all the way down the length of it once we get everything absorbed that we need to we're gonna move from the ileum through a valve into the large intestine okay now the large intestine kind of this horseshoe shaped structure as you can see an upside down horseshoe extends from the end of that ilium all the way to the anus okay it's going to lie inferior to the stomach in the liver it frames the small intestine so if you look up in the diagram up here we see that there is a outside portion this portion of yellow this part up here maybe I need to draw over here on this screen no just not gonna work for me okay women form but you see the small intestines all wadded up on the inside of that horseshoe portion that it's going to frame the small intestines also call it the large bowel that's where the term bowel movement comes from hey a meter and a half long okay the functions here is to do a tremendous amount of reabsorption of water we've been packing water into this the whole time okay from what was consumed what was delivered in the stomach what was delivered if the mouth was delivered in the small intestines okay we see the lots of this water having to be reabsorbed if we don't reabsorb it okay that means the feces is going to be very watery and we would call that diarrhea okay so we're going to reabsorb the water in it as we do so it's gonna allow for compaction of the feces okay also in the large intestine we do some absorption of vitamins that are produced by the bacteria that live in our large intestine okay there are normal flora we call it of bacteria there is a bunch of bacteria that live in our large intestines and their job is to feed off of things that are available in the waste and their intern that we can utilize okay also the large intestines job is to store the fecal material prior to defecation so we get a storage facility where the ileum is coming in we see here where the ileum is coming in it as a battle here we call it the ileocecal valve okay this ileocecal valve allows food from the ileum into the large intestine and the portion below that ileocecal valve that is what we call the seeker now in organisms that have a large cecum they are primarily vegetation eaters herbivores and this will large cecum allows them to do further digestion and storage of the materials that are in their food it gives them greater opportunity to break down those polysaccharides that we find in vegetation now we're not really set up to the vegetation based on or vegetation eaters exclusively based on our Anatomy so when you look at this the ileum is gonna come in you see the ileocecal valve and we have a little small space that we call the seagull that's gonna gather up the food that makes its way in sticky off of that seco is the appendix okay which is a shriveled up organ because we used to eat a lot more vegetation now we don't need as much so the appendix that secret is shriveled up and what's left yes some of that good associated lymphoid tissue that we talked about in the form of an appendix okay so but from the sinker we're going to head up and we're going to go up and then hang a right okay there's a ripe coated flexure then we're going to go down and we're going to turn as we go across the transverse colon so we've got an ascending portion we've got a 90-degree hairpin on the right rolling flexure go across the transverse colon another 90 degree turn at the left clip flexure now we're in the descending part of the colon and then it gets down here to the end and you see where it makes another 90 kind of graceful 90-degree turn here and that's where we're going to get to move into the sigmoid colon as if ITINs out and then around into the rectum and then from the rectum at the end of the rectum we have the a s okay so those are the parts of our orange intestine I'm gonna talk to you about them more specifically so ilium that's what's making its way that's the last part of the small intestine okay through the healing else equal bowel into the cecum okay so cecum as I said it is an expandable pouch it's going to receive material from the ileum and it's going to start removing that moisture immediately start beginning the compaction process with this stick excuse me sticking out the end of the stick and we have the appendix also called the Burma form appendix slender hollow appendages about nine centimeters long it's got a bunch of lymphoid nodules and lymph tissue in here that's why we consider the appendix a lymphoid organ different kinds of tissue okay makes things in organ and this is what's left over I talked about the associated lymphoid tissue okay and it's job is to be that it is a limb foil structure okay and just like how our tonsils can become inflamed with tonsillitis we can have the appendix do the same thing okay if it's fighting off infections there okay so : everything above the sink and we're going to call the colon each one of these little pouches that you see these individual black pin here each one of these little pouches that you see the number on here these are the hofstra okay series of pouches along the way it allows for expansion any the long coat okay and what causes that is that muscle that you see that those muscle bands are called titania coli you see those smooth muscle and you see them running up here as well and over here on this side you see this way all the way around that's what's causing the formation of those hofstra okay allows for energy still use here we know the regions here we have that part that is going to be the ascending colon going this way and then we make this turn at the hepatic flexure or the right : flexure and called it go across the transverse colon until we get over here to where the spleen is located so we call this the splenic flexure or the left Colette flexure and then it starts to down the descending portion and it goes down down down until we get to this little sigmoid flexure and then it flattens out across here this is the sigmoid colon and then down into the rap okay so those are the portion cut with itself at the end of the colon we've got about 15 centimeters worth of rectum as it expand organ for the temporary storage of the feces and that as the fecal material makes its way into the rectum there are stretch receptors in the rectum that are going to expand as the rectum expands they are going to send the signal to the brain that says hey we have fecal material in the rectum we're going to need to get rid of this that's going to be our urge to defecate okay then the last bit of it we've got the anal canal that comes that ends with the anal orifice itself that's the exit of that anal canal we got two sphincters here in the anus we've got an internal sphincter that is smooth muscle so if it's smooth muscle we know it is under involuntary control the last one is the external anal sphincter and it is under voluntary control if skeletal muscle not smooth muscles and that's gonna allow us to be the final say in allowing things out we have to relax that ring of skeletal muscle in order to allow for defecation to occur okay while we're in the coma not many villi but we have a tremendous abundance of those goblet cells the other cells are going to as we're removing the fluid it's going to become more solid and more greeny so we're gonna need a lot of these goblet cells to produce a mucus in order for that feces to slide along okay so when you're looking at that under the microscope you don't see a lot of villi but what you do see are tremendous numbers of goblet cells okay and here in the large intestine we don't see a lot of enzymes produced we're not doing a lot of absorption here other than the vitamins and the water so we really need lubrication for the feces not a tremendous amount of enzymes okay so for the large intestine standpoint we're going to reabsorb water let's take back the bile salts let's absorb bacteria that the back excuse me the vitamins that the bacteria kind of make and in doing so we're gonna get some of the absorption of the organic wastes that are here in the colon itself that's what's going to be absorbed tremendous amounts of water here thank you what vitamins do we get here we get vitamin K and when I think about vitamin K I always think about clotting or coagulation and I try to spell it with a K in my head that reminds me that vitamin K is responsible for clotting factors that's why the rat rat poison worked we worked on vitamin K the second one biotin this is important in the metabolism of glucose and penneth etic acid it is required for the manufacture of steroid hormones so these three two of which are water-soluble that means they're gonna work well with one or the other with fats it's gonna have to be traveling with fats that are here so we're gonna have to absorb it with fat in our large intestine alright so these organic wastes the bacteria are going to convert that Billy Rubin from the bloodstream and from the bile okay into our gyro villages and circle diligence we're gonna see the bacteria break down the peptides and the feces those that can't be absorbed we're going to see those proteins broken down the feces and because I mean amino acids have that ammonia group on the end of them that amino group we're gonna convert it to ammonia ion so a lot of times we could get a smell of ammonia with the feces also in dole as scat all are also produced here hydrogen sulfide can be produced here look at some of our amino acids have some sulfur on them as well okay now and also we see flagellation occur here flatus is the gas that is produced and the reason that this gas is manufactured is because of the bacteria that are in our large intestine they're gonna feed on those plant-based carbohydrates okay those big starches big carbohydrate molecules polysaccharides that are going to be utilized that we can't break down very well like like I said we're not great at digesting the plant material so what's left over especially in things like beans those carbohydrates make their way in the large intestine and the bacteria feed on them and the result in that is the intestinal gas that is produced here in the large intestine okay so I like this because it sets the stage for what's gonna happen coming up in our metabolism lecture so we're gonna look at okay we can specify this is how carbohydrates are digested okay we can look at the lipids and we can say okay here's how lipids are taken care of enzymatically and here are the proteins okay so if we're doing dealing with carbohydrates notice salivary amylase works on carbohydrates if you look at the lipids lingual lipase works on that all that's happening in the world cavity nothing happens with proteins okay nothing's is excreted there with proteins okay and we're talking about chemical digestion here okay so aside for this we don't see anything pumped into the esophagus that is gonna help for help with digestion okay but when we get to the stomach we're gonna see pepsinogen so that's over here where the proteins are as our hormone source but we also get a tremendous amount of how to pork acid okay by the chief cells so it talks to you about that over here okay this is what's being hydrochloric acids being produced here let's go start to break things now so we're getting smaller and smaller components inside of the tooth then when we make our way to the small intestine okay we're gonna see all of those hormones that are produced from the pancreas being moved into here we're also going to see trypsin being produced here we're going to see bile being produced here that's gonna come from a liver we're going to see pancreatic alpha-amylase coming from here okay so all three of these get impacts from the pancreas because we've got lipases we've got carbohydrates and we have proteases remember proteases of the big ticket for the Panthers as far as enzyme production 70% of our proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas and then in the next pane down here we have what's going on with the intestines how do we get it absorb so you see our brush border there on our cell all those little fingers sticking up that's the micro villi and we're gonna move things in okay and if you look underneath that where it says bloodstream two of the three get moved into the bloodstream we see that this one as well as this one go into the bloodstream okay no one that doesn't go directly into bloodstream is your lipids okay lipids we don't want to put a bunch of fat globules into the bloodstream so we're gonna convert it into something before we ever stick it into this lymphatic system we're gonna convert it into something called a color monochrome okay and I'm going to show you all that coming up in the next chapter okay but to the three getting of the bloodstream part sugars and our proteins with the amino acids they're going to go into the bloodstream the lipids they do not they get picked up by the lacteal the lymphatic capillary didn't look bad today and they're going to make their way up and if you remember what happens to the lymph it gets pumped back into the blood supply up where the subclavian veins are remember how it makes its way into those okay so we're processing these nutrients basically we're breaking about into something that we can move across the cell membrane of our small intestines okay and we can do two different things once we get them to these cells we've gonna absorb them we're gonna send it out to the cells all three of these proteins fats and carbohydrates can be utilized for ATP production okay they can also help us synthesize things inside of the cell build organelles okay build proteins for the cell build secretions and things like that okay but all three of these are capable of being used for ATP production okay so lots of digestive enzymes and please make sure you've got your your digestive enzymes down and what they're doing okay most of the time we're going to break these bonds on the organic molecule that's what the enzyme is doing so we take it back to chemistry remember in chemistry the enzymes job is to lower the activation energy of the chemical reaction so what we're saying is they would normally break down we're going to enable it to have it much faster we're going to do a process called hydrolysis because this is gonna happen in water we use water to help break it down and these enzymes are gonna do that for us okay carbohydrates is breaking down carbohydrates protease is breaking down proteins lipases break down lipids okay hey when we were looking at the digestive tract we looked at a lot of goblet cells as it was making its way through theirs bacteria present there's going to be a bridge and there's gonna be all kinds of things we need to do a good job at protecting this this is a site where organisms can make their way into the body okay so macrophages need to be present we need to have a Munim cells there we need to put them in that lamina propria which is kind of that layer of a real or tissue that we looked at that makes up the structural component of the villi okay so if we look down into the center of the v/line that's where you see this line of appropriateness or Reaver connective tissue so we want to have lots of goblet cells for protection we want to have a lot of macrophages and immune system cells here that can pick up the fight because this is a place that things can get into our bodies okay now what's holding it all in place are some double peritoneal membranes we call these the mesentery okay and these if you've looked in an organism there are lots of these holding those small intestines inside of the large intestines we've got them that hold the large intestine place where the stomach is that none of this makes its way down okay it doesn't loosen up and slide down because we have these sheets that are holding them in place and keeping them from getting your tangled okay I like this next picture of these meza over here especially on this side over here it shows you that there is all of these connections here we've got a connection okay appear on this side the falciform ligament okay hooks into the little color thief the lesser omentum the lesser omentum is what attaches to the liver and holds the stomach in place okay so we get this connection here and then there is a greater omentum that's the big sheet that makes its way down the front of us here okay and turns back up like an apron and connects to the large intestine here okay so we call that one the greater omentum now another one that's important the mesentery proper men Terry proper deals with the small intestines and it is hooking all of these small intestines up in here holding them in place so they don't become entangled we get entanglement it can cause blood supply to be cut off and we can have problems with going into sectors that way so those are the big three that I think about that lesser omentum the greater omentum and the mesentery proper okay so let's roll mentum okay liver in the stomach FAFSA form ligament they're separating the liver into the right on the left side greater omentum that's the one that extends down in the front of us like an apron and it protects our vital organs this way provides padding stores lots of lipids holds on to heat things like that okay I remember I lost about a hundred pounds one time and I got rid of cold that that year because I didn't have the fat that I get here's just some more pictures of those meds and Terry's okay message a proper that is the one that holds the small intestine in place okay so the ileum the duodenum and the jejunum all are held in place this way and holds that pancreas into that little crook that we see in the duodenum or the head of the pancreas fitzy okay this whole way through okay we've been doing something called segmentation okay pushing this fluid all the way along and making sure we keep things in solution okay so turning it up making sure that it doesn't fall out of solution okay that we have good contact with things with the absorptive cells and things like this okay and the cool thing is we can do this because we can turn parts of the stomach on or supports the digestive system on and shut down other parts okay the control of and as we have talked about has nervous system involvement here hormones are going to be responsible for that as well as local mechanisms inside of those organs are going to play a role and how the digestive system functions being able to turn on the stomach and turn and eat the small intestine off okay so a lot of times when we wake up in the morning we get an urge to defecate well that urge to defecate may come after a cup of coffee okay why is that well the coffee is what woke up the digestive system okay and now we get the urge for defecation because everything is going to sleep