[Music] okay hello good day so grade 12 this is our first lecture for general physics one and our lecture number one would be electric charges so the learning to be discussed for today are as follows okay so we have a four competencies for today so let's learn something for um electric charges okay so have you experienced a shock from a doorknob or when you are rubbing a balloon on your hair your hair suddenly lifts up as well as lightning strike okay so on physics behind those phenomenon is what we call static electricity okay static electricity occurs when an object obtains a net amount of positive and negative electric charge okay so electrostatics is the interaction between electric charge that are normally at rest um base data setting first lecture we would be knowing how um electricity or how charges flow from one material to another okay so let's start by knowing the simplest or the smallest part of a matter which is an atom so an atom is consists of three parts okay the neutrons protons and the electrons okay so let's start with the neutrons so neutrons are found on the mid most part of our atom okay which is the nuclear use it weighs um 1.65 times 10 raised to negative 27 kilogram and it has a neutral neutral charge meaning it doesn't have any charges okay second we have the protons protons have a charge which is considered to be positive which is equal to the magnitude of 1.6 times 10 raised to negative 19 coulomb with a mass of 1.73 times 10 raised to negative 27 kilograms okay if we are going to compare protons and neutrons okay depending on its mass they do have the same value okay most likely the same value of masses so that's why they are intact they are both intact in the middle part of the atom which is the use okay the third part of an atom is the electrons okay electrons have a positive charge with the magnitude of negative okay negative 1.6 times 10 raised to negative 19 coulomb and a mass of 9.11 times 10 raised to negative 31 kilograms okay so if you are going to compare electrons to protons they do have the same value okay they do have the same magnitude of charge which is protons and electrons do have the same magnitude of charge which is 1.6 times 10 raised to negative 19 coulomb but since electrons has negative charge or electrons are negatively charged the value of its charge becomes negative 1.6 times 10 raised to negative 19 column okay so same length selenium value okay so next we have the mass of electron okay is equal to 9.11 times 10 raised to negative 31. okay comparing to protons and neutrons say electrons weighs much smaller than these two okay that's why electrons can be found on the outermost shell or the valence shell of an atom okay the elections is or elections could be noted as free elections okay this free electrons resides in the atoms valence shell and or outside shell and are easily blocked off and carried around when acted upon by an outside force so this outside force can be friction or heat or any any interaction with one charge or another okay so the gain of lo the gain or loose of electrons is what we call ionization so when an an atom okay when an atom has removed one or more electrons from its system it became a positive ion when an atom or when a particle gained one or more electrons it became a negative ion okay so since uh we know that uh an atom is consist of charged particles okay namely protons and electrons so um discover pools on scientists is benjamin franklin okay he states that there are two types of electric charges that can be found in a particle okay which is referred as a positive and negative charges so that is the protons and the electrons okay this charges could interact from one charge to another or vice versa through the law of electrostatic force so the law of electrostatic force states that when two like charges um interact with one another they repel okay they repel each other when um in addition when um opposite charges interact with one another they attract each other so um to summary law of electrostatic force states that like charges repel and opposite charges attract okay so this is the effects of uh this is the facts on atoms that i discussed earlier okay so you may take a look on this statement okay and then next part of our discussion since we all know that um there are free electrons that can be easily plucked up blocked off or carried out by an outside force so in relation to that phenomenon law okay so that is the law of conservation of charges okay this law states that electrons are never created nor destroyed it can be simply transferred from one material to another since electrons are ways smaller okay compared to protons and neutrons so that's why um electrons are flowing okay experience now outside force for example heat or friction okay so that uh the transferring of electrons okay due to an outside force that method is what we call charging so nothing's a process or some method is charging so you transfer electrons from one material to another so marion methods of charging so your first method is charging by friction based from its term friction interaction between two materials physical contact at kappa ganache and physical contact they produces one material to another in this case base adding diagram from the rod to the wall so my keta net and on the exciting electrons that transfer my electrons wool okay second charging method is charging by okay charging by contact okay from our previous example electrons with positively charged particles okay rod with neutral charge meaning it has the same amount of protons and neutrons or it has the same amount of positive and negative particles okay so on tendency the electrons would transfer from or distribute itself from um the most positive part of the other materials on tendency equalize your value or your amount now protons at neutron so this is charging by contact so hapagan contact is unbalanced you miss a balance in the electrons i equalize or in normalize or make bear okay a positive charge okay so union second method charging by contact third method is polarization okay so third method is a polarization polarization hindi muta laga positive charge or with a lone proton okay okay positive charge or in positive protons left most side negative okay so in this way um is considered as dipole okay so this is charging by or with the process of polarization and then young last process is charging by index in the shot um in order for us to get a purely positive and a purely negative material or particle so you have to splice okay you have to cut yen so you have to cut the materials positive positive or negative material can either be an insulator can be an insulator or can be a conductor okay so paramount on electrical safety regarding um flowing of electrons we do the process of or we do the method of grounding okay grounding the grounding the soil itself or the earth is itself is um a neutral charge particle so you know earth neutral meaning amount of protons and erections okay so i have a very uh very essential or uh required okay so yeah so on third partner now adding lecture is electrical forces okay so electrical forces okay from one material to another and it has an interaction with another charge okay in order for us to um mathematically define okay there is the relationship of charges okay we use the column's law okay column's law according to charles augustin the column it states that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them okay it is somewhat similar to what have um to the law of universal gravity or gravitation by sir isaac newton okay this is this law focuses on charges okay some microscopic um particles okay now for focus so f e mathematically f or electrical force f e hinahana coulomb's law is equals to k multiplied by q one q one here is charge one okay and then q2 is charged to over r squared okay k is what we call the columns constant okay okay k is equal to one over four pi epsilon naught or equals uh eight point nine eight eight times ten raised to nine newton multiplied by meters squared over coulomb squared or simply paramasma de lipuna malala 9 times 10 raised to 9 newton meters squared over column squared okay so take note of this formulas and givens okay so the unit of force is in newtons okay so that would be all four electric forces so let us review or recall what we have discussed so first atoms atoms is consists of three parts okay the neutrons protons and electrons okay the charges we have is electrons and protons electrons as positive charge protons has ah sorry electrons has negative charge protons has positive charge which is equal to 1.6 times 10 raised to negative 19 coulombs okay so we have four types of charging charging by friction charging by induction polarization and charging by contact so free elections are free flowing um free elections are free-flowing so with relation to that we have law of conservation of charges where elections chance can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one material to another and then lastly we have coulomb's law so coulomb states that the inter there are there are there are um a force okay force that can be created when we have interacting charges which is equals to k uh which is equals to k times q1 q2 over r squared okay so before i end up ended up this video i want to share this code to you the day when we shall know exactly what electricity yes will chronicle an event probably greater more important than any other recorded in the history of human race okay from nikola tesla so that would be all for this video kindly tune in for the next video which is our the second part of our lecture