Comparison: Apoptosis vs. Necrosis

Introduction

• Presenter: Medicosis Perfectionatus
• Topic: Comparison between apoptosis and necrosis
• Main Point: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death, necrosis is not.

Overview

• Apoptosis: Could be physiological or pathological
• Necrosis: Always pathological
• Playlist: Comparisons on the YouTube channel
• Key Tip: Learning distinctions in medicine is crucial for clinicians

Cell Changes

• Categories: Cell adaptations (mostly reversible) and cell injury (reversible or irreversible)
• Cell Adaptations:
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia (benign or malignant)

Neoplasia

• Benign: Non-cancerous
• Malignant: Cancerous

Cell Injury

• Reversible vs. Irreversible:
  • Irreversible: Leads to cell death
  • Cell Death: Divided into apoptosis and necrosis

Apoptosis

• Definition: Cell suicide, programmed cell death
• Enzymes: Caspases (condition yourself to remember this)
• Physiological Example: Embryological development (webs between fingers disappearing)
• Cell Behavior:
  • Shrinks
  • Forms apoptotic blebs
  • Limited inflammation
• Nucleus: Chromatin condensation and fragmentation; eosinophilic cytoplasm, basophilic nucleus
• Organelles: Aggregate
• Inflammation: Absent or very limited
• Detection: DNA laddering (DNA fragments, multiples of 180 base pairs)

Necrosis

• Definition: Cell homicide, always pathological
• Pathological Example: Ischemia (decreased perfusion due to a blood clot)
• Cell Behavior:
  • Swells
  • Severe inflammation
• Nucleus: Pyknosis, karyorexis, karyolysis (shrinkage, fragmentation, dissolution)
• Organelles: Breakdown
• Inflammation: Tons and tons
• Markers: Elevated TNF-alpha, CRP, ESR, lysosomal enzymes, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, troponins

Additional Resources

• Neoplasia and Anti-cancer Pharmacology: Available on Medicosis Perfectionatus website

Conclusion

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• Closing: Be safe, stay happy, study hard. This is Medicosis Perfectionatus, where medicine makes perfect sense.