Little reminder, um we will be talking about positive and negative feedback throughout the semester. Um we typically talk about feedback um in regards to homeostasis, which is the constant internal temperatures our body needs to essentially remain alive. So negative feedback is really important for homeostasis. If we have a set point represented by that box and we're outside of that set point, like you can see here, we're above the set point. Negative feedback is going to bring us back to the set point. And if the value is too low, it's going to raise to the set point. So negative feedback is all about returning to normal. Whereas positive feedback, if it's too high, it gets even higher. Those are only going to be for infrequent events like child birth. You know, usually baby wants to stay inside, but just once it needs to come out and things like blood clotting, typically we want our blood to be nice and fluid, but if it's coming out of our body, you know, we need it to clot. So the main focus of today is going to be on how we talk about the body. So the first thing is anatomical position. So anatomical position is like this. So um you're standing straight up. Your feet are about shoulder width apart. You're standing erect facing forward. Your palms are forward as well. And your toes are also facing like directly forward. So something like this. Um Shahara will also demonstrate this today in uh lab so that you can definitely see it for sure. When we talk about directional terms, we are going to assume that the individual is in anatomical position. The first thing we need to think about is left and right. So, I'm bad at left and right to begin with. So, anatomical position and anatomical left and right confuses me a little bit because I'm bad at left and right. But you can see here, this is on the right side. You are right, but it's this individual's left. This is on your left but this individual's right. So anatomical left and right is always going to be from the person's perspective. So anatomical left is this guy's left and anatomical right is this guy's right. So along with just left and right, there's lots of other um directional terms that we use to talk about body structures. because we don't know all of the different um terminology yet. If I say like where's your spleen, you might be like, "Oh, heck, I don't know." But if I tell you it's posterior to your stomach, maybe you know where the stomach is and then you can figure it out from there. So, a lot of our directional terms are going to be paired together because they're essentially opposites. The first pair is superior and inferior. Superior means above and inferior means below. So I remember in superior and inferior because your superior and like a hierarchy is above you in the organization. So like that might be the boss and then if someone is your inferior, they're below you in the hierarch hierarchy. So some examples of these terms, the forehead is superior to the nose. The forehead is above the nose, but the nose is inferior to the forehead. So superior means above. See the arrow is going up. inferior going down below or away from the head. Next we have anterior and posterior. Anterior another word for that is vententral and it means toward the front of the body. Posterior means toward the back side of the body and it also means dorsal like dorsal is the same and I remember that like the dorsal f or fin of a dolphins on the back. So dorsal means like back because of that dorsal fin on a dolphin. So the breast bone which is about right here is anterior to the spine which is in the back. The heart is posterior to the breast bone. So the heart is towards the back compared to that breast bone. Anterior toward the front, posterior toward the back. Next we have medial and lateral. Medial means toward the midline of the body. And medial kind of sounds like middle. So it goes towards the middle. So there's like the imaginary line of the body separating this individual into approximately equal left and right sides. So medial's towards the midline. Lateral is away from the midline. And then we have intermediate. Intermediate is when something's between the medial and lateral thing. So for example, we have three uniforms in our foot, which we'll learn about later this semester. But we have a medial ununiform, a lateral uniform, and then an intermediate uniform that's in the middle of the medial and lateral. So, um, examples, the heart, which is about right here, is medial to the arm toward the middle. And then the arms are lateral to the chest. The chest is here. The arms away from the midline. Medial toward the midline. lateral away from the midline. This next group of terms are very unique and a lot of people get these kind of like not turned around but they they misuse them a bit. So next we have distal and proximal. These two are unique because we only use distal and proximal to describe our limbs. So our arms and our legs. We only use distal and proximal to talk about points on our limbs. So when we have a limb, there's a point of attachment which is our shoulder or our hip. And then we have something away from the point of attachment, you know, like our fingers and toes. Distal means away from the point of attachment. I remember it because it's distant from the rest of the body. So like when I'm like this, my fingers are really distant from my body. So distal is distant. Proximal means toward the point of attachment. I think of it like close proximity. So my shoulder is in close proximity to the rest of my body. So examples, the knee is distal to the thigh. So got my little skeleton man here. His knee is distal, further away than his thigh. You know, if he had a thigh, he just has a femur. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. The elbows in closer proximity. Going to put my little skeleton man back. So distal away from the point of attachment. So away from the shoulder and hip and proximal is toward the shoulder and hip the point of attachment. The next set of terms are going to be the surface and not the surface of the body. So superficial means toward the body surface. Deep is away from the body surface. So, I remember this one because if someone's really superficial, they only care about what's on the outside. And superficial indeed means toward the outside. And then deep, if someone's real deep, you know, they have a lot going on on the inside. So, this just shows superficial is toward the outside, deep is toward the inside. examples. The skin is superficial to the skeleton. It is indeed toward the outside compared to the skeleton. And then the lungs are deep to the rib cage. The lungs are within the rib cage. So this diagram just summarizes all of those different directional terms. The only one we didn't talk about is codle and or sorry codle and cranial. That tends to be used more with animals because for us it basically means superior and inferior. But if you think about like a cat or a dog, like cranial means toward the head and codle means toward the tail, which would be different than superior and inferior because, you know, they're on four limbs instead of just two. But here you can see the proximal and distal on the arm and leg. Medial and lateral, left and right, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior. So, we'll be using these directional terms all throughout the semester and into next semester, but you'll also be using them today in lab. So you'll be doing some activities where you have to use these. In lab, we'll also be looking at body planes and sections. So in anatomy and physiology, it's not always terribly interesting to just look at a whole human. Like you can only really see our skin and a few superficial structures. So, a lot of times we need to section and cut things to see within. Like, usually we're not cutting a whole body like this, but um if we want to look at an organ during a dissection or when we're looking under the microscope, we do need to take sections or cuts to see what's inside. So, these sections or planes are described as sagittal, frontal, and transverse. So planes are surfaces along which body or structures are cut for study. Sections are the cuts or sections made. Frontal is going to be a cut that uh is going to separate the structure into anterior and posterior or front and back. Sagittal separates the structure into left and right pieces. Midsagittal uh is a two equal pieces. And then transverse is going to separate into inferior and superior sections or pieces. So this shows the frontal plane. This is a cut that made that would divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. And it's also called the coronal section. I remember this because like it's kind of like if you had something like this on your head, it would be kind of like a crown. So it's kind of like where that headband would go if you were wearing a headband, which might resemble a crown. Coronal sagittal cuts into left and right parts. Median or midsagittal cuts into equal left and right parts. So, you know, right at that midline. And parasagittal cuts off to the side. Transverse can also be called a cross-section and it's going to divide the body into superior and inferior parts. So those are the different planes. Um you'll be looking at those in lab today as well. Then finally we have anatomical terminology. Um, you do not right now need to memorize all of this, but honestly by the end of the semester, you basically will have. Um, so a lot of these anatomical terms are going to be utilized when we talk about muscles, bones and nerves. So for example um the axilla or axillary means armpit and uh we have an axillary nerve that runs to the shoulder and armpit. Orus we have a muscle called the orbicularis orus and wouldn't you know it's right by the mouth. Um oculus. Uh we have an orbicularis ocula oculi uh which is the muscle around the eye. Um the patella literally the name for the bone of the kneecap. So we'll we'll learn a lot of these as we go through the semester. Right now, I want you to focus on the um ones that we use today in lab or are on the practice worksheet that you'll get today in lab. So, those are the ones you should really focus in on right now. Um because this is too many to memorize all of them. Um but like if it's one that we talk about in lab on one of those worksheets, that's something that is fair game for an exam or practical. Uh, I would encourage you to just have this handy though because as you go through um AMP1, you know, we get to bones and muscles and all of those things. Having this quick reference is going to really help. So like we'll talk about the ulcrronon process eventually and like oh that means the back of the elbow and wouldn't you know the ulcanon process is essentially the back of the elbow. Okay, I've got a prop. It'll make sense in a second. Okay, so um the next thing we need to talk about are body cavities and the internal organization of the body. As we talked about, the body is indeed organized and there's body cavities or hollow spaces that are going to house our organs. So uh we have you know some organs in the chest area in like the tummy area and even our brain is an organ that's housed in a cavity. So we separate our cavities into anterior and posterior or vententral and dorsal. Our dorsal cavities are toward the back because you know that's what posterior or dorsal means. We have two dorsal cavities. First is the cranial cavity which you can see highlighted here in red. Uh it is going to be inside your skull. So inside this guy. Um and that's of course going to house your brain. The other posterior cavity is going to be your vertebral column or cavity and your or your spinal cavity. Same thing. And that is going to house your spinal cord. So the vertebral cavity is actually within your vertebrae, your your like bones of your back and it houses that spine spinal column spinal cord, sorry. So those are your dorsal body cavities. And for reasons I don't understand, everyone forgets about the dorsal body cavities on quizzes and exams. Like they're the easiest. They just house our brain and spinal cord. There's only two of them. They're not complicated. So don't forget these when it comes quiz and exam time. The vententral or anterior body cavities are a little more complicated just because they have more going on inside of them. lots of organs. So, our vententral body cavity is broken into two. We have our thoracic cavity, which is going to be like the upper chest area. So, like here. And then we have our abdominal pelvic cavity about here. And right between them sits a muscle we use for breathing called the diaphragm. So here you can see in this pinky salmon color I don't know that's the thoracic cavity purple we have the abdominal pelvic cavity and then there's a thin muscle between the diaphragm and that's what separates the two. If we look at the thoracic cavity it actually has several cavities within it. We have our plural cavities. They are one on each side and those are going to house our lungs. So they are lateral and contain the lungs. In the middle we have our paricardial cavity. We look at that term. Perry means around. So perry means around and cardia means heart. So the paricardial cavity surrounds the heart. But wait there's more. The media stenum is going to surround the paricardial cavity as well as the aorta, esophagus, and then the heart. So the aorta got one of my props here. This is a little picture of the heart. The aorta is this main uh artery that comes out of the heart right here. It's a little hard to see, but right there. And then the esophagus is even back here on this. So, um it kind of like houses this whole area just like above the heart. So, I think of the vententral body cavity like a Russian nesting doll. Here we have this outside layer is our vententral body cavity, but when we open it up, we've got the mediainum. So, around the media would be two plural cavities. Then you open up the mediaum, you got the paricardial cavity. Then you open up the paricardial cavity and you have the heart. So your heart sits within the paricardial cavity which sits within the medastenum. I guess that's the media. And then this is the this is the mediaum. I don't know. But basically, there's cavities within cavities within cavities. Kind of like a rust Russian nesting doll. There's many different layers to actually get to some of these organs. So, how many total cavities within the thoracic cavity? You've got your plural cavity, which there's actually two of. You have your paricardial cavity. You got the medastinum cavity and you got the thoracic cavity. So there's kind of like five, but then there's like three layers. So you have your thoracic, media and paricardial as like three different layers and the thoracic cavity um is going to be like the most complicated. So the plural cavities contain the lungs, paricardial, the heart and the media, the heart esophagus and aorta. We also have the abdominal pelvic cavity in our vententral body cavity. So the abdominal cavity is you know in that purple section. And the pelvic cavity is going to be in that green section. So essentially the pelvic cavity, let me get my little guy out here. Uh the pelvic cavity is going to be like within the pelvis and then the abdominal cavity is going to be above the pelvis. So the abdominal cavity is going to be a lot larger than the pelvic cavity. Um the uh abdominal cavity contains a lot of organs. So like the stomach, liver, small large intestines, kidneys, like a bunch of stuff. Then the pelvic cavity is going to contain the reproductive organs, the urinary organs except for the kidneys and the last part of the digestive tract. So as you can see here, the abdominal cavity is kind of huge. The abdominal pelvic cavity very huge. So we actually separate the abdominal pelvic cavity out so that you know if there's an injury or if you're experiencing pain, you just don't say my abdominal pelvic cavity hurts because that's a lot of space. So we have abdominal pelvic regions and quadrants. The regions are essentially a tic-tac-toe board. So here we have our tic-tac-toe board of the abdominal pelvic cavity. The middle of the tic-tac-toe board is the umbilical region. The umbilical region essentially like that means belly button. That's right in the middle where the belly button would be. Above it is the epigastric region. Epi means above. So this is above and gastric means like stomach. So this is kind of ab above the stomach. You can see the stomach right here. To each side of the epigastric region, we have our left hypochondric region and right hypochondric region. And remember this is anatomical left and right. So this is your right, but this is this individual's left. To each side of the umbilical region, we have the left and the right lumbar region. So the lumbar region is your lower back. So lumbar means lower back. And you know if you're in your car, you get that lumbar support that like pushes up against your lower back. So that's right in that region. You can see lots of small and large intestines in those regions. And then below the uh umbilical region is the hypogastric region. So hypo means below. So hypogastric is like below to each side we have the iliac regions. Uh this part of the hipbone right here is actually called the illiam which is how it gets that name. So we have our left iliac region and right iliac region. So this can be very useful when you are talking about you know an injury, pain or like a surgery because the abdominal pelvic region is just so dang big. Sometimes they also use quadrants which are a little easier to remember because it's just upper, lower, left and right. Like that's pretty easy to remember. We've got our upper left quadrant, upper right quadrant, lower right quadrant, and lower left quadrant. Not as specific, but a little easier to remember. So this diagram just shows the overall overview of the body cavity. We have our dorsal body cavities, the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. Then we have our uh anterior cavities, the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities. The thoracic cavity is broken into the plural cavities surrounding the lungs, the paricardial cavity surrounding the heart and then the mediainum which is going to cover like the area of the heart and this superior media above. The abdominal pelvic cavity can be broken down into the abdominal cavity in pink and the pelvic cavity here in green. So if we look at our anterior body cavities, so all these ones that aren't the dorsal cavities, they actually have special membranes. So these membranes are called cirrus membranes. And cirrus membranes are going to cover the walls of most of our internal organs and the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities. Okay. So imagine you have a slightly deflated balloon as such and you put your fist inside that slightly deflated balloon. I don't know why you're doing this but the textbook thinks you should do this. So you'll notice that part of that balloon is directly touching your fist and then the other part of the balloon is not and then there's some space between. That's essentially how our cirrus membranes work. We have part so here we have our paricardial cavity um with the visceral or so the paricardium we have part of the paricardium touching the heart. itself that's called the visceral paricardium. So the visceral layer is going to directly touch organs. So visceral essentially means organs. If you ever have like a visceral reaction like it's kind of usually like a little vomit like a sort of thing um or something's happening in your organs. So visceral really means organ. So the visceral layer touches your organs. Then we have this outer layer called the parietal layer and that layer is going to touch either body cavities or other cirrus membranes. Then we have the cirrus space which is going to be within like the like between the two cavities. So the cirrus space is between the two layers right here. Kind of like the air in the balloon over here. And this is going to be filled with fluid called cirrus fluid which essentially cushions the organs and reduces friction. So like if you go like this with your hands, friction causes like warmth in your hands. Um and that can damage tissues. Um so we need that lubrication to reduce that friction. So if our cirrus membranes rub together, it's not painful. So each of our ser cirrus membranes in our anterior body cavities have different names. The plura is going to be the cirrus membrane that surrounds the lungs. And that kind of like sounds familiar because the plural cavity surrounds the lungs. Plural cavity is the cavity and the plura is the membrane. The paricardium is the membrane surrounding the heart and the paricardial cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal layers. This next one's a little bit weird. The abdominal pelvic cavity, all those organs share a single cirrus membrane called the paritonyium. So the paritonyium is going to be in the abdominal pelvic cavity and surrounds most but not all of the organs in the abdominal pelvic cavity. Cirrus membranes can become inflamed and when they do they can rub up against each other which causes pain and they can become inflamed due to infection or like other weird causes in the body. Um, if they become rough, like I said, they're going to rub together, stick together, leading to a lot of pain. So, pury is when that occurs in the lungs, and peritonitis is when that occurs in the abdominal cavity. There are a few other body cavities worth mentioning. Um so these are smaller and they're exposed to the external environment. First is our oral cavity, our mouth. Um and it also like extends to our digestive cavity. So our digestive cavities are actually a continuous tube from mouth to anus. So if you swallow a penny, you will eventually poop it out. And the real question is, is that penny ever inside of you? because it comes out the other end. So mouth to anus is essentially just a tube within you. We've got our nasal cavity, our orbital cavities where the eyes go uh and then our middle ear cavities. So the middle ear cavities are behind our eard drums in that ear canal. We also have synenovial cavities which are our joint cavities which are not exposed to the external environment. So um we'll kind of be studying these cavities throughout the next two semesters. Um let's see. Most of these cavities we'll focus more on in2 but the snowil cavities we will be talking about this semester. Okay. So, that is the end of the first PowerPoint.