Good morning, good afternoon, good evening. Today, our lecture will be about one of the main common artificial lift systems. It will be about electrical submersible pumping systems. We'll give some basic and some fundamentals about the system, how the system will work, and so on. The ESP is one of the common...
type of artificial lift as i said you know and it will you know these pictures will cover you know just some introduction about the system what are the main components for the surface and downhole will give some hint about design and selection you know due to sake of time maybe you're not able to cover all the details of design and the other like you know equipment failure analysis or just troubleshootings and so on. What is an electric submersible pumping system? Electric submersible pumping system is considered one of the mechanical assist of artificial lift groups. Remember, you know, in the first lectures, we said that we divide our artificial lift into two main categories, either formation pressures assist or mechanical assist. You know, the ESB is one of the...
mechanical assist types artificial lift system. Also when we are divided this artificial lift we divide it to two as they said you know mechanical and gas or formation assist even the mechanicals we have a positive displacement and dynamic displacement. The ECP is among the dynamic displacement system bumps you know the bump itself it's a dynamic displacement the bump technique or system and so on.
Then what is artificial lift? What is the electric submersible pump and so on? Electric submersible pump is a typical of artificial lift system. You know, it's as I said, you know, it's a dynamic displacement then it is used a multi-stage centrifugal type of bumps, you know, just to produce formation floats, you know, whatever water, oil, oil with gas, two-phase flow and so on, you know.
mainly it's using a centrifugal force. It's dynamic but you know, mainly it's using what type of force just to give a dynamic energy to the fluid, it's through the centrifugal force. They used to be considered as the second most used artificial lift system worldwide, but if we start to say what are the main common artificial lifts used as a volume, you know, as a production, as a volume of production. ESP comes to the first, you know, because usually ESP is used for high volume oils. Since it's used for high volume oils, even if the number of oils worldwide, it's less than the road lift system, but as a volume of production, a volume of fluids produced worldwide, the ESP comes to the first.
As the first artificial lift, it produces the highest volume of produced oil. and waters you know from from the wells and so on. ESP at the other just in roughly you know roughly this is rough figures you know it can be used to 15 000 or more you know feet depths wells it's one of the really the main common artificial it for high volume you can produce more than 60 000 per day if there is power if the world is capable to produce this one. The downhole equipment can be, you know, it's not an oil times, can be adapted, you know, to high temperatures, but usually it's not preferred to use ESP for high temperature unless we are using a certain techniques to cooling the downhole equipment or motor. It's good, just can be good for corrosions.
We're using a special type of material. For gas, it's fair, but even... Now with new technology for the downhole gas separators and the type of the pump, the pump configuration can be handled, a good amount of gas and so on.
For solid, usually it's not preferred if there is a sand and so on to produce this one because it's usually working with a principle of centrifugal force and the sands can create big problems. for the pump and so on you know. For float gravity it's not recommended for high viscous fluid and so on and it usually can be used for float up to 10 degree but it's not recommended you know usually sometimes in use before 20. degree API. One of the challenges for this type of artificial lift, it's required usually a work over rigs in case they have a failure down hole because the pump is connecting to the tubing and the tubing is trained in order to pull and run this tubing string, you required a rig.
From the name, it's used an electric motor at the prime movers to drive the pump. You know. For sure, you know, there is not a heavy equipment at the surface.
It's an excellent for sure can be used. As a total system efficiency compared to the power used or to the power generated or just a useful power from the flow lifted with a delta P, it can be ranging from 35 to 60 percentage, you know, as a total system efficiency. It's come after the road lift system.
the reciprocating road lift system and PCP. Usually you have really some good advantage, you know, for to use this type of artificial lift. It can be used high volume.
When you are coming to the volume production, when you start to select on the artificial lift wells and you found your well productivity is high and it's required to lift a high volume, ECB is one of the first choice. come to your mind to use, you know. This compared to what's compared to the positive displacement type of artificial lift. In the road lift system, it's sprocating and the positive displacement and so on, you know.
There is different size, you know, different size for this type of bumps and equipment downhole, motors and so on, you know. different configurations for the pump itself and so on. It's not required heavy equipment or big tools or big parts of equipment in the service.
It's minor service equipment. We'll see later on what service equipment is used. Even this type of artificial lift can be adapted to slim-haul wells.
You can run up to four and a half inch casing. with special design for sure you know also for the vetted wells can be run with a special design and so on but meanwhile as i said before you know all type of artificial life even if you have advantage even you have a certain application but meanwhile each type have a certain limitation when i start to select a type of artificial lift after i said okay yes this can be handled my wells but what could be the limitation to use you know For example, for the electric submersible pumping system, they require the source of high power, high voltage, you know, because it's, you know, it's high horsepower motors run for a deep, certain depths of wells, you know. It's far from the surface and need power to transfer from surface to the pump.
There will be a voltage drop, you know, across the cable used from the surface, for example, up to the pump. sitting at 5000 6000 feet even 11 000 12 000 feet all that there is a pressure there is a voltage drop in order to compensate that you have to use a high voltage uh source at the surface you know the presence of power cable with the road string because the power cable usually is run outside the tubing you know then it's alongside the tubing string it can be create some difficulties while we are running or pulling. We need more attention, more attention for the cable not to scratch, not to have some damage of the cable during running and pulling. You have to calculate very well what the clearance between the tubing and casing is. Not only the tubing itself, the cobbling of the tubing.
For an example, if we use three and a half inch tubing, the cobbling of this one is four and a half inches. And if you run This in the casing for example, 7 inch casing with a certain weight, the inside damper will be about 6.276.25 and if you run with a cable 1 inch then the total size of the cable plus the coupling will be 5.5 inches around this figure and the casing it's 6.25 then almost less than 1 inch you know or just in... you can say around one half inches, something like that, between casing and the cables, you know, if you divide these to 50% on all sides, in the side of the tubing or the casing, then it's a very small area. However, the temperature is also considered one of the limitations for the motor. Because the motor itself, when it's running, is generated heat.
And the motor usually requires some cooling. If there is no good cooling, the total temperature is high. This can affect the motor's performance and the motor's running life itself. You know, it's also a capability or just to match with a change in world productivity. It's not an easy, you know, because this must be run within a certain range of production, you know, certain range of low rates, you know.
Flexibility of change that is not high like a road lift system or some other artificial lift, you know. This type of artificial lift. It's not easy to repair as a field. For example, if you have a bump, a failure in the bump, motor, something like that, and pull out of the well, it's not easy to repair, and usually it's not repaired as a field. You have to send to the manufacturing outside of the field.
It's a cost, and you know, but the other type of artificial lift, gas lift valves, or just a road lift system, or PCB, you can repair as a field and rerun again on... the well you know. Pulling and running of this type of artificial lift it's costly because mainly it's required rig and down times for the well to pull and run the tubing and so on and this is also always cost for which this type of artificial lift or just what we call ESP or submersible this type of bump centrifugal type of bump can be used for the well and also there is some type it's used as a service called horizontal bumping system same concept but different motors and so on but same concept of the bump itself you know as centrifugal bumps and so on what are the equipment the esp equipment you know let us to go for downhole equipment system component what are the main component of that system let us to go to downhole you know what are the downhole components and what are the main components for this system and so on.
And surface components, meanwhile, you know, the system component, downhole component, if we start, you know, if you look to downhole, we have mainly three-phase electric motors which will feed and feed the power to the pump and run the pump and so on, you know. Plus we have some what we call seal sections, the motor is electrical and this motor have something to protect it from the fluid produced then we have what we call seal section or protectors. Meanwhile we need to have a pump intake, some intake, some devices you know to send the fluid or to feed the bomb with the fluid, it's called the bomb intake.
And the pump itself, you know, it's a pump usually is called multi-stage centrifugal pump, which consists of different stages and so on. Plus the electric cable which is connecting the motor to the surface power source and so on. And some optional equipment like sensors or like some other tools, like white tools and so on, can be used.
So, it's a very new service. what you call motor controllers how to control the motors how to control the power into the motor how to monitoring the power you know you used by the motors and and so on then we have motor controller since this type of our motor used for electric submersible bumping system is required high volts then we must have what you call the transform transformer as a self as a surface in order to feed the bump with the There is some device called J-Box. I will show you later on when we go in details for the service equipment. What we mean is J-Box is just, you know, certain very small symbol, you know, boxes, you know. It's mainly for safety and for measurement, some use for safety and measurement for devices.
The variable speed drive can be used as an optional in case you have... They want to change the motor speed to match with the wheel productivity for different production and so on, plus the wheel head itself for the ESC. Let us go now piece by piece.
and we have some information about how it's working, what's the main component for this part and so on. As I said, the main part of the heart of the system is the downhole pumps for all types of artificial electrification. ECB downhole pumps, what are the downhole pumps? What are the main components of the downhole pumps? How are these downhole pumps working and running?
and so on. The electric submersible pump, as I mentioned previously, it is a dynamic displacement pump. Dynamic displacement pump consists of different stages, more than one stage, more than one stage to produce the required fluid with a certain head.
Then it is a dynamic displacement multi-stage. The main principle of operation for this pump, it is a centrifugal type. of bumps and so on. The bump is producing total dynamic head by what? By converting the fluids.
The motor shaft is rotating. When the motor shaft is rotating, the bump impeller, something called bump impellers, this shaft horsepower is providing velocity energy. Because when it rotates, it is rotating the fluid.
Meanwhile, it's You know, this horsepower is transferred some velocity to the fluid, and this fluid energy moves the production fluids up to the tubing, you know, by converting it to a head and so on. Each centrifugal pump has more than one stage. Each stage, as I said, producing a certain head for the fluid, you know.
Then each stage, you know, it's stacked to each other, depends on how many stages I need, you know, based on the design, based on the selection and so on. Then the stage is stacked on a shaft, and this stage is compressed together all in housing, and this is what we call the subsurface ESP bomb. Then this is just, you know, and... figure out how the bump looks like from inside. If you look here, you know, it has different stages, for example, at one, two, three, four, five, depending, as I said, about how much head I need to lift this bump to the surface, and so on.
And this is what we call bump stage. Each one of these is a stage. This is bump stage. Bump stage consists of what?
You know, what's mean a bump stage? How it looks like from inside? These pump stages. The pump stages have three main components.
First, you know, if we take one of these stages and see what's the main component of that stage. First one is what you call a rotating impeller. This is the only part inside the pump is rotate. It's a rotating impeller.
It's called impeller. Second part, it's called, you know, stationary diffuser. Then each stage of the pump have two main components. mainly it's three but you know the main component is two one rotating and one stationary you know the rotating is on pillars the stationary is a diffuser between the two you know just it is what we call a thirst washer some washer just you know to fix it and to hold these two for each other the type of the geometry of the stage control the volume you know the geometry of the stage itself It controls the volume, based on the volume and the size of the stage itself, you know, depending on how much volume I need to lift and so on, you know. And also, you know, the fluids and the fluid going to this stage, you know, it's lifted up depending on the number of stages, you know, how many number of stages I have to use.
Then the type of geometry of the stage controls the volume of the fluid that can be go through. The number of the stage determine the total dynamic head generated. How much dynamic head I have to generate to lift the fluid from the pump up to the surface.
For the type of stage there is different type, different geometry currently there you know. Something called radial flow, maxed flow. axial float, depending on how it is, you know, handle the float, when the float going to the the stage how it's handled in the state configuration from inside you know is different you know have different stage depend on the situation what we have in the well and the flow types and so on let us to go a little bit deeper about you know in pillars and the future because this is an important part if i understand these parts i will understand the system how's running how to troubleshooting you know how to control and so on As I said, you know, the bump have different stage.
Each stage have impeller and diffuser and washer. This is, you know, this is the shape of the impeller, you know, and this cut way, the bottom one, is a cut way inside. This is the impeller of the stage of the bump.
The impeller usually is fixed on the shaft. There is a shaft in the middle of the bump and this impeller is keyed on the shaft, then fixed on the shaft. When the shaft is rotated, the impeller is rotated with the shaft. Then the impeller skids into the shaft and rotates about the center, about the axles of that shaft and so on.
When the fluid enters the impeller through the bottom eye, this eye, near to the shaft and exits from outside, you know, to this impeller. Like this, you know. If you look to the red arrow, the impeller, the fluid is going in this way and then...
get out, get the velocity energy by rotating the shaft, then rotating the impeller. When the impeller is rotating, giving a velocity to the fluid and due to centrifugal force is going outside from the center to the out with a certain head, you know, with a certain power, certain energy which can be converted to the head after that, you know, and so on, you know. Then the impeller take the fluid and import what you call kinetic energy. Kinetic energy as a velocity, you know, two to that, you know. Then the fluid go out of the impeller with a certain velocity, with a certain kinetic energy.
Then how this is velocity, it's transferred to the head, you know. After that, if we have a diffusers, you know, the diffuser is connecting outside. or just outside of the impellers, you know.
Then when the fluids come out of the impellers, it hits the wall of the diffuser. When it hits the wall of the diffuser, it found itself, you know, only going out because the bottom of the diffuser is closed. But going out with a certain kinematic energy, with this certain energy which is converting like it puts a head to the surface. Then the diffuser does not rotate.
The only rotate here, you know, is the impeller. It turns the fluid up into the next impeller, you know. Then when the fluid goes out, it's only the main function here is turning the fluid. Come from the impeller to the next impeller, you know, above this. Then the fluid, like this, you know, comes from the diffuser.
So from the impeller to the diffuser, and the diffuser transfers it up to... you know, in the vertical movement to the next one and so on, next one and next one, until we reach to the last one and then going to the tubing with the accumulated heads, you know, builded by each stage going through, the flow going through it. This is, you know, what we call, you know, the diffusers and the impellers. This is the two main components of the bomb stage. Then the diffuser converts here.
the kinetic energy, the velocity gained by the fluid from the rotation of the impellers, produced by the impeller, into potential energy to the head and so on. Then this is one stage, one stage consisting, as I said, you know, from diffusers and impellers, you know, the diffuser and impeller will connecting like this. One of them is rotated in the impeller, the top one, this top one.
And one is not rotated, is the diffusers. This is just how it looks like, the fluid when we enter to this fluid, from diffuser to the impeller, impeller to diffuser, diffuser to impeller, and so on, until it reaches to the tubing, and so on. This just gives me some figure just about how. the impeller and diffuser working together, how they are provide heads and and and fluids you know from one stage to the other to the second stage and so on. After that, you know, come to the downhole intake, you know, in order for the flow to enter to the bomb, because the bomb is closed from the housing outside.
Then should be something, you know, like a manifold, like the intake, like something, you know, to feed the bomb with the flow, you know. To feed the bomb with the flow, there is a certain equipment, certain part of equipment called intake. The intake have some ported, you know.
from the side of this one, you know, and this fluid when we're going to the intake, from it is going to the from intake to the pump. Then the intake is a section attached to one, to the basic, to the base of the subsurface pump. What are the main function of that is to provide the entrance to the fluid. How the fluid will enter to the pump.
The main function of that is to provide the entrance of the fluids to the pump, you know. This intake in general since it provides entrance to the pump, it can be one of two configurations. Either can be standard boards, just only opening hole, opens hole for the flow to pass from the annulus of the well, from the downhole of the well to the pump. Or if I can use it as a gas separators, because if there is a gas and so on, why I will not use this as a gas separator to make two functions. The first function is to separate the gas.
And meanwhile, to allow the fluids to enter to the pump, you know. And sometimes, you know, it can have some screen and so on outside that, in order to help as a sand separation. It's not common use, but, you know, it can be, and so on.
Then, how it looks if the intake is downhole gas separators? How it looks? from inside you know water can be from inside since the bomb is rotating and the motor is supply rotation why not use this as a as a you know as advantage to my fluids you know and rotate the fluids before to enter the bomb and due to different in gravity between oil or just between liquid and gas then they are separated you know due to a centrifugal forces generated or just, you know, provide to this flow.
Then gas separators, they separate the free gas, you know, just we must have separated the free gas before entering to the pump. Because as I mentioned in the first lecture, that the gas is reducing the pump volumetric efficiency. Is there a different type of this one? Yes. There are some types, it's called static, but it's not commonly used for the ESP, because ESP is rotating and so on, you know.
And the main one used for the ESP pump. is the gas separators. And there is a rule of thumb, you know, when you start to design the ESP bombs, depending on type of bombs, type of stage and so on, there is a free gas as a bomb, it takes within a certain number, a certain value, then you have to use the downhole gas separator.
You don't need to design or operate a gas separator. under the backer if there is a packer and sometimes you know it's not always used and there is a backer above the bumps and so on you know then you do need to to have this get downhole gas separator is the wheels backerless or just you know there's a certain type of configuration of well completion but there is a certain technique of downhole gas downhole, well completions and so on. Important part also for the downhole component is called protectors. And some people named it as a seal, seal or protector. What is a seal and what are protectors?
Remember, you know, we have downhole pumps and below the pump we have intake. And this pump you have to run. with motors, you know.
If I connect things like what I have in this picture, the motor to the intake of the bomb immediately like this, you know. What will happen in this case, you know? The fluids will enter into the bomb.
For sure, it will go and enter to the motor. And these electric motors can be damaged. The motor can be, you know, burn the motors and so on, you know. Then in this case, I will be not... it's not common use or just is not used at all to connect the motor directly.
to the intake of the pump. This is not good or just we cannot do that because by this way it will damage the motor immediately you know when we run. What we'll do in order to protect the motor from the fluid entering to the pump?
In order to protect the motor from the fluid entering to the pump, they have to use a separation between the motors and the pump intake called protector or separators. Then protector or separators is connected between the motors and the pump intake. It's connecting just between these, this is a red one, you know, here just between the intake and the pump and the motor. What are this intake? What's the function?
It's only just protect the motor from the produced fluid or have some other function since they are using a piece of equipment. Why I just, you know, not get some more benefit? from this piece of equipment.
Then the seal section as I said before is a protector, it's called protector you know and the main purpose you have different function different you know function for this one. One of the main important function for this motor or for this seal section is isolated as I said you know isolated and protect the motor from the oil float. This one of the main function, one of the primary function.
for this one. Second, since this motor is electric motor there is an oil inside and this electric motor you know used for insulation cooling and a lot of things for the motor it's used. Since there is an oil and the motor is this oil is in enclosed cylinders you know as a motor is in cylinder closed cylinder and the bottom temperature can be changed you know and the motor itself is generated temperature. Then this oil can be expanded. If the oil is expanded in a closed section, what will happen is it will generate more high pressure.
This can damage the motor. Then this seal section can provide expansion of motor oil. If the motor oil is expanded, it can go to the seal. There is a certain room in the seal that can absorb the expansion of the motor oil. Meanwhile also it's equalizing the pressures between you know the whirlpool and the oil inside the motors and so on because due to different pressure differently out different temperature the pressure can be you know high and low and and so on you know.
Also absorb shaft threads you know if there is some vibration in the pump and and so on you know it's absorb it before it's reaching to the motor and so on. Meanwhile also is transfer the torque generated the rotation generated from the motor to the pump. This is just some of the main advantage, main function of using a seal section or protection protectors between the motors and the bump intake. It's a different type, you know, it's not the time to talk about all this type, you know.
because according to manufacturing there is different type each type have a certain advantage and limitation based on the motor size motor horsepower motor configuration bump configurations downhole conditions and so on you know in the market there is different type if you google about this type you can have some pictures you know or some cutaway about how it looks like from inside you know all this this is as i show here there is three main type just can common used worldwide and so on come down to the one of the main important parts you know i need to you know to run in a very good way in order to avoid damage of it and so it is a motor then the motor what is the motor of the esp and and what the configuration of this motor and so on the motor of esp is three phase mode generally generally or common used called induction motor even if now in the market there's different types of motors but in general the main common use worldwide you found you know in more than 85 or 90 percent of the world of the well motor type is induction motor you know it's filled with oil for lubrication cooling insulation and so on you know and the esp motor it's connecting to the bottom of the seal by bolting you know it's not threaded you know by bolting bolting But he refines in the bottom of the seal and flange in the bottom of the water and bolted to each other. Mainly the motor is converted the electric powers feeded by the cable to rotate to do us to convert to rotation which is rotated the bump through a series of shafted from the motor up to the bump bus from seal intake and and and so on you know. The common ESP motors are built based on different you know voltage you know in the market. There is different volts.
You can find motor running in, for example, in 460 volts, low, very low volt, and you can find motor even run up to 5000 volt motor, you know, at different hertz, you know. You can find 50 hertz, 60 hertz, or if you use a variable speed drive, you can, you can control the hertz going to the motors and so on, you know. This motor is also, if I need more horsepower or more motor and one motor is not enough, at the hertz power as a due to size due to some downhill restriction and so it can be used tandems you know it can be used two motors together and so on to produce the required the lower pictures you know give some cutaway inside the motor house looks like and so on and this one of the main important bump of the bumps of the esp system and so currently in the market there is different type of also motor you know the manufacturing and so introduced another type of motor called permanent magnet motor. I said the main common type of motor is an induction motors, but currently also there is another type called permanent magnet motors you know, is with a different technique of how the motor is running and what are the function and so on. The motor it's a very important part.
and the motor as i said you know is generated heat you know and the motor require the cooling you know in order to have more good efficiency good running life and so on you know then the motor operating temperatures usually really is a very important and what are determined the temperature around the motor and the motor and how to keep the motor running in a good environmental of temperature, you know. It determines the motor control or motor operating temperature. Usually there is five factors, five parameters.
It's just to determine the temperature. What is the temperature at the motor dips? Is the flow temperature at the motor dips around the flow?
It's around... around the motor, what its temperatures and so on, you know. Second, you know, how the motor is loaded. Is the motor running with each from each maximum load? Sorry for that.
Then we said, you know, there is... The sharing starts. Okay, I will do it again. The last slide from the beginning would be better. Okay, sure, sure.
I will reopen it again, you know. Okay. now we see it no okay okay let me back you know just for the the slide before this one you know we said about you know the motors and motor type and currently in the markets you know there is different type of motors uh it's what you called a permanent magnet motor and inductions motors and so even the post type of motor you have you have to control the bottom hole temperature around as a motor because the motor operating temperatures is one of the main critical factor for ESP operation for ESP performance motor performance and and so on you know this is factors you know the main important factors or the temperatures at the motor dips one of the main factors of temperature is the whirlpool temperature, how much temperatures around the motor itself, you know, at the motor dips.
Second, How much you are loading your motors, you know. Do you run the motor near to its maximum load or 50%? When we run the motor at high load, it generates more temperature. Temperature requires more cooling and so on.
Then this requires to do some, what we call, some cooling for the motor. In order to do a cooling for the motor, then the fluid around the motor must be bus. around the motor going to the intake with a certain velocity then flowed velocity pass to the motor what are these velocity how much is this velocity when the velocity is increased is you know it's calling more is generating more more korean we just transfer more heat from around the motor to above you know just absorb some heat and so on you know this is a fluid rate just bus to the motors and so on what else you know it's cooling properties of the well flow itself if this well flows water is gas is oil water was gas water was oil what is the cooling tendency you know it's oil only and and and or water only and and so on you know this is just you know some of the factors plus at the end you know the power quality what is the power going to the motor is there good quality it's stable powers you know for the volt for the heritage and so on you know or fluctuated you know is making the motors you know just to generate more more heat you know we usually like it's balancing you know the power is going balancing because your motor is three phase mode and there is three phases there is three conductors and the power going to each conductors is almost the same at the vault and so on you know or just you know it's unbalanced you know all that's affecting on the motor temperature Then one of the main factors I have to consider when I'm operating the ESP is the temperature around the motors. The motor itself generates temperature.
Then I have to cool this motor. In order to cool this motor, I have to consider all these five factors that I mentioned. Then all the above factors determine if and when a motor will be overheated during operation.
I have to avoid that. They have to avoid the motor to be overheated. When the motor is running in the good condition, good cooling systems in the running life, the performance will be in very good records and so on.
Above that, or just one of the other parts downhole, is the motor cables. The motor cable is carrying the powers, carrying the current from the motor controller at the surface to the downhole to the motor down in the well. This is the main function of the cable. But in order for this cable to transfer the power from surface to the motor, this cable should be suitable for that power which will be transferred. Suitable based on what?
Based on the power requirement to run this motor. What is the motor horsepower? What is the voltage required? what the voltage required at the motor itself you know and and so on in this usually in the market there is two type two configurations you let us to say two configurations of the cables esp cables can be either flat or just rounded like you know these two pictures and give me the flat one and the rounded one you know both can be used it's without any problem but you know Usually one of them, you know, have some advantage over the other, you know, but both of them do the same same function And so not only that, you know, the motor even it's flat or it's Rounded motors can be found in different shape different configuration different sizes And different materials and so on, you know, usually the size of the motors, you know, the size of the cable Depends on how much you know the size of the conductor from inside You know and the size of the ECP is just you know Categorized as size 1 size 2 size 4 or size 6 size 1 is the biggest size of the motor The size of the conductor is highest than size 2 size 4 size 6 and when the size is increased That's mean it can be transfer more Voltage without you know with less voltage drop and transfer more power and so on.
What type of cable I have to use? In general, you know, not only the downhole cable, I have also surface cable, wellhead cable, throat cable. main power cable in the down hole and there is a special cable at the bottom hole assembly you know starting from the pump up to the motor called motor lead cables and there is connecting motor connecting cable connecting at the surface called boot heads and so on even if the cable itself we have to protect because it's running the well and running in the fluids can be oil, water, gas, oil and gas, environment and so on, you know.
Then this cable we have to protect it and the cable of the ESP consists of different parts, you know, different parts like, you know, conductors. The conductor can be mainly from covers and so on and then we have some protections around this motor. As I mentioned before, you know, we have different size of motor if you look to the table here, you know. is size one size two size four size six and this gives you what this size in millimeters you know and what is the ampere capacity and bear can be holding by that one i said size one is the biggest side of this type of motor you know it can hold up to 110 you know amp and more sometimes you know depend on the cable size or cable types or conductor types and so on i had to say you know But at, you know, the motor itself, how are we connecting this cable to the motor? This is what we call motor lead cable.
The motor lead cable due to that, you know, the limited clearance between the ESP system component motors and, you know, all the bottom wall assembly components, you know, and this small clearance between this assembly and the wheel. casing you know special cable you know can be extended down hole around this bottom hole assembly ends and is using the motor lead cables you know is a special power extended you know this is a motor lead cable You know, burst the bumps and take, burst all the bottom hole, all the assembly, you know. It's just, you know, use special connection, add the water, add the two connection, so on, you know. Dr. Ghayib, there is no voice.
So Dr. Ghayib will join quickly as he gets disconnected. Dr. Ghayib will join within one minute. One minute he will be with us. Dr. Mohammed, now we have you, so please share your presentation.
Dr. Mohammed, now I see you twice. So you're connected maybe from two computers or something. Dr. Mohammed is trying to reconnect again, so just one minute he will be with us. Dr. Mohammed, now we see the presentation. Okay, okay.
Sorry for what happened, you know. No problem. I will cut all of that from the videos of the world. Okay.
We stopped in this slide before, you know. We said about the motor, the cable, the downward cable. Can you start the slide from the beginning?
It will be a bit later. Okay, sure. Yes. We stopped at this slide, you know.
We said, you know, the cable connecting the surface power to the motor, we have to fix it with the tubing from outside of the tubing, you know. There is a different way to fix it, you know. Usually cable bands, you know, like the one in the middle, you know.
This is the main common one is used to fix it. Just fix the cable with the tubing itself from outside, you know. One band, you know, usually they are using either one band each 15 feet or just maybe could be each 10 feet, you know, depending, you know, the motor side, the cable side, the load and so on. Cable bands also can be used to strip the motor flat cable down all even.
The main important function of this one to fix the cables or just to support the cables with the tubing itself. As a coupling or if there is a deviation, there is a special band used like the one on the right and the one in the left and so on. This is just part of the cable band.
Back again to the surface. equipment as you see the surface cable you know usually need to connect what to connect is a switch board To transform our transformer to junction box all what we are using in the surface It is what we are called a surface cable answer. What are the surface component for the ESP?
This is just a general layout about the surface component of the ESP if we can start starting from the overhead the overhead of the ESP is just a very simple wall head, it's a Christmas tree. This is the main part of that. Plus there is a special what we call tubing head spools with a certain hole, certain connection to allow the cable to feed to pass from it. from the surface to the well with a certain connection, certain techniques or certain parts it's used for this one.
This is what you call the wellheads for the ESP, especially you know for the tubing heads pool and the part at the wellhead. This you must have some hole at a certain configuration like this one to allow the cable to pass from surface to down hole meanwhile isolated you know around this cable to to prevent the gas or just some any fluids to come out from this area around the cable. There is depend on how much is a well pressure rating you know we have a certain well head for low pressure wells and another well head for high pressures wells you know.
Look to the difference between the top one and the bottom one. The top one just only the cable is bus and bus like this. Top one we use a special connection.
you know, upper big tail or lower big tail, what we call, you know, with a certain seal because it's high pressure. You have to seal, you know, this is against the oil pressures, especially the gas, because in the casing, the annulus, there will be a gas. This is the tubing and this is the annulus, you know, where the cable is going to the annulus and connecting the annulus, you know, and safety here is what is main important, how the cable will connecting at the surface will hit, at the surface will hit and how it's pass and to the tube to the well inside you know was it was a certain technique or certain equipment certain wellhead using for this one second part you know it's what we called remember i said i will go through this one is a j box or junction box you know it's a very simple box you know just used for a certain purpose you know what this junction box if you look to that from inside this junction box junction box is connecting the cable comes from the surface motor controller and transformer and this one to the cable going to the well side then we have to have a separation here you know it's not recommended to have the cable come from transformer or to motor controller direct to the well why you know first of all the cable going to the well going in the annulus and the annulus there is some gas and and so on you know the gas can be have a tendency sometimes you know to pass through the cable, you know, to... Because cable, you don't... You're not sure that it's well sealed or so, or something like that, you know.
Then the junction box will serve as, you know, as a vent box. If there is a gas pass or just venting through or pass through the cable coming from the well, this junction box should be vented the gas to the atmosphere. It's a very small amount. You cannot feel, you cannot see, but you know, it's a dangerous...
of the gas to allow the gas to pass with the cable to the control panels or to the other parts in the service can be have some spark and can be have explosion it's allowed for any gas to vent to atmosphere that these guys before you know can it maybe it's migrated with it was a cable before going to the surface with electrical connection or electrical equipment at the surface meanwhile also It's easy for us to measure, you know, if there is some problem down the hall, where I want to measure the cable, power, how the power is going to the well, what the power quality going to the well. It's just, you know, provide easy accessible to the point for electric checking. I can check from this point and saying, this is just, you know, how it looks like from inside.
This is what you call junction box. Plus we have transformer. This motors.
is running with a high voltage at high volt i must have a transformer you know to feed the motor was required with the right volt meanwhile i take into consideration the water drop across the cable from surface up to the reach to the motors and i have to to feed the wells or or the motor at the service was a required volt the volt required to run the motor plus the volt drops across the cable from the surface to the bottom of the motor. Then transformer system is used mainly to convert the inlet volt to the required volt, you know, and you have two types of this transformer. If the power, if the volt is coming to the well side, it's low volt and I have to feed the motors with high volt, it's called step up transformer. Then this transformer takes volt from low value to high value.
if sometimes the volt comes too high from the grade or something like that, it's a high volt and I need to reduce this volt, it's called step down transform. It's just depend on what volt I have to run my motor downhole and so on. Then transformer selection is based on different parameters what I have.
First of all, what is the power rating for the motors and for the for the conditions, the equipment what I have to use, you know, what is the primary volt, what is the secondary volt, primary volt is the volt in, what is the volt should be the volt out, you know, how to arrange changing the volt across the transformer, you know, what we call motor tap arrangements and so on. The other parts is called motor controllers or just control system or variable speed with the control system and so on. The control system, it's a motor controller.
A control system is available, really, it's available in different configuration and different technology and different techniques of use. Either it can be a switchboard. This is what we call fixed speed switchboard.
When I run, I run with a fixed speed, fixed hertz. You know, just it's only... Used for on and off switches on and off switch plus monitoring you know, it's provide protection to the cable and the cable motors and so on and monitoring protection mean case volt drop or just volt Increased or something happiness can be have you know on and off or just shut down or so on, you know it's also can be a Fixed speed but soft start, you know, so it started sometimes if I have a big motors and so on down all and require very high starting current starting motor, this can be allow the motor to run smoothly and so on you know. Or can be a variable speed you know variable speed yes it's connecting to a certain connection of certain techniques you know to change the speed going to the motors you know then I can have a flexibility to run the motor at different hertz different speed and so on.
This is what we call the motor control system. Plus, you know, we have additional downhole accessories and downhole parts, you know, like a pressure, a downhole pressure and temperature sensor, vibration sensors. We have downhole backers, we have what you call the Y-tools, different parts, you know, check valves and drain valves. All this, you know, depends on You will design what is required and how.
This is, you know, the system of Y-tools, how it looks like, you know. It's not used in all the wells, but you can use it. The Y-tool provides access to the well pool with the ESP downhole, you know. When you have the ESP downhole, you are not able to pass below the ESP if the ESP is connecting direct to the bottom of that tubing, you know.
You cannot pass through it. But with this configuration, as it looks like in this picture, you know, you have Y tools, you know. Y tools allow, you know, to connect the bottom hole assembly in one part, and the other parts, you know, just will be free of the hole, which allows you just, you know, to run what you call, like a production loading, coil tubing, whatever you need to run down all the way to access the perforations, and so on, you know. This is just a summary about, you know. summarize for you what's the ESP component summary for bomb or intake motor cable downhole sensor and so on controllers and service equipment and so on this is just a very brief about the system component surface and downhole how is the design how we design how to select the system how to select the downhole pumps and the bump configurations and and other parts you know I will not go in details for this one, you know, but however, I'll give you some hints about that, you know.
Since this pump is a centrifugal pump and so on, then there will be what we call for each pump will be a performance curve related to the pump itself, you know. The performance curve for ESP centrifugal pump are normally showing, you know what, head against floats. Each pump, each centrifugal pump have this.
performance curve. Performance curve, what you call this bump, how much head is generated against flow rate. If there is a performance curve, it's...
you know, for one stage, you know. Usually, we found the performance curve for each bump for one stage, and then you can generate it, one performance curve, based on your number of stage, how you are using for this well, you know. Then, this is a performance curve, it's flow versus head, and either whatever, you know, use meter, use feet, whatever units you are using, and so on. Then, this head, that means how much head Each stage is lifted the well, you know.
Head that means fluid lifted to the well. And the head is function of the fluid types and a lot of other parts we'll see later on and so on. Then the head for ESP, it's the height to which the bomb will lift fluids.
This bomb lift fluid 10 feet, 20 feet, 1,000 feet, 2,000 feet. whatever, based on that's what we call this is a head and so on. For ESB since it's a centrifugal pump and depend on you know centrifugal force and convert you know the fluid from velocity to the head and so on, there is some general concept here you have to put in mind you know, is a centrifugal pump produce constant head, constant head regardless of the fluid being pumping because you know this is a function of the centrifugal force and velocity given and then transferred this to the head, you know, it will be lifted the flow to the same heads, you know, for the same flow rate, if we have same flow rate then there was different flow would be with the same heads, you know, and so on, you know, the same speed and so this is the performance curve of the pump and let us, you know, just to assume how we use this performance curve and so on.
Assume they have 1000 feet well to lift it, you know, it floats at 600 parallel per day if I for one stage, you know If how much it floats it will lift it, you know based on the this type of stage configuration Assumed at 600 feet as I said, you know This is stage one stage from just certain type of bomb is able to lift around 40 feet Then in order to lift the float to 1,000 feet, how many stages do I need from this type of stage? In this case, I divided 40 because each stage is generating for me 40 feet. In order to lift 1,000 feet, then the number of stages in this case will be how much? The number, the head stage will be 40. Then the required number of stages will be 1,000 feet divided by the head, bare stage. In order to lift the fluid 1,000 feet, I required 25 stage minimum for this well to lift fluids with 1,000 feet to the surface with this type of stage, with this velocity, with a certain velocity and so on.
One of the main important part, one of the main important things You have to be consider when you are running your pumps, when you are running your ESP, about how the stage is running itself. You have to run the stage in a very good condition in order, you know, to have a longer running life. Because this is centrifugal force and the stage, one of them, impeller is rotating, the diffuser is not rotating, and then I have to have what? Distortions.
two parts should be rotating smoothly around each other, you know, without contacting each other in order not to erode or to eat each other, you know. Then the fluid here, you know, this is a picture of the impellers and the stage, you know. When I'm producing fluid through this one, you know, the fluid in the normal cases, you know, the fluid creating a pressure on the upper parts of one.
of the impeller's shroud here because it's lifting flows, it's going to flow here and the flow going to the other one is, you know, is lifting by this stage, this one, then the flow creating pressure on the upper and also lower part of the sea because the flow going up like this but the upper part is have a bigger area than the lower part, you know, the flow creating pressure on the upper part And lower part, as I said, in the impeller shrouded, the surface of the impeller have large cross-section area on the upper shrouded. Large cross-section areas that's more forced. in the top than from the bottom and so on.
This causes what you know, if I am pressuring it, it increases more and more. Then this impeller will cause the impeller to force to go down. Force to go down, that means this is positive moving.
Go down is creating something what you call down-thread. Remember I said you know, the bomb stage has three main components, impeller or diffuser and surreptitious washer between the two. Down surreptitious, that means this is forced on the washer, forced on the surreptitious and self. This will be a metal to metal friction between two if it's going, you see, how it's moving down here, you know, with the loads, if the load is increased and so on.
This causes the move, as I said, you know, the impeller to move down. In the other part, you know, if the fluids going from bottom to the up is very high is high what what you have this high fluid high fluid moving down will push the impellers to go up it just goes and better to move up you know when at a certain point when the fluid is it will be higher than it's normal to produce going up what we have is in this case we have up terrace bearings this will be contacting to the upper washers to the upper diffuser and this is what will cause up-thrust problem for this one. For that reason why I said these two times, for that reason when we run the ESP, I have to run not up-thrust, not down-thrust, the impeller and the diffuser should be running, floating, you know, between each other, not up-thrust, you know, the lower one is contacting to the upper one or not down-thrust, the upper one is contacting to the down one. For that reason, for each ESP performance scale you will found at the middle a certain range of called recommended production range or recommended operating range for ESP recommended operating range that's mean you have the impellers and diffusers it will be in free floating impeller you know free floating impeller is not contacting the top or not contacting the bottom you know In your design, you have to run within this operating range, operating condition, in order to have more running life.
If you found your system is going right or down, you have to correct this problem, down-surface or up-surface. If the fluid, you start to produce less fluid that's more high volume, because according to the performance curve, less fluid, high lift, you know. high dynamic lift, the bump lift, then the impeller is going down, it goes down. More floats, you have more floats, then the head will be less, less head then, but float going from down, it's high, then you have upsers and so on. This is just, you know, very brief about this one, will not go in details for this.
Bump selection, you know, in the bump, how to select the bump? Based on the desired production first, you have to select the best configurations of the bump. stage and so on.
Plus you know you need to determine what is the bottom hole pressure, what is from the IPR, bottom hole pressure is the intake pressure, difference between intake and discharge pressure, this pressure is a bump you have to generate, you have to calculate the minimum dips while I have to run this bump and so on you know. This is just a main concept about you know how to select the bump, you have to determine. not only after flow rates and the bottom of flow pressures calculated, then you have to determine where the pump you are sitting, then you need to calculate the pump intake pressure, after that you need to calculate how much dynamic head this pump requires to lift to the surface to overcome the hydrostatic head, the oil head pressure and the pressure loss in the tubing and in the system and so on.
In this case also You have to select the pump at the recommended range and usually you start it from the highest efficiency at the middle of the recommended operating range. After you are calculating the number of stages or calculating the head per stage for each stage and you're calculating your total dynamic head, then you need to calculate or determine how many stages are required to run for this. bump in order to lift my float and overcome you know all the friction loss and all the dynamic heat after that you need to calculate horsepower required Horsepower for the motor required to run itself. Horsepower for the motor required to run this pump.
Required to rotate the intake, required to rotate the seal and so on. The total horsepower and the cable size and the voltage drop in the cable and so on. Then this is just an example for in front view about the performance curve of the ESP.
Usually the performance curve of the ESP have three three curves, you know. One of them, the main curve is the blue one here, it is the head burst stage. The head burst stage and this head burst stage is a function of the type of stage, function of the speed of this stage and so on, you know. Plus you have what you call another curve, this is the green one, it is the pump efficiency.
This pump is running at this rate. What is the pump efficiency? And at that rate, what is the pumping efficiency?
Plus, we have the red one. It is horsepower. Break, horsepower. The horsepower required to run this pump. The horsepower for this pump in order to lift fluid with this pump.
This is for one stage. Remember, this curve for one stage. This horsepower for one stage and so on.
Plus, for each curve, as I said, you know, for ESP, you have in the middle. a certain range, this is the yellow one, what you call operating range, recommended operating range. When you start to design or selecting the bomb or selecting the right stage for this bomb, selecting the stage which can give you the right production and meanwhile at the middle, at the top, you know, of efficiency at the middle of the recommended range, usually in this case. Then you have to calculate the head-break stage.
the bump efficiency, the brake horsepower, and also you have to see what is the best efficiency of production, that's the best efficiency here. Each curve is characterized with what? With bump type or just stage configuration with the speed and the speed is running at what hertz and so on. For example, this one is a single stage performance curve.
This is for one stage at 3500 revolution per minute RPM for tested for water with specific gravity one at 60 hertz. Usually this is just how to read the performance scale. If I wanted to produce this well at 4000 per day, then this stage you know generated what we call generated 42 feet at the head. for this head for this stage.
That means for this type of pump, if I use this type of stage, then each stage, if I wanted to produce 40,000 per day, this is lifting 42 feet. Okay, at that rate, what will be the horsepower, what will be the pump efficiency? At that rate, for each one of these stages, is required about 1.8 horsepower.
then each stage will produce for me 42 feet. Meanwhile, it's required 1.8 horsepower. This bump is running at around 70% efficiency, as a bump efficiency, mechanical efficiency, and so on.
For example, this will like that, in order to calculate to see how many stages are required. What's mean if each stage generate 42? feet.
How to calculate the number of stages? This just looks like I have the well. If I have the well like this, you know, with a delta B from reservoir up to... And we said that one of the main important things to calculate is the total dynamic head. How to calculate the total dynamic head?
This bomb should be generated in order to produce the required flow rates from bottom to the surface and transfer from surface. to the inlet of the separators or just the facility whatever you have in. What are the main components of the total dynamic head of this pump should be generated or should be overcome and so on you know. This is just a schematic of the wells producing wells you know what is producing really it would start with a flow if you are decreasing the bottom of the pressure flow will come from the formation to the bottom of the well with the pressure it's equivalent according to the well productivity to the bottom hole the flowing pressure. And this flow, it should go up to the pump dips, to the pump intake, you know, and enter to the pump through the intake.
And the pressure as this intake called the pressure intake, the pump intake pressures and so on. After that, we need just this pump to generate pressure to lift fluids to the surface with certain wellhead pressure. And meanwhile.
overcomes the hydrostatic head of the pressure inside the tubing and friction loss, plus friction loss. And also, you know, this is just a very, very simple, you know, schematic about how the flows go. Plus, this pump should be generated at certain wellhead pressures. This wellhead pressure, it depends on, you know, how far from the facility, what's the production, pressure loss on the surface. and so on.
However, you know, this bomb should be generated, this pressure is capable to transfer the fluids from the well to the surface facility. What that means, you know, that means the total dynamic head is equal for, first of all, the first item including in total dynamic head, should be equal the fluids from, you know, from the fluid level, the dynamic, because according to the bottom of flow pressure and the production, this will be a fluid. Go up, you know add up to a certain level inside the world, you know and from this fluid Inside the bombs in the pressure inside here if there is no flow will be equalizing, you know until these dips However, you know the total dynamic head is equivalent to what to the net vertical lift in it vertical lift is a net lift from the Float level up to the surface, you know We have to consider the casing pressure here, the casing pressure also, you know, it's supporting us, you know, and you have to consider this in our calculation. Plus what, you know?
Plus, you know, the friction loss, you know, in order for this flow to flow inside the tubing. This will be a friction loss depending on the tubing size, the roughness of the inside diameter of the tubing, the flow rate, I produce the type of the flow, viscosity, and so on, you know. Then I have also to calculate the total pressure loss.
Then I have the net vertical lift plus the pressure loss plus what else? Plus the wheel head pressures. Then another item here is the wheel head pressures. This item number three.
Then the total dynamic head should be, you know, this net lift vertical plus pressure loss plus the wheel head pressures. Based on that, you know. I have to calculate, you know, how many number of stages required to lift that total dynamic head, to produce this total dynamic head, you know, depending on, as I said, you know, the stage configuration and the performance of this stage and so on.
Then the number of stages here, you know, it's required for the bump to overcome all that, you know, the total dynamic head is equal what? Equal. each one of these stages, how much the total dynamic head can be produced.
Remember the BAM performance curve we presented in the previous slides? Here, for each one stage, how much is generated as a total dynamic head? Based on the total dynamic head I have plus the head per stage, then I can calculate it. what is the number of stages, the minimum number of stages that can be used for this type of oil, or just to produce these oils and so on.
Let us have a very simple example, you know. Just assume I wanted to produce 3600 bar per day, with a total dynamic heat calculated based on the previous slice, you know. It's 4590 feet, you know. And depending on these 3600 parallel days and the condition, I will select the suitable stage, the suitable bump to produce this fluid.
And based on each bump, there is a performance curve looks like the one in the screen here. This performance curve, as I mentioned before, for a single stage, at a certain RPM, that means at certain hertz, for example 50, 60, whatever. based on manufacturing, based on you, and it's based on specific gravity of water one. We said each pump performance scale, there have three three curves you know one is represent the head stage or head capacity the second one presented you know the bump efficiency and after that you know it's you know break horsepower based on this one you know why we select this one we said that we need to select the bomb which can be produced my desired production within the operating range and it's more it's recommended you know to be at least, you know, nearest to the peak efficiency of the pump.
Here, you know, for the green curve here, you know, if you look, this is the peak efficiency. If you go down the peak efficiency, yes, it's 3,600 barrel per day, you know. And you need to take into consideration is this would be a constant flow or was time this well is depleted or what's going on, you know. Are we working, you know, with an operating rate for the life of the well or just for a certain... period of the world do I need to start with the best efficiency or just try it but within the operating range right to the best efficiency because in case the world start to be depleted I will be still in the operating range you know however you know based on that example you know if I want to produce 3600 per day then I came at 3600 per day and I go up until I reach it you know to the head capacity care final At the head capacity curve, I have to measure based from the curve, what is the head pair stage can this bomb produce in order to produce 3600 barrels per day.
If you look here, it's around 45 feet. Then each stage of this bomb, it can be lifted 45 feet. Then how many number, the number of stages required to lift. lift 4590 total dynamic head feet. In this case it's very simple, you know, if you divide 4590 over 45, the head per stage, this will give you the minimum number of stages required to lift that well.
At the same time, what will be the horsepower required to run this bump, you know, required to stage because in order to siding the motors. You have to calculate the horsepower required to drive the motor, to drive all the bottom hole assembly, the bombs plus the parts below. But the main horsepower generated is from, you know, required is from the bomb itself. In this case, at that production, you need around 1.8 horsepower, you know, just for each one of stage. Then, depending on the number of stage, what I calculating.
If I multiply by 1.8, we get the total horsepower required to run this bump. And this bump, if you look, you know, run at the peak efficiency, almost the peak efficiency, it's a little bit over 70% of the peak efficiency. It's just a very simple mix, you know, how you calculate the number of stages, the brake horsepower or the horsepower required, various stages in the total. number of stages, the total required horsepower and so on. Then number of stage, based on that, as I said, you know, 4950 divided by 45, the number of stage, the head-bear stage, then I need at least 102 stages.
And depending on the standard housing for each company and so on, maybe you don't find exactly, you know, this is how the thing is accumulated, 102. Then I need to have housing at least... Accumulated that or a little bit higher couple of stage more than that but not less you know Then the housing what I need to change you need to select should be at least have 102, 103, 105 Depend on the housing size and so on you know. Then bump load as I mentioned before you know The bump load here is a bump load is a pump brake horsepower it pulls hydraulic and mechanical Horsepower the total horsepower this required to drive this pump you know The bound pre-course power is increased and decreased with specific gravity of the flow. Take into consideration, you know, when you're siding the motors, you know, is this well, you know, currently as initially producing only oil and this time will be a water, water what, how much expecting the water cut will be, the water specific gravity and the oil specific gravity, then I have to consider when I start to siding the motor or the pre-course power here, you know, when I need to come.
you know, to calculate it and so on. Then the pump load is equal, you know, the brake horsepower for each stage. multiplies the number of stages and depends, as I said, on the specific gravity of the float.
I have to consider the worst case, for example, this well currently producing clean oil, only oil with API 45 degrees. But I expected after six months, one year, something like that, water cut may be reached 25%, 50%. How much the specific gravity of the water, then how much?
the specific gravity of the average specific gravity of the lifted float and so on. After selecting the suitable pump intake of separator or not separator and seal and so on, I have to you know to find out you know what is the horsepower required just for each pump for each of this bottom hole assembly part and I added to the pump loads you know calculated. from the brake horsepower and so on. Then the total required motor load should be at least minimum. Equals, you know, the pump loads, the brake horsepower for the pump, plus the intake, plus the seal, plus anything, you know, can be added if you found and so on, in order to run the motor, powerful enough motors to run all my system and so on.
However, you know, there is a website, you know, there is a very simple technique called nine steps technique. If you want to just to understand the basic calculation, the basic design of the ESP system, you can go through this one, you know, showing, you know, step one, what you need to do. Step two, what you need to do. Step three, four and five, like collecting data and analyzing the data and analyzing the prediction, what will be happen for the wells, you know.
specific gravity now, water cut will increase, gas will go on the flow level even, you know, because, you know, now I'm calculating this based on a dynamic flow level. But what type of reservoir? Is it depletion drive reservoir or water drive? Depletion drive, that means most times the flow level could go down, you know, because the static reservoir pressure will go down. All that analysis, I collect the data and analyzing the data, you know, this data will be, you know, stable most times or expecting to change.
What is expected to change on that? The world productivity, I have to determine, you know, the production rate and the pump dips, you know, I have to calculate after that, you know, the fluid volume, you know, including gas and pump. Remember, you know, fluid volume at the pump is different than the flow rates at the tank.
You have to consider the shrinkage factors here when you calculated the volume, the pump have to be displaced downhole, you know. calculating the total dynamic head, select the bump, you know, which can be at high efficiency, optimizing all the components, size of all the components, and with a prediction what could be changed for this well, you know. I have to correct also or calculate, select the best type of cable, size of cables, and so on, you know. As in the surface, you know, what surface control I should have. What transformer I need to have step up or step down?
How much should be, you know, vaulting? This transformer should be, you know, changed, you know, based on the bump and the wellhead and so on. All the other things. This is just very simple, and it's available on the website.
If you go to 9-step ESP design, you can find this in details, you know, these papers or these documents, you know. It can support and can help you for that. It's just, you know, a brief about what. We are not completed, you know, based on last price. And now, you know, it's open, you know, for questions.
If you have any question regarding ESP or any type of artificial lift and so on.