one greeting students well we're about to embark on the first of ten lectures on the fairy tale and i am going to give you a lecture every week on a particular cluster of tales and we will be looking at quite a few areas with regards to fairy tales possibly some areas that you were not even aware of such as for example how you can find a particular fairy tale such as cinderella distributed practically all over the globe you can find a cinderella in china in the 8th century you can find a cinderella in western europe in the 18th century but it is very true that you already know quite a bit about fairy tales so i have here a quick quiz on signature elements of fairy tales and if i asked you to identify the fairy tale that involves a pricked finger i'm sure that you would say sleeping beauty the red cape would no doubt call up little red riding hood that is the iconic garment for that child you might recognize puss in boots from the helpful cat on a hot tin roof running all over the place to help his master achieve his fortune the poisoned apple you know that from snow white the hundred mattresses the princess and the p the magic beans you should recognize jack and the beanstalk if i asked you to identify the tale with all those worn out dancing slippers i think you would see that they are the discarded shoes of the 12 dancing princesses the golden stare of hair the magnificent rapunzel weaving straw into gold we have our trickster rumpelstiltskin who is himself outwitted the trail of breadcrumbs hansel and gretel who have been abandoned by their parents and i wonder if you can recognize the tale which has a forbidden room those of you who have read bluebeard know that there was one room that the young bride could never enter well you know quite a bit about fairy tales and i am happy to see that you can recognize many signature elements and in fact signature elements of fairy tales are what we are going to be working with this semester and the goal is for you to recognize these signature elements signature details and be able to incorporate them into a fairy tale of your own possibly so i am now about to embark on lecture one which is going to concern itself with the definitions of fairy tales quite a few characteristics of fairy tales and my theme or exemplum from the tales we'll look at at the end are from rags to rich's tales i thought i would prepare for you this sheep called talking points talking points just so you can see how i'm organizing this lecture and i probably will do this for every lecture to come something for you to refer back to and maybe uh review a section again or something you didn't hear the first time that you want to review so i'd like to talk about the etymology of fairy tales and let you know about some big collections of fairy tales after that and i may pause at that point and start into part two of lecture one um i will look at the characteristic elements of fairy tales and we'll look at three tales in their entirety we'll look at pigskin little lucy goosey girl and seven brooms fairy tales very interesting to find out that the word fairy in the romance languages as applied to the fairy tale or the wonder tale goes back to a latin feminine word fatah which is a rare variant of photum which means fate so the root of fairy is fate phantom also gives way to the french word fey or we have the italian fatah and the spanish hada all of these mean fairy and have connotations of fate thus fairies should have knowledge of the future and the past and they will foretell events to come and they can also give warnings in the stories for which they are named classic example there is the penultimate fairy in sleeping beauty who mitigated the curse that the disgruntled fairy had given the curse of death is mitigated to the curse of the 100 year sleep still don't you agree it's much better to sleep for a hundred years than to sleep forever so she did influence sleeping beauty's fate another way of looking at the word although not in the same root fairy can be seen to have strong semantic reference to fay and fair both of which derive from the middle english word feyen and the anglo-saxon word fagin these two words mean to agree to fit to suit to join to unite to bind and when you read the introduction in classic fairy tales by iona and peter opie and when you see the different characteristics they are describing for fairy tales you will see that they put quite a bit of emphasis on this meaning of fairy to unite to bind because they feel that one of the major emphases of fairy tales is the marriage and after which the tale ends happily and the tale usually ends also right at that point so very very interesting to find out that fairy tales have their root in fate other um languages in other languages fairy tale is called martian in german norwegian event here in celtic and jacobian or i would say antique english we have the world of fairy french will hear about the tale of the fairies hunt de fei and italian kunto plural kunti you may not be aware of this but there are many many major collections of fairy tales and not recent either in fact i want to start with possibly the most important seminal collection of fairy tales ever written and that is the auf leyla leila you would know that as the um thousand and one nights and in fact that is the title that it was the collection was given by the french translator antoine galland who got a hold of a medieval arabic manuscript and translated it from arabic to french in 1704 to 1717 [Music] the spread of time there was devoted to publishing 12 volumes so the collection auf leyla walela does come from baghdad in iraq and it is such an extraordinary collection of tales with the most marvelous events and uh the characters and uh you have heard of sinbad and you have heard of alibaba and the 40 thieves and uh all of these are part of our culture and it can be said that galland was extremely responsible for uh for publicizing these tales first in the french translation culturally the emphasis of the arabian nights on european culture cannot be underestimated uh the uh um what do i want to say the aureonalyzing influence of these tails spread its way throughout western european culture into architecture into art into fashion into paintings into um cuisine and so it was an extremely revolutionary discovery that the europeans had meanwhile of course through the the age of discovery and the voyages of discovery to the new world to india the setup of the um east india uh tea company by the brits the dutch india company the european exploration of these newfound lands all of this was just a giant catalyst for the arts well uh the next collection i'll mention is the tale of tales also known as the pentameron this is from naples and was printed over a couple of years by gian batista vasil very interesting collection because it's 50 tails and the inner 49 tails are framed by the 50th tail so it has an interesting structure it was written in a rather obscure neapolitan dialect they're not quite sure how did these tales get into the french court so that uh later writers would be familiar with them but it did happen and most likely through travel and through merchants um and we are going to actually one of our tales that we're going to look at today is from this early collection pero charles perrot was a french courtier a french aristocrat and he is known as the author of probably the most important collection of fairy tales which in its original french was called estrada and these were eight tails eight tails total published in 1697. and adventure morality means that there were little morals tacked on at the end so the tales were meant to teach a lesson but to whom because perro from his position in court and i'll tell you more in just a moment he wrote these tales for amusement for entertainment amongst his courtier friends and aristocrats this was actually a genre of the fairy tale called salon or sale parlor tales and not meant for children at all but it meant for adults to amuse themselves now as for pero he was quite a powerful figure at the court of if you've heard of the sun king louis xiv louis qatar and he had a very big important part in the court he was the inspector of royal buildings for nearly 20 years so his career was devoted to the architectural celebration and creation of um beautiful building sites in honor of louis qatar and so his title official title was the controller de batimandi and that meant inspector of royal buildings he was also a member of the french academy of letters of very educated men of uh science and philosophy and literature and he had uh several books that he wrote on quite a few elevated topics and yet we know pero for this little collection of eight tales and this collection they uh the easter the histories has been called one of the most closely analyzed works of french literature in fact someone a scholar wrote quote that the tales petals tales are amongst the most meaningful stories ever written and link pero's name to the mythology folklore and psychology of modern man end quote quite a claim there don't you think and it's interesting because when they were published in 1697 pero's name was not on the title page he evidently was too ashamed for having written these little tales for amusement for entertainment he put his teenage son's name as the author of the title page and of course his teenage son 16 years old would not have written them so pero the eminent uh member of the french academy of arts and sciences the culture the big inspector of all the royal building projects was too ashamed to list his name madame dalmois she was also a peer contemporary of pero and she also put together her little collection of tales cult daisy tales of the fairies and i want to emphasize that these tales and a very uh large collection of tales called the fairy library were all written by members of the french aristocracy of the court possibly upper middle class written for each other for their amusement they would read these tales to each other when they would visit each other in their chateau and it was quite elegant and as the french would say a museum this is a big collection 41 volumes and so that's the french take on fairy tales no who comes into the picture but probably the tales that you know the best and um that is uh these are the tales of the brothers grimm they're grim jacob and wilhelm and they were very highly educated brothers and they um actually were hired to put together a library of one of the royal noble men um at that time of course you know napoleon was uh if you look at these dates here 1812 1815 napoleon had been making his way across europe and a huge uh to use another uh more contemporary expression uh a blitzkrieg of his own all the way to russia but of course he was defeated but um it is true that they here's something that i have to clarify the brothers grim did not write any of those household tales they didn't write a single one they collected the tales they collected the tales from either their relatives or the inner circle or the educated people that they were friends with or associated with uh just for an example wilhelm married someone called dorchen wilde and she was the youngest of four daughters of dorothea wilde and so from his mother-in-law dorothea wilde wilhelm got 36 tales so that came straight from his mother-in-law um the grimms had a sister named dorothea not not the mother-in-law although her name is the same dorothea married ludwig hassenflug and his three sisters passed on 41 of the tales so there's this myth that the brothers grimm knocked at the doors of the peasants cottages and asked for local tales in truth most of their tales are from the upper middle classes highly educated and in fact the peasant roots are very slim so their roots of the tales themselves though from the people that uh provided the tales some of those tales did date quite a way back some of them were medieval medieval german and possibly from folk tales dating even from martin luther's time around 15 early 1500s so it's interesting but this household tales de kinder unt house mushkin was very important it came out in two editions here 1812 1815 and um jakob who was embarked on an encyclopedia of the german language which was never complete and he by the way never married he he and his brother put together several more collections of the tales as they found more and more of them as their in-laws gave them more and more as other people provided more and more of these tales and something happened um the tales in the first editions were left what shall i say they were left as they were delivered to them so they were very what should i say pristine and intact well some of the subject matter may not have been appropriate for various audiences such as children and so what happened with the brothers grimm tales was an infantilizing process where they were literally cleaned up and so the additions ran from i think up to like 1850 different various editions kept coming out they kept getting uh more spruced up more appropriate shall we say for different audiences this might have been part of that whole uh bourgeoisie vacation of culture the rise of the middle classes that was so characteristic of the victorian age both in england and germany and in western europe and so as a result of the rapunzel for example in the 1812 original edition when rapunzel asks the visiting witch after a certain gentleman has been paying her quite a few visits up in the tower she asks her the guardian the witch guardian one day who visits her in the tower can you tell me why the belt on my skirt is getting tighter and tighter each day well i can tell you that that question was definitely some sword edited out and it does not appear in other editions that question became something very innocent uh not even related to the tightening band on the skirt pair christian aspiansen and eurekan mo well these two norwegians uh did something very interesting they're sometimes called the norwegian grimms because they also went out into the countryside in norway and of course that countryside would have had very different geography from that of germany uh norway being mostly mountains and fjords and uh very little uh arable cultivatable land but they did go to the local people and collected tales and they published it in 1852 in norske and if you remember event here is the norwegian word for fairy tale we are going to look at one of their tales today which is called little lucy goosey girl and you may be a bit surprised at the tale and it's shall we say earthiness another collection i will point to alexander aphanasia and he came out with russian folk tales published in eight parts uh from 1855 to 1863. i don't have the russian title i apologize but i do have the english for you and we are going to look at one of his tales today so those are the main collections and uh there are the main collections there are a few others um but these are the ones in the main and i would have to say look at this a thousand years of longevity for the tales and very vital and rich and long tradition so let us turn our attention i said that we would look at the etymology we would look at collections and let me just get organized a tiny little bit before we begin talking about characteristics so at that point i think i'm going to pause for a moment organize my notes and we will look at characteristics in just a few moments greetings students again here is part two of lecture one on definitions and characteristics of the fairy tale genre in this segment i'd like to concentrate on so-called characteristics of the fairy tale genre and then we are going to turn our attention to three tales and we will analyze them and try to recognize these signature elements or characteristics in these tales in the classic fairy tales book the husband and wife team iona and peter opie identify several characteristics of the fairy tale they say that first it has to be unbelievable that it should have also a supernatural element or a feeling of enchantment they also say that the tale usually concentrates on one person and that the hero or the heroine is usually a young person and very often this young person is disowned or has been abandoned another characteristic the opie's explain is that the characters are usually stock figures they are what we know from literary terms uh flat characters uh they're not fully developed complex personalities they are uh stock figures such as tom thumb uh beauty and the beast for example beauty and um we also have of course the formulaic opening and closing which you know so well once upon a time and then the closing is most likely if it's a happy ending and they lived happily forever after sometimes that ending does vary a little bit and the narrator will say this is my story i've told it and in your hands i leave it and something a variation like that we'll find that in different ethnic varieties of fairy tales they have different ways of closing and even opening tales the opie's also mentioned that there is a big emphasis on marriage the major goal of a fairy tale is marriage or riches riches and i feel that in my view this actually is the primary thrust of most fairy tales the um sacred marriage as i call it and uh that once that is achieved your happy ending will usually follow immediately so just looking at this list i've put together we do have the formulaic opening and closing we have a complete as the op say it has to be unbelievable the events are unbelievable um so there is to borrow another literary term there is a suspension of disbelief we will not question uh in the pedal version of the sleeping beauty the dwarf with his um the seven league boots where the dwarf can cover seven leagues or seven miles with each step from his boots and so there is a complete disregard for logic and when someone uh takes on the impossible task of uh finding the pearl in the at the bottom of the c which has been hidden away in a chest we do not look at that in a logical way we expect these fantastic events marina warner who is a very highly regarded uh fairy tale scholar um has an important book called from the beast to the blonde on fairy tales and their tellers and she uses a term which is i think very useful her term is studied ambiguity you will find in fairy tales a very big emphasis on on events that take place in a closed world sometimes i will use this all this like cluster phrase in the far away and long ago all one word in the far away and long ago that's when the events take place in a fairy tale you don't hear a fairy tale start out on march 16th 1842 uh jack was walking down the road and appeared at his shoe and noticed that his shoelace needed to be tied and so he bent over but saw that there was a gold coin in the road and we don't have any specific reference to dates or times we actually never hear about wars in fairy tales or very faintly in the 12 dancing princesses yes there is an old soldier who's coming to try his hand at discovering why there are uh all the old worn out shoes that the father has to replace every day from his twelve daughters but we don't know what war he has come back from and we don't even know what country these wars might have taken place in so it is a completely closed world speaking of that old soldier though he did find out uh what happened to those shoes every night when the princesses descended into the underworld and so he was given the reward of choosing any one of those 12 daughters for his wife and he said well since i'm an old veteran i'm going to choose the eldest daughter and so they were happily married we see over and over and over again in fairy tales um a characteristic that i call the elevation of the lowly we're going to see that today in our tales as well and so we are getting a kind of a handle on what to expect in fairy tales and we are going to become familiar with magic formulas and magic objects and mirror mirror on the wall magic refrains um and all of this that are definitely part and parcel of a fairy tale impossible tasks too impossible tasks we will see all the time and uh the hero or heroine is asked to do the impossible but of course they often have um fairies or some kind of an agent that will help them to succeed in the task sometimes these agents that help them the agency is from the animals that the hero or heroine has been kind to and this is definitely one of the laws of fairy tales is that kindness to animals is always rewarded and we'll see that in one of our tales today repetition how many times do they go to the ball three times and each time the gown is even more beautiful we see hierarchy hierarchy is going on the first time they wear the blue dress then the red dress then the gold dress all kinds of hierarchy is witnessed in fairy tales and um let's see well you're familiar with the cruel stepmother the cruel stepmother uh in cinderella and also cruel stepdaughters i will say stepsisters so we have dysfunctional families and uh and you know they are part of the sometimes part of the plot at the start where the hero or heroine is lowly remember cinderella actually means ash girl and so she is reduced to the ashes but of course at the end we will witness the sacred marriage that rise from ash girl the elevation of the lowly to the happy ending is representative of something happening in fairy tales that i myself have come to call perippity so perippity is a word i've come up with and it describes the sudden upward or downward reversals in one's fortune and for example in cinderella after she has been matched with the glass slipper and discovered as the real princess then her perippity from ash girl to the wife of the prince is definitely upward perippity and another thing about perippity it can be permanent so we know she will enjoy that status for the rest of time or it could be downward periphery in some versions of cinderella uh terrible things are going to happen to the wicked stepmother and stepsisters so that is my way of describing that up and down up and down sometimes it's temporary sometimes it is permanent another thing happening in fairy tales you will find um animals turning into humans humans turning into animals all kinds of shape-shifting metamorphosis going on and that is something i am personally very fascinated with which which i have come up with another term to describe it i call it counterfeiture and when you disguise yourself or masquerade as something else we're going to see that uh very highly displayed in the king thrush beard tales coming up where people down disguises they pretend to be something they are not and uh this will play a very big role in plot structure because uh the events will reflect how the characters are responding to the different disguises well i think i passed over bed tricks this that trick's very interesting and completely unexpected as you would expect in fairy tales but it's there and the bed trick is a relationship in which you do have counterfeit sure it's it's a relationship in which you have um someone uh being a trickster a trickster and someone being the dupe of the trickster oh we're going to see that very clearly displayed in little lucy goosey girl today i'll just say something else about that bed trick sometimes the victim does not know the trickster the identity of the trickster sometimes they think that they're in bed with someone else uh sometimes the trickster puts a double of himself herself into the bed with the dupe uh sometimes there's a magic object as part of the bed trick that will play a part in the bed trick so that the trickster will have more control over the dupe but yes this is another characteristic of fairy tales we're going to see that today in little lucy goosey girl overall much of the time we see plot movement in fairy tales going from terrible abject threat to the final act of mercy and this is my take on many fairy tales it's kind of a dynamic that i i see happening in many if not most fairy tales um and we will see with the elevation of the lowly uh that they if they begin in a position of threat or poverty uh that they will end up with a very high status and with riches and wealth and of course with this ideal marriage partner so let us begin taking a look at our three tails and while we're doing that let's try to point to as many of these characteristics as we can the first tale we'll look at is from the russian folk tales by afanasiev and called pigskin it's not very long it's not very long i think just to start us off let's take a look at it together pig's skin and as i'm reading through this would you go ahead and try to maybe jot down a note or two what characteristics are you seeing already as we read through this a great prince had a beautiful wife and he loved her with all his heart his wife had died and he had only his daughter who was as like her mother as one drop of water is like another drop of water the prince said to his daughter dear daughter i shall marry you the girl went to the cemetery to her mother's grave and began to weep bitterly the mother said order a dress to be bought for you a dress covered in stars the prince bought the girl just such a dress and fell in love with her more than ever the girl went to talk to her mother again the mother said order a dress to be bought for you a dress with the silver moon sewn on its back and the golden sun on its front the father bought the dress and fell still more deeply in love the girl went to her mother again and wept bitterly mother my father now loves me more than ever well my child said the mother now you must order a pigskin to be made for you the father had that made too and as soon as the skin was ready the daughter put it on the father spat on her and threw her out of their home he didn't allow her any maids nor did he even give her any bread to take with her the girl crossed herself and walked out through the gate i'll go she said wherever god wills she walked for a day and for a second day and for a third day she entered unknown lands storm clouds appeared and it began to rain where could she shelter the princess saw a huge oak tree she climbed up and sat in its branches just then a zaravich came past he was going hunting his dogs rushed at the oak they leapt at the tree and barked at it zarovich was curious why he wondered were his dogs barking at a tree he sent his servant to look the servant came back and said your highness there's a beast sitting up in the oak tree only it's not a beast but a marvelous wonder a wondrous marvel the zaradesh went to the foot of the tree and asked what kind of a marvel are you can you or can you not speak the princess replied i am pigskin instead of going on with his hunting the zarovich sat pigskin in his carriage and said i shall show my mother and father this marvelous wonder this wondrous marvel his mother and father marveled at pigskin and had her put in a special room soon afterwards the czar gave a ball everyone at court went to make merry pigskin asked one of the servants may i stand by the door and watch the ball don't even think of it pigskin she went out into the open step and put on a dress that was scattered with glittering stars she let out something between a shout and a whistle and there beside her was a carriage off she drove to the ball she arrived went in and began to dance everyone marveled where had such a beauty appeared from she danced and danced and then she disappeared she put on her pigskin and ran back to her room the zarovich went to her room and asked wasn't that you pigskin weren't to you that beauty me with this skin of mine she replied how could i have been at the ball i just stood by the door zara gave another ball pigskin asked to be allowed to go and watch don't even think of it she went out into the open step and let out something between a shout and a whistle and a carriage appeared she cast off her pigskin and put on a dress the moon shone on her back and the golden sun from her breast she arrived at the ball and began to dance there she was dancing at the ball everyone watched she danced for a while and then she disappeared she put on her pigskin and ran back to her room what am i to do thought the zarovich who could that beauty have been how am i to find out then he had an idea he would smear the first of the steps with pitch then her shoe would stick and be left behind at the third ball the princess seemed more beautiful still but when she left the palace her little shoes stuck to the pitch the zarovich took this little shoe and began to search everywhere in the zardem whose foot would the little shoe fit he traveled through all his lands and found no ho no one whom the shoe fitted he got back home went straight to pigskin and said show me your foot she showed him her foot the little shoe proved a perfect fit then the zarovich slit open the pigskin and took it off the princess then he took her by her white hand letter to his mother and father and asked their permission to marry her the tsar and saritsa gave the young couple their blessing when they were married the zaradich asked his wife why were you wearing a pigskin it was because i looked like my late mother she replied and my father wanted to marry me well i think you recognize the base tail i think you see that the tail of cinderella has found its way into the russian tales and we have many many recognizable characteristics of that tale here we have the three successive balls we have the suspension of disbelief when she speaks to her mother in the cemetery we have counterfeiture where she disguises herself as a wild beast wearing her pig skin we have a hierarchy it's an unusual hierarchy because the first beautiful gown uh covered in stars is followed by the dress with the silver moon and golden sun so we're going uh in a hierarchy where things are much more beautiful but then it gets blasted by the third which out of necessity is going to become the pigskin perippity perippity is here there and everywhere here isn't it because uh she is um a princess at the start and then she enters her big state of wandering wandering through unknown lands uh she is of course abandoned and thrown out by the father so that's very strong downward periphery it's not permanent downward periphery though is it because once the zaravich has identified her as the beautiful princess at the balls he uh elevates her to the status of his wife we do have sacred marriage here and we do have um let's see we have magic objects because the pigskin itself uh and the glass shoe and uh the appearance of the carriage out of the blue and so on so there are magic objects sense of enchantment here above all what is the theme the theme is incest and when i said to you that it is very easy to discern a dynamic of going from threat to mercy we see that even the mother by the counterfeiture of the pigskin is giving her daughter um a sense of escape and salvation from the father's obsession and so this is from threat to mercy definitely on view and so um many of these signature elements are displayed and so it's a good way to recognize the elements that are going on we read this tale in full let's go to the norwegian tale now [Music] and just want to point out a couple of things to you right off the bat do you see this type 870a the little goose girl uh what does that need what does that mean type 870a well guess what some scholars uh and uh stiff thompson is the major one stiff s-t-i-t-h thompson undertook one of the most vast uh tasks or jobs i think known to man and that is to look at thousands of fairy tales from all kinds of different cultures and to identify them by their tale type and so this tale type of the little goose girl is classified as type 870a and we can follow that tale type through different cultures in the world just as we saw cinderella uh uh revealed in a russian tale um and i i forgot what the tale type is i'd have to look it up and i don't have that handy but it is its own tail type and so i just wanted you to be aware that tail types are a wonderful way of recognizing the signature elements of fairy tales so this one as i said at the start of the lecture uh collected in the norske focaventir by pair christian osbjornsen in eastern norway they said here a little bit uh below this uh variant is found in the eastern mountain areas of norway and so we have then a tale which begins with the formulaic opening there once was a king who had so many geese that he had to have a girl just to tend them her name was lucy and so they called her little lucy goosey girl now there was a king son from england who was going out courting lucy sat down on the road to wait for him are you sitting there little lucy said the king's son when he came yes here i sit a patching and amending i'm waiting for the king's son from england today said little lucy you can't expect to get him said the king's son oh yes if i'm to have him i'll get him all right said little lucy now that exchange between little lucy and the king's son from england happens three times in this tale happens three times in this tale and already i hope you see we're going to have elevation of the lowly because she is she is after being the wife of the prince from england and is she going to get it well we will see i'm not going to read this tale it's in its entirety but um we'll glance at just different sections and then you can study it more closely but i want you to see that when the king's son does want to marry he has them visit him at the castle and he has a magic stone and he puts the stone in front of his bed and the stone knows everything and so little lucy goosey girl is going to take quite a bit of advantage of that stone's powers and she's also going to trick the different princesses because she's warning them if there is anything you do not want that prince to know then you should not climb over that stone when you get into the bed because the stone will tell him everything about you well when this princess heard that she was quite upset and so she hit upon asking lucy to take her place so already we're building up a story where we have a counterfeit princess who is going to take the place of the real princess in bed with the prince and this happens the first time and so when little lucy goosey girl comes and steps up the stone after dawn appears the prince asked who's that climbing in my bed and the stone who speaks the truth says a pure and untainted virgin and then in the morning after the true princess has taken lucy's place i guess they do a little bit of a switcheroo there in the night but when she is climbing out of the bed the stone speaks the truth and says one who's had three lovers well when the prince heard this he did not want her you might know so he sent her home again and took another sweetheart instead this situation occurs three times and we're going to have a bit of hierarchy here because the first time it happens the princess has had three previous lovers and that's exactly what she didn't want the prince to find out about her the second one uh has had where is that uh has had six lovers so the prince did not want her either and sent her packing but still he thought he would have to try once more to find a pure and untainted virgin and so the third time it happens again little lucy goosey girl tricks the princess to arrange a switch and using our hierarchy when she gets out of bed that time [Music] when she gets out of bed well how many lovers has she had she's had nine and so that's what the stone says revealing the truth well the prince is getting a little bit flustered here he doesn't understand how can this be happening and he wants to find out the pure and untainted virgin the identity so he plays a little trick himself on little loosey goosey girl he puts a ring on her and yet when he comes to find out if she has had the ring on her finger as he may have suspected she deflects that situation this is a rather curious reaction i've wondered about for some time is this a typical female reaction to play hard to get i'm not sure but she uh she claims i've cut myself badly and that's why she has the bandage covering the right the ring but then all is revealed and he took her with him to the king's manor and gave her plenty of beautiful things and fine clothing and then they held the wedding and her uh plan to get the king son of england comes true she is going to experience a permanent upward periphery we've had quite a time with this tale based on the bed trick and as i said in my lecture notes you're going to have the magic object you'll have repetition you'll have hierarchy the bed trick you'll have a lot of counterfeiture elevation of the lowly permanent upward terrific and the sacred marriage uh i just want to think about that bed trick going on here for a little bit um trickster and dupe who with the bed trick is the trickster and who is the dupe i've had s students this over the years and many people feel of course that little lucy is the arch trickster because she is duping the princesses and the prince um those princesses too are duping the prince they're tricksters in their own right because uh they don't want him to find out that they have been so promiscuous and i wonder if the prince himself with the ring trick is uh duping little lucy goosey girl so we have all kinds of trickery going on here and i would like to know uh who is the arch trickster well i think you're getting a little bit of a handle on identifying characteristic elements here we're going to look last at um the tail from the 1600s from the seal from the pentagram this is one of those 50 tails and the 50 tails framed by the 50th tail it's an interesting structure and this tail is going to be unusual in many respects let me just go back to that for a moment uh i like you as we're reading through this and of course it's a long time i'm not going to read through it all i want you to look for these uh characteristics um from fairy tales that kindness to animals is always rewarded you have an emphasis on the youngest there is gender hierarchy um going on that is to do with uh male and female uh classifying prioritizing there's a strong narratorial presence this tale is actually told in the first person and there is not a set final ending there's a possibility of alternative endings here that's it's helped it's left up in the air as to what actually happens so we're going to start you off here and you'll see right away there is a strong [Music] narratorial presence many years ago in my mother's town called casino not far from naples there was a merchant by the name of domenico somewhat chubby and pompous who on the birth of his seventh daughter flung open the windows of his house and yelled seven broom seven brooms but just as he was about to close the windows with a narrow satisfaction he heard across the street seven swords seven swords it was his neighbor giuseppe whose wife had just given birth to their seventh son well this merchant was just as stout and full of himself as domenico and he laughed loudly and shouted at domenico seven brooms what good are they they'll sweep you clean oh yeah respond to domenico seven swords will stick you where it hurts and i'm gonna let you go through this uh buttonage here and you'll see it's quite earthy uh and uh with the exchange of insults uh maybe a little unexpected for in your minds for the 1600s the important thing to realize here is you've got seven daughters seven sons and with the classic emphasis on the youngest we are indeed going to find that the seventh daughter her name is fortuna is going to undertake an impossible task and it is a task that is not expected uh for by her to accomplish and that is because she is female she will prove uh all of uh that wrong because when the king's wife was kidnapped by the sorcerer she's going to undertake the task of saving the queen and it is going to end up being almost a duel between the youngest son satimo and with the seventh son and the youngest daughter fortuna i'm not going to go through this tale reading it through in detail other than to find out uh that when satimo undertakes the task of rescuing the queen and he goes first he's a male he's expected to do this that um uh he is not a success and in fact um uh it's interesting but he is going to almost torture the creatures that he meets along the way and of course fortuna's following in his path she is going to find all the creatures that he has abused and she will save them now we're going to see on display one of the main laws of fairy tales uh that kindness to animals is always rewarded so as you can imagine that is going to take her through to the end of the tale and i want to just point out here uh and i guess i should say spoiler alert alert spoiler alert that um she is going to rescue the queen and she's going to rescue the teemo who whom the sorcerer has turned into stone and should bring him back to town and revive him from his calcified state petrified state i should probably say more accurately and now we're going to get this unusual alternate ending so some say that soon after this event for tuna and her six sisters married satimo and his six brothers but to be frank this is all gossip the truth is that fortuna had swept the sorcerer off his feet and soon after she had returned to casino he came riding into town with his six brothers anyone who's grown up in casino knows what happened after that they all know my mother's story and how i came to be and if you don't believe me just come and listen to what they have to say huh well this is interesting and unusual he is for tuna's son and after all her great adventures uh he is here to tell us the tale so after you have read that story closely um i'd like you to identify i'd like you to identify these features here there's a couple of others too and then i want you to tackle task one task one is the first of your three tasks and you have two weeks to perform this task is it an impossible task as fortuna had to uh get fetch the pearl the diamond and the gold and egg uh from the whale the dragon and the eagle's nest well we shall see here's what i'd like you to consider and it boils down to this question whose is the more clever strategy in achieving her goal is it little lucy goosey girls strategy or is it for tuna strategy and uh and that is what i want you to decide so you will make up your mind between the two heroines and then i would like you to demonstrate why you chose one over the other and so you may want to talk about uh tasks or talk about tricks or you can whatever strategy you think it was more forceful but the main question to answer here is whose is the more clever strategy so as to what you have to write yes it should be a complete essay should have an introduction paragraph those development paragraphs in the middle and a conclusion i think it's certainly fine to quote judiciously from the stories as you need to and i think the entire essay will probably run uh two to three doubles based word process pages in length last why don't you provide your own title to your essay and i kind of said tricks up your sleeve or a good heart there is no doubt that our wonderful fortuna who is masquerading as the night the saving night on the horse and actually wears armor too in the story she has a very good heart and uh rescues all the animals that that nasty satimo had had tortured little loosey goosey girl i'm telling you uh her trick her trickery is masterful and she gets exactly what she has her heart set on so and i guess the last point i'd like to make here is okay so you've chosen fortuna for example i don't want you to neglect little lucy uh so say something on both sides uh or if you've chosen that lucy mentioned something that fortuna accomplished her big grandiose accomplishments going to the sea and forest and up to the mountaintop but um so it should be balanced but the point is you're going to bring evidence to bear as to why you think one or the other is more clever probably two to three double-spaced word process pages sometimes i have students ask me well if i go on a little bit more than that will i get points taken off no absolutely not i don't see any reason to go too much further past two to three double spaced word process pages uh and i think five definitely after that you don't need to write a thesis here five pages is way too much but do what you can and um i guess you do have to um evaluate both heroines and present your evidence for your your big trickster here your master trickster maybe mistress maybe mistress trickster is the true way of describing it but that is your first task of three and um i will leave you to look at the tales yourselves in much more detail and uh hopefully uh you will be able to start becoming very familiar with the characteristics of fairy tales so with that i leave you to our heroines and the exemplum from rags to riches all right