IGCSE Business Studies - Cost Scale Production and Break-even Analysis

hey friends my name is yi and you&#39;re watching you miss easy and welcome to a new video for rgcc business studies and today we have 4.2 for cost scale production and break-even analysis and by the end of the lesson you should be able to describe 4.2.1 identified and classified costs 4.2.2 economics and this economics of scale and 4.2.3 the break-even analysis so check out the pin comment for all the time exams but we&#39;ll move on now to 4.2.1 identify and classify course and his business costs all business activities involve costs of some sort and these costs cannot be ignored for example the manager of a business is planning to open a new factory making sport shoes and why does the manager need to think about the course and some of the reasons are explained below number one the cost of the cost of opening like operating a factory can be compared with revenue from the sale of the sports shoes to calculate whether or not the business will make a profit or loss and maintain the cost of two different locations for the fact for like the new factory can be compared and number three to help the manager decide what price should be charged for a pair of sport shoes an accurate cost information is therefore very very important for managers then i have fixed cost and variable costs and fixed costs are costs which do not vary in the short run with the number of items sold or produced and they have to be paid whether the business is making any sales or not and they are also known as overhead costs and variable costs are costs which vary directly with the number of items sold or produced and in calculating the cost of the business it&#39;s important to understand the difference between the different tabs of course and the main tabs of course are fixed cost and the variable cost right here on top and on my right and examples of fixed costs include management salaries and rent paid for property and even if the output was zero as i mentioned you must still have to pay it and examples of variable costs include materials costs and peace rate labor costs and the more units that they produce the higher these variable costs will be then we have the total cost and average cost total costs are fixed and variable costs combine and the average cost per unit is the total cost of production divided by the total output sometimes referred to as unit cost and the total cost of a business during a period of time are all fixed costs and added to that develop all variable cost of production this total figure that can then be compared with the sales revenue for the period to calculate the profit or loss made and an average cost per unit can be calculated from the total cost figure an average cost is a total cost of production divided by the total output and for like a sports stream manufacturer producing 30 000 pairs of shoes each year this could be calculated as follow we have like the total cost of production 150 000 equals fixed cost plus total variable costs which are 50 000 and hundred thousand each for example and for stage two the average cost of production which is the total cost per uh the total cost of production in the time period divided by the total output in the time period and you have to be the same time period and let&#39;s say we have to hold the total cost of production right here 150 000 divided by the total output 30 000 pairs of shoe each year it means it&#39;s five dollars per pair and if both the average cost production and the level of output is known the total cost can be calculated by multiplying average cost per unit by the output the total cost equals average cost per unit times output then we have to use cost data to make so that help make simple like cost based design and using cost data and once a business has classified like all costs into either fixed or variable this information can be used to help make like business decisions and here are three examples that use of course data setting prices deciding whether to stop production or continue and deciding on the best location let&#39;s say for like setting prices like the average cost you want to make profit here at cost-based pricing and explanation the explanation for it is that if the average hospital unit is not known the business could charge a price that leads to a loss being made on each item sold and for deciding uh whether it&#39;s whether to stop or to continue the production for example the example include if the total annual cost of producing a product is 25 000 but the total revenue is only 23 000 then your business is making a loss and could decide to stop making the product and the explanation include no business wants to continue to make a loss but the decision to like stop making a product will like also depend on whether the product has just been launched to the market and the fixed cost will still have to be paid and for the deciding on the best location examples include the location for a for a new shop has a total avenue annual cost of 24 000 and location b has 15 000 annual cost and on this data alone location a should be chosen but in reality there will be more things that go into like the deciding on the location like maybe like closer to the cbd or the central business district or like the outskirts of the city or like transportation links and of course i&#39;m not only the only factor that is considered they might be not like they might be like i say like location to like this site or like choosing a low-cost location for a new shop then we have 4.2.2 economics and this economies of scale so here&#39;s here we have the concept of economies with of scale with examples so here&#39;s economies of scale economies of scale are the factors that lead to a reduction in average cost of a business increase in size and there are five economies of scale number one purchasing economies when businesses buy large numbers of components and they are able to gain discounts for buying in bulk number two the marketing economies there are several advantages of for like a large business when marketing its products including being able to protect like purchase its own vehicles to distribute goods rather than depending on other firms and transport costs will be reduced using large like larger vehicles number three financial economies larger businesses are often able to raise capital more cheaply than smaller ones and back bank managers often consider that lending to large organizations is less risky than lending to smaller ones and the lower rate of interest is therefore often charged number four managerial economies small businesses of like small businesses cannot usually afford to pay for a specialist manager like a marketing manager this tends to reduce the efficiency and large companies can afford specialists and this increases their efficiency and helps to reduce their average costs and then we have technical economies and there are many of these but here are some few examples like transport costs can be cut by a large amount when using larger ships and vehicles and large manufacturing firms often use flow production methods and these apply the principle of the division of labor and the use of flow production and the latest equipment will be reduced at the average cost for the large manufacturing businesses and in addition uh some machineries is only made with a certain high output capacity that for example automatic larger machine can do hundred welds at a time or a minute and a small firm if bought such a machine you couldn&#39;t keep the machine working all day and the average cost of using it would be high and this is because the machinery is not divisible into smaller capacity machines and then we have this economics of scale and this economies of scale are the factors that lead to an increase in average cost of like business as the business grows beyond a certain size and is it possible for a business to become so large that it becomes less and less effective is there a limit to economics of scale and some research i actually suggest that a very large businesses may become less efficient than the smaller ones and this could lead to higher average costs for big firms and this could occur because of certain diseconomies of scale and includes number one poor communication the largest of the like the largest organization the more difficult it becomes to send and receive accurate messages if there is a slow or inaccurate communication then serious mistake can appear which leads to lower efficiency and higher average costs and this relates to my first like first few videos on like session one affect the change of command and the company structure whether it&#39;s at tall or short or a long chain of command or short chain of command number two the lack of commitment from employees large businesses can employ thousands of workers and it is possible that one worker will never see the top manager of the business and workers may feel that they are unimportant and not valued by the management and in small firms it is possible to establish closely relationships between workers and top managers and the lack of these relationships in a large business can lead to a lack of commitment low efficiency among the workers and this will tend to push up average costs and number three the weak coordination and it often takes longer for this decision to meet like to be made by managers to reach all parts of large business and different groups of workers this can make it too difficult to coordinate the work and decisions of all parts of the business and ensure that they are working towards the same objectives employees could also take a long time to react to managerial decisions like once it has been taken and it is very difficult to prove that these this economies exist in practice however many very large businesses are like now breaking themselves up into smaller units which can control themselves and communicate more effectively and this trend is aimed at preventing this economies of scale that reduce efficiency and raise average costs then we have economies of this economic scale at the diagram to show that for economics of scale these lower the average cost like purchasing marketing financial managerial and technical which is which is that good and this economist of scale is a bad one which raises the average cost due to poor communication slower decision making and lack of commitment from employees then we have 4.2.3 break even analysis and here&#39;s the concept of breakeven grid even is a very important idea for any business especially a newly set up business and then break even level of output or sales indicate to the owner or manager of a business the minimum level of output that must be sold so that the total costs are covered and at this break even level of output it is important to note that a profit is not being made but neither is a loss and a quicker a newly set up business can reach break-even point the more likely it is to survive and go on to make profits and if a business never reaches the break-even point then it will always make a loss and the break-even level of output can be worked out in two ways by drawing a break-even graph or chart and by calculations and here we have drawing a break-even chart and in order to draw a break-even chart we need information about the fixed cost variable cost and the revenue of a business for example in the sports shoe business we will assume that the fixed costs are 5 000 per year the variable cost of each pair of shoes are like three dollars each pair of shoe is sold for a price of eight dollars and the factory can produce a maximum up of two thousand pairs of shoe per year so here we have the break even charts we have this y-axis and x-axis the x-axis is the units of production and the y-axis is the cost and revenue and we have this blue line or a green line if you call it whatever and it&#39;s the variable cost and it&#39;s constantly changing and the more you sell the more like the higher it is because variable cost is affected by the the output of the sales and this horizontal black line over here is the fixed cost and it will it will not change because it&#39;s fixed cost and this red line over here is the total cost this purple line over here is the sales revenue and you can see when the point of the total cost and the sales revenue crosses each other you can see like the if let&#39;s say in this case it&#39;s a one thousand unit production and this point right here is a break-even point and then break-even chart shows that shows fixed costs variable costs as i mentioned it&#39;s called variable cost so it&#39;s the cost revenue and profit and the break-even point and the point where you break even the break-even point where the total cost and revenue crosses to the left of it it&#39;s the area of loss and to the right of it is area of profit and this part right here is the profit and here&#39;s the break-even formula we have to break even unit equals the fixed cost over the sp minus vc whereby sp stands for selling price per unit and vc equals variable cost per unit and here&#39;s a table right here and when the output is two thousand units the variable cost will be two thousand times three dollars from here that the variable cost two thousand times the variable cost three dollars equals six thousand dollars and assuming all output is sold the total revenue will be two thousand times eight dollars because you can have maximum pair of shoe per year two thousand pairs and just like the sale price the selling price is eight dollars sixteen thousand dollars and make sure you understand how other figures will arrive before at before looking at how the data is used to construct a break-even graph select this line right here as i mentioned the sales revenue total sales revenue sixteen thousand and the total variable cost six thousand yeah and you can see how they the relationship between all of the factors and here&#39;s bring even chart again and the title here we can plot the information on the graph and as i mentioned the y axis measured the money amounts cost and revenue and the x axis shows the number of units produced and sold and the fixed costs do not change at any level like that output and the total cost line is addition of variable cost and fixed costs and what does the graph show the break-even point of production is where the total cost and total revenue cross and the business both must therefore sell one thousand pairs of shoes in order to make like to avoid making a loss because it crosses here you can see 1 000 pairs and right here and then production below the break-even points the business is the business is making the loss and at production above the break-even point it makes a profit and the maximum profit is made where the maximum output is reached and this is a profit level of 5 000. because we can see 16 000 which is the sales revenue the maximum sales revenue and the total cost the maximum total cost is eleven thousand sixteen thousand minus eleven thousand is five thousand so the profit the maximum profit is five thousand dollars and his advantages and limitations of breakeven growth or pre-event charts advantages include the managers are able to read off the graph for like expected profit or loss to be made at any level of output and the impact of profit or loss of certain business decisions can also be shown by redrawing the graph the break-even chart can also be used to show the margin of safety which is the amount of the amount by which sales are seated asset at the break-even point and the disadvantage includes the break-even charts are constructed assuming that all goods all like goods are produced by the firms are actually sold the fixed costs only remain constant if the steel production doesn&#39;t change the breed even tries to concentrate on the break-even point of production but there are many other aspects of production of that operations of a business which will need to be analyzed by managers like how to increase sales and lastly the simple charts used in this set like this section have assumed that the cost and revenue can be drawn in a straight line and lastly here&#39;s some definitions for flight 4.2 cost scale production and break-even analysis and here we have fixed costs and the fixed costs are costs which do not vary in the short run with the number of items sold or produced and they have to be paid whether the business is making any sales or not and they are also known as overhead costs the variable costs are costs which vary directly with the number of items sold or produced the total costs are fixed and variable cost combined the average cost per unit is the total cost of production divided by the total output sometimes referred to as the unit cost the economies of scale are the factors that lead to a reduction in average cost as business increase in size this economics of scale are the factors that lead to an increase in average cost as the business grows beyond a certain size that we have reduction and increase the break-even level of output is a quantity that must be produced or sold for total revenue to equal total cost also known as a break-even point then bring even charts or break-even graphs show how cost and revenue of a business would change with sales and ensure the level of sales the business must make in order to break even and the revenue the revenue of the business is the income during a period of time from the sale of goods and service and total revenue is equal to quantity sold by the price times by the price and the break-even point is the level of sales at which total cost equals total revenue the margin of safety is the amount by which sales exceed the break-even point and lastly contribution the contribution of a product is a typo sorry to the typo a product the contribution of a product is selling price less it&#39;s a variable cost which is the contribution and that&#39;s it for this video for 4.2 of igcc business studies wednesday we look into the second lesson of section 4 for 4.2 cost scalar production and break-even analysis and i hope you guys found it useful and found it helpful and if you did please leave a like and subscribe and don&#39;t forget to ring the notification bell and hit subscribe and like down below and comment if you have any questions or criticisms as well and check out my check out my instagram in the description for more daily contents and don&#39;t forget to hit the subscribe and notification bell and i hope you guys find it useful helpful and i&#39;ll see you guys in the next video until then stay safe and happy learning

hey friends my name is yi and you&amp;#39;re watching you miss easy and welcome to a new video for rgcc business studies and today we have 4.2 for cost scale production and break-even analysis and by the end of the lesson you should be able to describe 4.2.1 identified and classified costs 4.2.2 economics and this economics of scale and 4.2.3 the break-even analysis so check out the pin comment for all the time exams but we&amp;#39;ll move on now to 4.2.1 identify and classify course and his business costs all business activities involve costs of some sort and these costs cannot be ignored for example the manager of a business is planning to open a new factory making sport shoes and why does the manager need to think about the course and some of the reasons are explained below number one the cost of the cost of opening like operating a factory can be compared with revenue from the sale of the sports shoes to calculate whether or not the business will make a profit or loss and maintain the cost of two different locations for the fact for like the new factory can be compared and number three to help the manager decide what price should be charged for a pair of sport shoes an accurate cost information is therefore very very important for managers then i have fixed cost and variable costs and fixed costs are costs which do not vary in the short run with the number of items sold or produced and they have to be paid whether the business is making any sales or not and they are also known as overhead costs and variable costs are costs which vary directly with the number of items sold or produced and in calculating the cost of the business it&amp;#39;s important to understand the difference between the different tabs of course and the main tabs of course are fixed cost and the variable cost right here on top and on my right and examples of fixed costs include management salaries and rent paid for property and even if the output was zero as i mentioned you must still have to pay it and examples of variable costs include materials costs and peace rate labor costs and the more units that they produce the higher these variable costs will be then we have the total cost and average cost total costs are fixed and variable costs combine and the average cost per unit is the total cost of production divided by the total output sometimes referred to as unit cost and the total cost of a business during a period of time are all fixed costs and added to that develop all variable cost of production this total figure that can then be compared with the sales revenue for the period to calculate the profit or loss made and an average cost per unit can be calculated from the total cost figure an average cost is a total cost of production divided by the total output and for like a sports stream manufacturer producing 30 000 pairs of shoes each year this could be calculated as follow we have like the total cost of production 150 000 equals fixed cost plus total variable costs which are 50 000 and hundred thousand each for example and for stage two the average cost of production which is the total cost per uh the total cost of production in the time period divided by the total output in the time period and you have to be the same time period and let&amp;#39;s say we have to hold the total cost of production right here 150 000 divided by the total output 30 000 pairs of shoe each year it means it&amp;#39;s five dollars per pair and if both the average cost production and the level of output is known the total cost can be calculated by multiplying average cost per unit by the output the total cost equals average cost per unit times output then we have to use cost data to make so that help make simple like cost based design and using cost data and once a business has classified like all costs into either fixed or variable this information can be used to help make like business decisions and here are three examples that use of course data setting prices deciding whether to stop production or continue and deciding on the best location let&amp;#39;s say for like setting prices like the average cost you want to make profit here at cost-based pricing and explanation the explanation for it is that if the average hospital unit is not known the business could charge a price that leads to a loss being made on each item sold and for deciding uh whether it&amp;#39;s whether to stop or to continue the production for example the example include if the total annual cost of producing a product is 25 000 but the total revenue is only 23 000 then your business is making a loss and could decide to stop making the product and the explanation include no business wants to continue to make a loss but the decision to like stop making a product will like also depend on whether the product has just been launched to the market and the fixed cost will still have to be paid and for the deciding on the best location examples include the location for a for a new shop has a total avenue annual cost of 24 000 and location b has 15 000 annual cost and on this data alone location a should be chosen but in reality there will be more things that go into like the deciding on the location like maybe like closer to the cbd or the central business district or like the outskirts of the city or like transportation links and of course i&amp;#39;m not only the only factor that is considered they might be not like they might be like i say like location to like this site or like choosing a low-cost location for a new shop then we have 4.2.2 economics and this economies of scale so here&amp;#39;s here we have the concept of economies with of scale with examples so here&amp;#39;s economies of scale economies of scale are the factors that lead to a reduction in average cost of a business increase in size and there are five economies of scale number one purchasing economies when businesses buy large numbers of components and they are able to gain discounts for buying in bulk number two the marketing economies there are several advantages of for like a large business when marketing its products including being able to protect like purchase its own vehicles to distribute goods rather than depending on other firms and transport costs will be reduced using large like larger vehicles number three financial economies larger businesses are often able to raise capital more cheaply than smaller ones and back bank managers often consider that lending to large organizations is less risky than lending to smaller ones and the lower rate of interest is therefore often charged number four managerial economies small businesses of like small businesses cannot usually afford to pay for a specialist manager like a marketing manager this tends to reduce the efficiency and large companies can afford specialists and this increases their efficiency and helps to reduce their average costs and then we have technical economies and there are many of these but here are some few examples like transport costs can be cut by a large amount when using larger ships and vehicles and large manufacturing firms often use flow production methods and these apply the principle of the division of labor and the use of flow production and the latest equipment will be reduced at the average cost for the large manufacturing businesses and in addition uh some machineries is only made with a certain high output capacity that for example automatic larger machine can do hundred welds at a time or a minute and a small firm if bought such a machine you couldn&amp;#39;t keep the machine working all day and the average cost of using it would be high and this is because the machinery is not divisible into smaller capacity machines and then we have this economics of scale and this economies of scale are the factors that lead to an increase in average cost of like business as the business grows beyond a certain size and is it possible for a business to become so large that it becomes less and less effective is there a limit to economics of scale and some research i actually suggest that a very large businesses may become less efficient than the smaller ones and this could lead to higher average costs for big firms and this could occur because of certain diseconomies of scale and includes number one poor communication the largest of the like the largest organization the more difficult it becomes to send and receive accurate messages if there is a slow or inaccurate communication then serious mistake can appear which leads to lower efficiency and higher average costs and this relates to my first like first few videos on like session one affect the change of command and the company structure whether it&amp;#39;s at tall or short or a long chain of command or short chain of command number two the lack of commitment from employees large businesses can employ thousands of workers and it is possible that one worker will never see the top manager of the business and workers may feel that they are unimportant and not valued by the management and in small firms it is possible to establish closely relationships between workers and top managers and the lack of these relationships in a large business can lead to a lack of commitment low efficiency among the workers and this will tend to push up average costs and number three the weak coordination and it often takes longer for this decision to meet like to be made by managers to reach all parts of large business and different groups of workers this can make it too difficult to coordinate the work and decisions of all parts of the business and ensure that they are working towards the same objectives employees could also take a long time to react to managerial decisions like once it has been taken and it is very difficult to prove that these this economies exist in practice however many very large businesses are like now breaking themselves up into smaller units which can control themselves and communicate more effectively and this trend is aimed at preventing this economies of scale that reduce efficiency and raise average costs then we have economies of this economic scale at the diagram to show that for economics of scale these lower the average cost like purchasing marketing financial managerial and technical which is which is that good and this economist of scale is a bad one which raises the average cost due to poor communication slower decision making and lack of commitment from employees then we have 4.2.3 break even analysis and here&amp;#39;s the concept of breakeven grid even is a very important idea for any business especially a newly set up business and then break even level of output or sales indicate to the owner or manager of a business the minimum level of output that must be sold so that the total costs are covered and at this break even level of output it is important to note that a profit is not being made but neither is a loss and a quicker a newly set up business can reach break-even point the more likely it is to survive and go on to make profits and if a business never reaches the break-even point then it will always make a loss and the break-even level of output can be worked out in two ways by drawing a break-even graph or chart and by calculations and here we have drawing a break-even chart and in order to draw a break-even chart we need information about the fixed cost variable cost and the revenue of a business for example in the sports shoe business we will assume that the fixed costs are 5 000 per year the variable cost of each pair of shoes are like three dollars each pair of shoe is sold for a price of eight dollars and the factory can produce a maximum up of two thousand pairs of shoe per year so here we have the break even charts we have this y-axis and x-axis the x-axis is the units of production and the y-axis is the cost and revenue and we have this blue line or a green line if you call it whatever and it&amp;#39;s the variable cost and it&amp;#39;s constantly changing and the more you sell the more like the higher it is because variable cost is affected by the the output of the sales and this horizontal black line over here is the fixed cost and it will it will not change because it&amp;#39;s fixed cost and this red line over here is the total cost this purple line over here is the sales revenue and you can see when the point of the total cost and the sales revenue crosses each other you can see like the if let&amp;#39;s say in this case it&amp;#39;s a one thousand unit production and this point right here is a break-even point and then break-even chart shows that shows fixed costs variable costs as i mentioned it&amp;#39;s called variable cost so it&amp;#39;s the cost revenue and profit and the break-even point and the point where you break even the break-even point where the total cost and revenue crosses to the left of it it&amp;#39;s the area of loss and to the right of it is area of profit and this part right here is the profit and here&amp;#39;s the break-even formula we have to break even unit equals the fixed cost over the sp minus vc whereby sp stands for selling price per unit and vc equals variable cost per unit and here&amp;#39;s a table right here and when the output is two thousand units the variable cost will be two thousand times three dollars from here that the variable cost two thousand times the variable cost three dollars equals six thousand dollars and assuming all output is sold the total revenue will be two thousand times eight dollars because you can have maximum pair of shoe per year two thousand pairs and just like the sale price the selling price is eight dollars sixteen thousand dollars and make sure you understand how other figures will arrive before at before looking at how the data is used to construct a break-even graph select this line right here as i mentioned the sales revenue total sales revenue sixteen thousand and the total variable cost six thousand yeah and you can see how they the relationship between all of the factors and here&amp;#39;s bring even chart again and the title here we can plot the information on the graph and as i mentioned the y axis measured the money amounts cost and revenue and the x axis shows the number of units produced and sold and the fixed costs do not change at any level like that output and the total cost line is addition of variable cost and fixed costs and what does the graph show the break-even point of production is where the total cost and total revenue cross and the business both must therefore sell one thousand pairs of shoes in order to make like to avoid making a loss because it crosses here you can see 1 000 pairs and right here and then production below the break-even points the business is the business is making the loss and at production above the break-even point it makes a profit and the maximum profit is made where the maximum output is reached and this is a profit level of 5 000. because we can see 16 000 which is the sales revenue the maximum sales revenue and the total cost the maximum total cost is eleven thousand sixteen thousand minus eleven thousand is five thousand so the profit the maximum profit is five thousand dollars and his advantages and limitations of breakeven growth or pre-event charts advantages include the managers are able to read off the graph for like expected profit or loss to be made at any level of output and the impact of profit or loss of certain business decisions can also be shown by redrawing the graph the break-even chart can also be used to show the margin of safety which is the amount of the amount by which sales are seated asset at the break-even point and the disadvantage includes the break-even charts are constructed assuming that all goods all like goods are produced by the firms are actually sold the fixed costs only remain constant if the steel production doesn&amp;#39;t change the breed even tries to concentrate on the break-even point of production but there are many other aspects of production of that operations of a business which will need to be analyzed by managers like how to increase sales and lastly the simple charts used in this set like this section have assumed that the cost and revenue can be drawn in a straight line and lastly here&amp;#39;s some definitions for flight 4.2 cost scale production and break-even analysis and here we have fixed costs and the fixed costs are costs which do not vary in the short run with the number of items sold or produced and they have to be paid whether the business is making any sales or not and they are also known as overhead costs the variable costs are costs which vary directly with the number of items sold or produced the total costs are fixed and variable cost combined the average cost per unit is the total cost of production divided by the total output sometimes referred to as the unit cost the economies of scale are the factors that lead to a reduction in average cost as business increase in size this economics of scale are the factors that lead to an increase in average cost as the business grows beyond a certain size that we have reduction and increase the break-even level of output is a quantity that must be produced or sold for total revenue to equal total cost also known as a break-even point then bring even charts or break-even graphs show how cost and revenue of a business would change with sales and ensure the level of sales the business must make in order to break even and the revenue the revenue of the business is the income during a period of time from the sale of goods and service and total revenue is equal to quantity sold by the price times by the price and the break-even point is the level of sales at which total cost equals total revenue the margin of safety is the amount by which sales exceed the break-even point and lastly contribution the contribution of a product is a typo sorry to the typo a product the contribution of a product is selling price less it&amp;#39;s a variable cost which is the contribution and that&amp;#39;s it for this video for 4.2 of igcc business studies wednesday we look into the second lesson of section 4 for 4.2 cost scalar production and break-even analysis and i hope you guys found it useful and found it helpful and if you did please leave a like and subscribe and don&amp;#39;t forget to ring the notification bell and hit subscribe and like down below and comment if you have any questions or criticisms as well and check out my check out my instagram in the description for more daily contents and don&amp;#39;t forget to hit the subscribe and notification bell and i hope you guys find it useful helpful and i&amp;#39;ll see you guys in the next video until then stay safe and happy learning

Transcript for:IGCSE Business Studies - Cost Scale Production and Break-even Analysis

Transcript for:
IGCSE Business Studies - Cost Scale Production and Break-even Analysis