hey guys welcome hey guys welcome to chapter four this is medical terminology and abbreviations this is actually going to be a pretty short and sweet lecture um but it is going to require basically just some practice on your half and reviewing some of the um pages in your textbook to really get a good grasp on this so we're going to talk about sorry i always do that how to recognize some of these medical prefixes roots and suffixes that are used to commonly build medical terms um so we can start to familiarize yourself start to get more comfortable with these medical terms uh you're going to be running into these as a lot as phlebotomists you're going to need to know what they mean as well as common medical abbreviations and a lot of them that are specific to your role as a phlebotomist finally we're going to talk a little bit about how we use medical terms to explain the body based on position direction and parts and that's going to be important for you guys as well so medical terminology um medical words are formed from greek and latin words we don't tend to use these in our everyday dialogue of course but we do use them daily when we're communicating with other healthcare workers medical terminologies helps us to identify diseases and affected areas of the body in a more precise and specific way uh to learn medical terminology though you've got to have a basic understanding of word parts so that's what we're going to talk about first right here so the word root this contains the base meaning of the word and don't worry we're going to use a lot of examples here in a minute the suffix this comes the end of the word and it actually alters the meaning of the root word the prefix comes at the beginning of a word and also alters the root combining vowel this is used between a word root and the suffix to eat pronunciation um this is usually an o okay and so we're gonna i'm gonna give you some examples you've got cardiologist most of you have heard the word cardiologist before so let's break it down you've got cardi that's heart and can you hear the word cardi um oh that's where they've used that combining vowel to just kind of ease pronunciation and logist that's specialist in the knowledge of so cardiologist specialist in the knowledge of the heart right pretty simple tachycardia that's a condition of rapid heartbeat tachy meaning rapid cardi meaning heart which we already know and the ia is a condition of tachycardia condition of rapid heart for heartbeat um mastectomy cost has to do with our ribs ectomy is a removal of so costectomy removal of the rib a neurectomy we know we know ectomy already that's removal of ner is nerve so for neurectomy removal of a nerve phlebotomy terminology you're going to be required to recognize and use medical terms every day and i want to make sure that you please please please here review table 4 2 in your textbook it's on pages 72 through 74. again there's only so much i can't really lecture on all these examples it's got to be you guys reviewing over practicing and getting familiar it is some memorization of some of these root words suffixes and prefixes that build these medical words all right medical abbreviations medical abbreviations are used basically to be more efficient of both our time and space um [Music] we're talking about the medical record documentation um efficiency of communicating and talking phlebotomists need to be able to recognize common abbreviations and symbols related to specimens and various lab tests the joint commission so um which we talked about before be familiar with joint commission joint commission and the institute for safe med medication practices have a list of abbreviations that should not be used this is due to the risk of misinterpretation and resulting errors that have occurred when these abbreviations have been used in the past your facility that you work at one day is going to have a list of approved abbreviations make sure you know that you have that and you're aware abbreviation mistakes can lead to negative effects for our patients so when in doubt spell it out don't forget that when in doubt spell it out um and again for this please please please review table four three in your textbook it's on page 75. oops sorry i'm going to take that video um so let's talk a little bit about anatomical um or anatomy and physiology first so anatomy this is the scientific study of body structure this allows us to comprehend the normal position of the body structures when we talk about physiology we're talking about the study of the function of the body's organs and other structures and they're always related so a nanoink is young that's why you take anatomy and physiology classes a and p they always go together um let me back up a bit so you've got amp anatomy physiology we've also got physi pathophysiology this is the study of the dis of a disordered function so this is important why you need to know what that is because it helps the phlebotomist understand the procedures they are performing and why you're performing them um and you can have classes again we're familiar with amp classes anatomy physiology but as you advance in your career if you choose to go into a more advanced practices such as rn you might be taking pathophysiology classes as well to have a better understanding of when things aren't going right in the body so let's talk about the organization of the body a little bit and this is just going to be very simplistic and then when we talk about our body systems we'll go into more detail but the atom that is the simplest unit of all matter atoms are carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen our body is made up of these things molecules these are units of matter formed of at least two of those atoms okay so when two two or more atoms get together it forms a molecule these can be proteins or carbohydrates and then those molecules form to get or joined together to form organelles um organelles uh combine to form cells so when we're talking about organelles combining to form cells we're talking about things like leukocytes or neurons finally or not financially that cells the next step uh these are considered the smallest living unit of our body okay we've got these atoms these molecules they're combining to form our cells cells combine then to form tissues so you've got epithelial nervous and muscle right epithelial tissues um or excuse me um yes epithelial these are covering of organs and linings of our body openings so our skin the inside of our mouth these are all um built on epithelial uh tissues connective tissues these are found in the bone and blood and they help bind other tissues together nervous tissue these are made up of nerve cells right they carry carry messages to and from the body our muscle tissue we can have voluntary and involuntary muscles voluntary muscle tissue is also called striated and this is what is what moves our skeleton involuntary or smooth muscles perform tasks automatically these are the things we don't have to think about um our cardiac muscle our heart muscle we don't have to think about it just does it for us right so that's an example voluntary i think oh i want to reach for that cup of water right there it's a voluntary movement okay so we've got organ or excuse me we've got atoms molecules organelles cells and tissues and then our tissues combine to form our organs so like tissues combined and it can be one type of tissue or it could be two types of tissues depending on the organ but they come together for form an organ heart pancreas kidney for example next step is our organs combining to form a system okay so that could be our integumentary system skeletal muscular system lymphatic immune respiratory digestive nervous endocrine cardiovascular cardiovascular respiratory i'm excuse me i said rhetoric reproductive or urinary so a lot of systems in our body our organs combined together to form those particular systems and then finally the systems all combine in our body to form us form an organism it could be us humans could be animals whatever that organism may be electrolytes are important to mention um they are substances that release ions that can be either positively or negatively negatively charged and the reason it's important to mention electrolytes you're going to be drawing electrolytes a lot that's that's a commonly ordered lab um they're critical because movement of these ions in and out of our body help to regulate and trigger a lot of the um physiological states and activities of our body uh electrolytes are also essential for fluid balance um sodium and water in particular right sodium water are go hand in hand they're buddies right so if sodium and water get out of balance it's going to affect affect our fluid balance of our body another example is calcium and magnesium or other electrolytes they kind of go together they affect our muscles whether they contract or relax and then also electrolytes affect our nerve impulse conduction as well so electrolytes are also important to kind of understand what their role is and what their function so genetics um we're going to talk a little bit about that because that can be a topic that there is some you know there's we're going to talk about genetic testing some people don't um i'll put it this way sometimes there's some ethical discussion among genetics and genetic testing um dna or deoxyribonucleic acid and rna which is ribonucleic acid are molecules that basically control the processes of human cell differentiation growth and development they tell our cells what to do how to behave dna specifically dna holds our genetic code it contains all of the information needed for our body processes okay rna these this assists the cell and trans translating the dna messages and then prompts the cells to carry out a specific task okay so we need both of these working together for our body to proc um process and function and perform as it should so our genes are made up of sequences that's what that image is down there our genes are just sequences of these dna and rna telling our body and our cells what to do how to behave and how to act and function there are laboratory tests that can be done on dna and rna you might see these done to check for paternity or genetic disorders genetic disorders are basically a disease that are caused by an altered gene um many cancers are are caused by altered genes or an altered group of genes but alter alterations can do cause other things we'll talk about that in a moment but these alterations especially when talking about cancers can occur randomly um but they can also be a result of our environmental factors such as um smoking exposure right or other environmental effect exposure like pollution that can alter our genes certain genetic disorders are inherited though um when a mutated or altered gene is passed down from generation to generation an example of this uh hemophilia that is a disorder in which the blood does not clot properly and that is a genetic genetic disorder that's passed on from generation to generation there's also certain genetic disorders that have um not to do with mutated genes but with a different number of genes uh the one you're probably most uh familiar with would be down syndrome that has to do with the number of the gene package or chromosome being off or different right so genetic discrimination you guys maybe have heard of that that's the use of genetic information in order to exclude or discriminate against someone based on the genetic likelihood that the person may have or contract a certain disease or condition so it's pretty amazing and pretty incredible that we can look at our dna our rna our genes and know i might be at higher risk for certain um cancer disorder right pretty amazing um but we don't want to be discriminated against because of our genes we have no control over those so the genetic information non-discrimination act of 2008 or gina protects people from genetic discrimination by insurance companies or employers it's out there to protect us from insurance or employers using our genetic information against us so something important to be aware of um anatomical terms so this is going to be another thing that we're going to go over in this lecture we're going to talk about it a little bit here but really it's going to take you going back to the book looking at these images and just memorizing and getting familiar with and comfortable with anatomical terms are used to describe the locations of body parts and body regions um but in order to use atomic these atomical terms correctly we always have to assume that the body is in the anatomical position um you guys have probably seen that image before but essentially it's a person standing upright facing forward with their arms at their side and palms facing forward okay that is the anatomical position so you can see that right oh i um i thought my mouse would point to it but basically the individual in this picture not the woman facing to the side but the other images on the right side of that image they're in the anatomical position um it's important to always refer to a patient as if they were in their anatomical position this helps to prevent confusion or misunderstanding when we're communicating with our fellow healthcare providers there are directional anatomical terms that are used to identify the position of body structures compared to other body structures for example we might say the eyes are the eyes are medial to the ears um but they're laterals on the sides of the nose okay um basically so let's look over these here superior meaning above or close to the head inferior below or close to the feet anterior is the front of our body posterior is the back medial is more closer to midline lateral on the sides further away from midline proximal close to the trunk distal further away so i might say my fingers are distal or okay let me make that a better example um if i am well yeah no that's a good example my my fingertips are distal uh um distally located i guess because they're further away from my trunk all right whereas my heart is proximal superficial is close to the surface whereas deep is more internal so make sure to review table four five four dash five in your textbook it's on page 81 to get more comfortable and more familiar with some of these anatomical terms there's also an anatomical body sections this is used to divide the body into sections again this is used to help with making sure we're communicating clearly with our fellow healthcare uh professionals make sure to review um table 4-6 in your textbook it's on page 82. um you've got the sagittal but in general let's talk about this you've got the sagittal plane that divides the body into left and right you've got the mid sagittal plane which runs lengthwise and divides our body into equal left and right halves transverse plane divides the body into a superior or upper portion an inferior or lower portion frontal plane which divides the body into anterior or posterior which as we talked about in the last slide anterior is in the front posterior is in the back again table um or figure 4-6 on page 82 in your textbook um body cavities that's the last one we're going to talk about so body cavities and abdom abdominal and abdominal regions actually so the largest body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity take a look there you can see the dorsal and the ventral body cavities the dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and spinal cavities and the ventral cavity is divided into thoracic cavity in the abdominopelvic cavity you guys have probably heard of your diaphragm that's what helps us breathe the diaphragm is what separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities from each other and the abdominal cavity like i mentioned is further subdivided into nine regions or four quadrants please be sure to review figures four seven and four 8 in your textbook and they're on pages 83 and 84 and that will help you to get more familiar and comfortable with these different body cavities and abdominal regions oh there's the abdominal regions so on the left side there you've got the nine regions and on the right image there you've got your four quadrants those are commonly used when we're communicating with other medical professionals to describe a certain region of the body and something that you guys need to be familiar with all right so that is it for that lecture told you it was short and sweet um if you have any questions of course let me know and that's it for this one thanks guys