Transcript for:
Understanding the Anatomy of the Urinary System

there we go and uh let's get started okay tonight we're going to do the again the anatomy of the urinary system uh for the first part and then we'll start the the anatomy the reproductive part on the second based on the lab outlines i sent you so if everything is set up correctly i tried to plan this well let's see if everything is on my desktop ready for us to go okay email one uh there's another email there's the email i wanted to see okay so what you should see if everything is right is on the left side is the urinary lab outline and on the right is actually the blackboard powerpoint on the reproductive structures now i did send you my copies of the reproductive structures so you have them also as reference by using the blackboard tonight you're gonna see the pre-labeled ones and i'll circle the parts you need to know but remember i give you this lab outline so that way you know you know there's no questions of what i want you to know and what i don't want you to know all right and hopefully you realize that when you read these things that's that's the information you're getting so this is telling you what you need to know okay starting with the urinary system this is one model the department has it's not the best model in the whole world because the urinary bladder was missing okay so there's no urinary bladder at the bottom okay so i tend not to use this but again you could see two kidneys you could see the ureters and tan going down and they should have been hooked up to a bladder down here which is missing some of the other structures there or just the structures of the kidney that we see the model that i tend to use is the one that's complete and that's this one here let's see if i can possibly get this straightened out if i can move it over a little bit there we go that's a little bit better okay and that way you could see the parts and you can see in my outline i said first of all when you look at this make sure you know the basic parts okay so you obviously see the two kidneys you see the two ureters you see the urinary bladder and you only see a little part of the urethra leaving now you might say gee there's a lot more labels there than just four parts yeah these are some of the details of the different parts that you could see on this model and the department decided to you know include it okay so uh yes you can see here the brown on the outside okay that would be the the renal capsule uh also known as the fibrous capsule on the outside of the kidney you see the indentation here which they didn't label the indentation you know is the hilum there's the indentation the entrance and exit of each kidney uh what they're showing you on the open side here is of course the renal cortex which remembers not just what the point is it's the entire surface underneath this fibrous capsule and then these things that look like little bulges here those are all green part of the renal medulla and if you remember from lecture it consists of two well three main parts a pyramid a column a pyramid a column a pyramid in dark column pyramid column pyramid column with each pyramid having a little tip called the papilla now this model actually shows everything in a small model we tend to use the bigger kidney for that so i'm not going to waste a lot of time on all the individual things that are inside okay so you got your two kidneys you see the renal circulation bringing blood to and from the kidneys you see your two ureters and you see your urinary bladder now this is the main reason why my outline jumps right to the urinary bladder while you're studying this model you get the best view of the urinary bladder with this particular model so if you can see the details of it if you need to i can zoom in a little bit get a little closer let's see if it'll allow me to do that there we go of course i lost some of the words off the side of the screen there but that's okay all right we don't need those words actually the words are right here all right what do we see on the urinary bladder that we should know just read on your outline see when you're studying you should have your outline with you and say okay on this urinary bladder do i know the serosa well it says on top remember on the top of the urinary bladder and you see it in the reproductive models the top of the urinary bladder let me get a better color here is this better yeah okay the top of the urinary bladder has a covering of serosa the sides of the urinary bladder do not have a serosa they have adventitia so that's just a little and you'll hear it again when we do the reproductive models you'll actually see it better on the reproductive models because the serosa if you remember the serosa covers the abdominal area then goes over the bladder and then goes back up again okay that's the peritoneum and it creates a serosa only on the top okay the other parts of the urinary bladder are the details of the urinary bladder remember there is muscle in the urinary bladder okay that's the muscle that you see labeled here that's all of the sort of uh orangey tan layer okay then underneath that which is not drawn very well and not labeled very well so i'm gonna make it a pink color is right here okay somebody fill us in what am i drawing mucosa which one submucosal the submucosa very good okay underneath the mucosa is a submucosa that's that that pink area there okay so there's our submucosa all right the submucosa that every mucosa has a submucosa that supports it that's a support tissue that's where the blood vessels are that's where the nerves are that's what the lymphatics are it's like your epidermis and dermis the dermis is like the submucosa it's underneath it supports the tissues that are above it okay so remember there's that extra layer you see that on the other urinary bladder model later on the rest is all the details inside the mucosa okay what do we see inside the mucosa well we see three things if not four things okay depending on the list you want to look at first thing you see in the mucosa is the fact that this mucosa has what rouge yes the first thing you see is the mucosa has rouge so that's the little uh wrinkles in there that's the rugay wrinkles remember that okay we also need to remember that the rugay of the mucosa is also made of a special tissue i i stressed that on monday and it's here see no surprises it's right there on your list you're supposed to remember that the special tissue of the mucosa is called transitional epithelium it's that epithelium that has the ability to stretch so when the bladder is stretching and filling with urine it won't tear hold on okay so those are the inner layers of the mucosa we also know that there are internal structures to the bladder as well and that would include what we see right here okay and that would be the trigon which is this triangular structure here on this model looks like a little triangle actually looks like a little bird with wings okay the two little openings at the ends of those wings are ureteral openings and notice there's no h in urethral openings here's another picky spelling situation you can't put an h on anything that is ureteral your reader okay the h is only for the urethra and any muscle for the urethra okay that's where you you include the h so remember that's a little picky spelling thing that you don't want to make a mistake you have two your readers but you only have one urethra leaving okay and as for the trigon with the two ureteral openings remember that when the urine leaves the urinary bladder in this case it's a male urinary bladder because of the presence of the prostate gland but whether it's male or female there's always going to be two muscles involved okay and the two muscles involved will be an internal urethral sphincter now watch where i put the dots the internal urethral sphincter are always part of the wall of the bladder okay there's the internal sphincter where's the external sphincter well on this model it's not there the external sphincter would be in a wall of muscle that would be if this was the male urinary bladder there's a wall of muscle out here okay you're gonna see it again later when we do reproduction you don't have to write it down now unless you want to okay that's the urogenital diaphragm and in the urogenital diaphragm there are two muscles not two muscles a ring of muscle that is right here where the urethra goes through it this is where you find the voluntary muscle that's the external urethral sphincter okay now this one's labeling we're talking about the internal sphincter where i just put those two pink dots inside the wall the external sphincters out here okay and that covers the urinary bladder any questions on the urinary bladder okay take a screenshot of that if you think it'll be helpful okay now just to make sure okay or do you want to just continue or should i jump to the other urinary bladder what would you prefer any comments any opinions no one cares you could just go to the urinary bladder the next one okay okay so let's go to the the other urinary bladder okay and so let's clear this one that way you can compare and contrast on the models i sent you i actually sent you the two urinary bladders side by side so you'll be able to look at it that way and let's see if i find the urinary bladder here did i shoot right past it i think i shot right past it there we go okay there's the other urinary bladder that comes from the other model up close okay so maybe this model because it's up close you can see it better okay but take a look okay again it's not asking anything about the tissues on the top okay and i'll show you where it'll it'll make sense but first of all there is the thick wall so the thick wall of course is the detruso muscle this model does have pink in it so notice my department members failed to inform you that that pink layer there they made it they jumped the gun a little bit there okay but their pink model would be the the pink layer is the sub mucosa and i spot the raw there we go yes okay all right so that's a submucosa now they were trying to say transitional epithelium but what they should have done is they should have extended the arrow to in here this is the transitional epithelium why they're calling the pink the transitional epithelium i don't know okay the inner lining is the mucosa we know that the mucosa is made out of transitional epithelium as a specific tissue okay it's almost like when you learned villi villi are the villi of the mucosa but the individual tissue was simple columnar cells remember that well that's what we're saying now what's the specific tissue in there it's transitional epithelium that allow it to stretch what are the wrinkles called well the wrinkles are called rugae and we got our first blackout wow we didn't get any blackouts on monday did you notice i apologize okay so there's our bluegay okay now internal external sphincters again uh it's kind of hard to see exactly where they are here because the prostate's in the way but the internal sphincter would be somewhere here maybe i should change color here and here right on the floor of the bladder would be where the internal sphincter is the external sphincter would be here because out there remember i'll do it again this is where the urogenital diaphragm will be going through the tube okay because the two will be right here leaving but you're gonna see that on the reproductive models okay this model the way it's tilted you're not seeing the trigon the trigon is on the bottom of this thing you don't see it in this view okay i don't know if there's another view let me uh see if there is another view nope that's that's the back view of it and there's the side view of the female okay there you can see the urinary bladder and the female and we're going to do that when we do reproduction so i don't want to waste time now doing it okay so that's that's so much for the bladder okay the bottom of this i think i sent you a better picture of this thing it's got a little triangle on the bottom as well so down here at the bottom you'll see something looking like this and it's got two little holes here the ureteral openings so just remember that little triangle piece is the trigon and that was listed uh over here and the ureteral openings and little holes here that the readers go from the back and enter the bladder from the back end okay well i think we got the bladder pretty much squared away so let's get back to the kidney now there's lots of pictures here that overlap okay so it says here next model that we need to know is the whoops i don't know how that happened is the kidney model all right now this is the plaque that you would actually see in lab that includes the kidney then a piece of the kidney the renal lobule and the renal corpuscle i usually tell my students focus on the whole kidney and then the renal corpuscle will come later the renal lobule is just a close-up of one section that includes a pyramid and a piece of the cortex but we'll do it in steps so let's look at the kidney first okay and if you remember when we did this in lecture we had a cartoon version of this but this is probably almost identical to the cartoon version okay and i sent you a blank of this so you can practice with it but let's let's just circle the parts okay if you remember we start off with the outside the outside skin okay renal capsule okay also known as the fibrous capsule that's how it's labeled in the book either name is fine okay renal capsule is the visceral covering it's the brown what's under that is the renal cortex okay here on on blackboard they show you the renal cortex is this area it's the whole area that goes all the way around the outside there's the renal cortex underneath that is the renal medulla the whole thing again the whole area underneath it is the renal medulla but again i remind you like i did on monday the renal medulla has three main parts okay and what are those three parts pyramid renal pyramid yep you got pyramids brown brown brown brown those little brown sections there are pyramids they're really three-dimensional remember okay and these pyramids have mostly collecting ducks in them okay hold on a minute somebody in the waiting room okay i just saw the notice okay and i can't do it while i'm writing okay there we go okay so they have one circled in yellow here but these are collecting ducks all bringing urine to the middle of the kidney collecting collecting ducts all the renal pyramid what's the other part in between the pyramids are those the renal columns yes the renal columns now i notice right now is they didn't label the renal columns on this model but let me show you where they are a renal column would be watch where i highlight this ready will always be in between the pyramids i see a pyramid here a pyramid here this would be where a renal column would be here's where a renal column would be now the best place to see the renal column on here would be right here here's one spot that's very clear it's a space in between two pyramids and here's another good one right there okay so where i just shaded in in yellow i know if you can see my shade in yellow right there and right here keep going over it maybe it'll get a little darker okay but that is the columns columns are in between the pyramids and this is also where those blood vessels go through all right there is a third part and the third part would be the tip of every pyramid and the tip of every pyramid is called the renal papilla renal papilla so if you got that renal column renal pyramid and renal you see each pyramid terminates at a renal papilla okay sometimes spelled with an e at the end those are the three parts of the medulla okay the rest of the kidney in this middle area here is the renal sinus okay so and if i wanted to do this correctly i should have made the renal sinus another circle in blue so everything that was circled in blue are the four parts of the kidney okay so i keep my little system intact okay now as it says here in the renal sinus the large internal cavity it contains a urge drainage system of minor calluses into major calluses into the renal pelvis and those are the internal tan things that are here okay let's see that somewhere else but before we do that let's make sure we know what we're talking about okay so a minor calyx i'm i'm shading it in in blue calyx minor calyx minor calyx minor calyx minor calyx minor counts how do i know those are minor because they're right underneath what the renal papilla yeah right underneath it papilla of every pyramid so you see me making a little blue arrow okay that's the pyramid and where it terminates the papilla it's dripping the urine into the minor calyx okay changing color okay two miners join right here that would be what these two miners join right here so this would be the major calyx for these two this one seems to be not merging with anything else so we're assuming that there's a major calyx maybe underneath that but all of these calluses are joining right here in the middle and right now when you see me drawing a circle that's part of the what renal pelvis and that's the pelvis okay you got it okay now notice the department made a circle like this for the hilum which is really just the exit point the whole thing right here is the hilum that leaves and once you leave to the hilum you're officially in this tube and what's that too ureter the ureter okay all right so now that we seem to have gotten that far let's take a look and you're going to see all this already labeled in the next section say that's what the department breaks it up sections so here you have all the calyces mentioned minor calyx minor cats minor calyx major okay i'll call that a major cal it's it's sort of like drifting a little bit too much into the pelvis see again i'm not liking the department's diagrams because it's it's not supporting what i'm trying to get you to see okay if you've got these three then maybe this is a major calyx right here for these three minor calluses here's a major calyx for these two okay so where they all meet which really is supposed to be like here inside so they should have made that arrow a little bit longer that's my only complaint a little just a little bit longer okay the pelvis is here all right and because i'm going to draw a thick line right now because that's the what the highless that that's the highless or the high lump see and they drew that arrow a little too short for my liking should be more internal out here we've got the ureter okay so that's everything that you said before any question about our kidney structure i have a quick question for you yeah sure the renal pyramids here on your models on the brown model if you will i believe says uh medullary pyramid would that be acceptable yes both are are acceptable they're two different names for the pyramids they're either called a renal pyramid or medullary pyramid both are fine as long as you you know just don't call it a pyramid some kind of pyramid that'd be fine okay all right yeah unfortunately it's new terminology and old terminology and that sometimes causes a problem same thing with the outer covering uh we looked at the textbook in the textbook called the outer covering of fibrous capsule and then right now in the lab and on blackboard they're calling it a renal capsule so either one will be acceptable yeah i always double check blackboard to make sure that there's no confusion okay let's uh continue okay another picture of the kidney showing you some detail that we just went over uh the renal papilla being the tip tip tip of each pyramid renal column is the space in between each pyramid all right now for some crazy reason they're labeling the detailed structures here that the artists try to include showing you these white little squigglies here that are representing the nephron not where i would ask so don't worry about those uh if i'm going to ask you something about the nephron there'll be a a close-up of the nephron so let's continue okay now here is that piece i told you in the middle and the only thing that this might be useful for showing if you know the structures of the nephron we can actually go through every part right here but this isn't the one i want you to focus on what i want you to focus on is the one with the colors because the colors will help you remember which is which now that doesn't mean you can't use this to study and say okay what do i see here well i see the glomerulus inside bowman's capsule right there okay and then i see the proximal convoluted tubule first then i see the descending loop of henle because it comes from the proximal then i see the loop of henle right there i see the ascending side here then i see more bends those are the distal convoluted tubule this must be the collecting duct coming down the middle and where it gets wide at the end that's the papillary duct if you know the structure of the nephron you could figure it out okay but if you don't know the structure of the nephron yet well then this is not the one you want to study what you want to study is the colorful one okay so let me clear this for a moment and on this model all this showing you is that this nephron is short so they're calling it the cortical nephron and this nephron is really really long so they're calling it the juxtamedullary nephron again not the place i would really ask about it but it does show you there's a difference in length and so those are the two classes of nephrons let me show you the more important model to understand nephron structure okay say again it's showing you a close-up of the cortex with all the little pieces inside and they're labeling all the details here okay i mean like i said you can make it out if you know your structure of a nephron then this really isn't that hard it's just reinforcing it but the nephron model that we study is definitely not that one either is this crazy one here that's in color and so if we look at our nephron which is on this part of our outline okay here it says nephron notice we have a color chart that you can make so if you want to start if you haven't done so already you can make a color chart for each of these things i find no problem with you understanding the structure of the nephron and memorizing color okay i mean you'd be silly not to memorize the colors because that's the giveaway alright so what do we see here well the first thing we see is something green okay the green thing is the renal corpuscles there are one two three four five six there are six renal corpuscles there now you need to know that the renal corpuscle is actually two parts okay it's the bowman's capsule on the outside and inside that you can't see in this model is the glomerulus okay so we know there's a capillary bed in there but we don't see it in this model so the green is the corpuscle the green marble there of course has the afferent and efferent arterioles in it those are the blood vessels that we'll review in a moment okay now where does the filtrate go after the renal corpuscle well number two it goes into the proximal convoluted tubule the proximal convoluted tubule if you want to make a color chart it would be the orange tubes the orange tube is the proximal convoluted tubule and that will help you figure out what's descending part of the limb of of the loop because the orange continues here and where you see the orange going down that must be the descending limb of henley's loop it starts off orange and turns to purple starts off orange and turns to purple okay that's the descending limb of the lupa henley it includes a thin tube the thin tube of of the descending limb obviously the orange turns to purple and makes a u-turn well the u-turn of course is going to be henley's loop okay the u-turn of course is going to be henley's loop or the nephron loop whatever it's called on the uh on the models once it makes the u-turn the purple continues in an upward direction you just got to remember when it's all purple it's going up that's the ascending limb okay how to erase that so you can see it better okay that's the ascending limb of henle's loop okay and that's the the tube that you see going in an upward direction okay the purple is heading up and notice if you follow it like a maze the purple becomes a convoluted tube out here and that must be the purple distal convoluted tubule so the curly tube up here that's purple okay every place you see it right here i see it here i see it here even though it's worn away a little bit anything purple convoluted is a distal convoluted tube anything orange that you see that's convoluted is the proximal convoluted tube okay so everything is color coordinated now if you notice and again it would be so much nicer if you had the models in front of you for actually sitting in lab but you would notice that the purple tube you can see right there watch where i'm pointing right now you can see it right there the purple goes into yellow the purple right there too goes into yellow as soon as it turns yellow that's the collecting ducts they're collecting the urine and bringing it down so there's another color for you but yellow is the collecting duct and then at the very very bottom it looks like all the collecting ducts are joining together and they have it labeled here for you already okay the collecting ducts become the papillary ducts so if you know the pathway of urine that's right here okay and after the papillary duct well you should always practice this okay i did it up for you on monday okay you should have it memorized by now and hopefully you do after the papillary duct where is the urine going to be dripping probably yeah it's going to be dripping from the renal papilla into the minor cavity into the major calyx yes into the renal pelvis you remember doing this on monday and then do you eat her who the the beach so yeah print it out before anyone said the right answer to the urinary bladder and finally once it passes through the sphincters it'll go into the urethra urethra there you go all right now when i did this on monday somebody said a professor you forgot the what the highless the highlist but why do we know that the high list doesn't belong to this it's not a structure it's not a structure that the urine passes through directly it's not part of the urinary tract but it's an area so i did this on monday if you weren't here so the hylus is actually this ring i'm not even going to write the word hylus inside because i don't want you to get confused so the hylus is this ring it's a passageway it's like going through an arch it's like going through a tunnel okay if you're on the expressway you're driving on the expressway you go through a tunnel you don't drive on the tunnel unless you're driving over it all right you drive through the tunnel and that's what the urine is doing the urine is going from the renal pelvis into the ureter after passing under the hylus under the the entrance way to the kidney okay this little area right here okay that the urine goes like that okay anyway i'm stressed i think i stress that enough okay good so we reviewed the nephron and we reviewed the pathway of urine so what we're left with is really understanding the blood vessels so we just got to make sure we understand the blood vessels any questions on the nephron though okay so you practice you look at the nephron model and you definitely remember the colors you have your list of colors and you remember which part is which on this model all right but there are blood vessels here too so let's take a look at the blood vessels on our outline okay suggestion practice the pathway of the structures for the filtrate first that's what we just did then identify the blood flowing structure separately once you've mastered them you can put it all together so let's look at the blood vessels here and see if we can make sure we master that this is the blood vessels of the nephron though okay renal corpuscle up close use the diagram to identify okay oh this is this is the renal corpuscle that's not it i'm sorry blood vessels here's the blood vessels okay so let's get back to clearing this for a minute okay blood vessels all right now see here where it says nephron circulation okay so let's do the nephron circulation since we have this model in front of us okay in the nephron circulation what do you see well let's do the kidney circulation first okay you remember in the kidney okay i'm just just going to draw it here real quick let's see what you remember about the kidney okay what do we call the blood vessels that first go in the renal artery the renal artery and then the renal artery i'll make it a little thicker renal artery goes in right okay so there's a renal artery if you're wondering where i'm getting this from the renal artery branches off in here in the sinus what do we call those branches i just made segmental arteries those are the segmental arteries very good okay so that would be your first blank right here okay those are segmental arteries now if you don't have this printed out just make a list okay renal arteries to segmental arteries it's also in the textbook okay what do the segmental arteries do well what they do is they run in between the pyramids don't they interloper very good where they go in between the pyramids that would be your next one here that's your interlobar i'll just write abbreviations here okay and they're gonna go in between the pyramids those little green lines there are supposed to represent the pyramids and once they get past the pyramids they're going to make a curve remember arcuate yes very good the curve is the arcuate and sometimes it looks like these arcuates actually merge and they might okay so the curves are the arcuates all right and then from the arcuates you have if i describe it it gives away the name doesn't it i've got these little arteries that radiate into the cortex are you watching how i'm drawing them arteries that radiate like little sun rays into the cortex and that's why they're called vertical radiate cortical radiant arteries okay and that's what you're seeing right here going up into in red in the cortex the little red ones that you see here are the arcuates okay so the nephron starts off with the arcuates all right now that's the kidney now i don't know i'm waiting for a blackout let's hopefully it doesn't happen soon every artery that we just drew here and every artery we mentioned is actually the same as the veins so i'm going to draw them all in ready the little cortical radiant arteries also have cortical radiant veins that are bringing the blood back and that's the blue ones that you see here on the model okay these little blue ones that you see here the cortical radiant veins and the cortical radiant veins i'm just going to draw it in this top one okay it creates a what vein accurate an arcuate vein bringing the blood back and the arc with vein drains right through uh inter angioma not lobular get rid of that u interlobular is another name for cortical radiant arteries be aware of that interlobular i don't know if i mentioned it anywhere i know i i said it once entered [Music] is the same as the cortical radiant arteries okay so be aware as soon as you put that u in there you're talking about something smaller these down here are the inter [Music] low bar okay with no you okay that's the ones that are here the ones that are in the columns now the problem with these into low bar veins is that they go right into the what renal veins yeah the renal vein without becoming a segmental vein so remember there's no segmental vein okay and that's the veins that are leaving okay so if we haven't written them in already we should cortical radiant vein is what's leaving the nephron it becomes the arcuate vein and it becomes the inter low bar vein and it exits through the renal vein now when i made this outline for a face-to-face class i did this on purpose because i wanted them to realize that when they look at the kidney they can see all of this okay all right now what do i mean by look at the kidney well what i'm referring to is obviously the kidney model so we got to go back to here say when we look at this kidney model we can see [Music] all those blood vessels that we just spoke of okay so renal artery goes in renal vein comes out segment well it happened now which is i guess a good thing so here we go again so renal artery goes in renal vein comes out segmental artery goes in there's no segmental vein but in the columns there is an interlobor artery and an interlobar vein the blue one in between okay when it makes the curve you've got an accurate artery red an arcuate vein blue and here here it is where the department tells you okay james i think you made the the error before okay into lobular say where it's used that's the same as a cortical radiant artery okay so it's see a lobe is a low below bull smaller than a lobe okay lobule represents something smaller so there's the cortical radiant arteries and cortical radiant veins or interlobular you could use either one okay but what we're going to do now is we're going to make sure we know questions and arteries and veins okay we're going to go back to our nephron where it's important not this nephron i hate that nephron there we go go back to the snephron and there are other nephrons that have this label clearly but now we're going to look at the blood vessels of the nephron and i'm going to show you right here it's up close so you can see it better see when you look at that model up there close you can picture where the blood is going again okay so let's take a look at the blood flow here is the watch where i'm drawing it there is the cortical radiant artery and there's the red one going in so that must be the afferent arterial right there if you want to write it in you can okay there's efferent arterial where's the afferent arterial going well it's going inside boma's capsule right and we can't see it in this model but we know in every one of these green models what's in here glomerulo yeah they call it a glomerular capillary but there's a glomerulus in here there's a little ball of capillaries inside so that's the glomerulus that's why i made a cloud there because it's inside you can't see it at least on this one so the glomerulus is inside okay then blood comes out of course it's got to come out remember after filtration it's got to reabsorb so we've got all these capillaries up here now this is the only place you can see them on this model but in reality these capillaries are all over the place they would be here they would be here they would be here every one of these would have a capillary going across it so there's lots of them but we don't see them okay we don't see them because the artists didn't draw them all in it would be a mess if he did you only see them right here so that little mesh of capillaries there are the somebody remember tubular capillaries peritubular capillaries okay those are the peritubular capillaries those are the peritubular capillaries you see up here then notice that what when the globe oh wait a minute i drew it in the wrong spot i'm sorry that belongs down here okay did i did i skip it did i mess up the efferent arterial or or did i i don't remember if i said it or not yeah after the up fairy you have an efferent arterial that's the one that's leaving okay so you have to draw that one in write that one in here okay so the afferent arteriole brings blood into bowman's capsule the upright arterial takes blood at a bowman's capsule and that's the renal corpuscle right there okay that has the glomerulus inside it okay and that's where right here now i don't know if you see this on your diagram but the efferent arterial has two places it can go to it can go to the peritubular capillaries or it can go down here do you see there are some blood vessels that are going down and the reason why they're going down is because they're going down to these capillaries down here by the tubules what are those capillaries down here by the tubules vasorecta those are the phase erector capillaries now that's not what blackboard calls them okay if you look at blackboard blackboard for some crazy reason calls them capillary beds of the medulla again i'm not quite sure where they got that name from but for us these to us are the vasa recta capillaries okay okay these are the vase erector capillaries because these are the vasorective blood vessels that are coming down okay so these are you can call them vasorecta peritubular capillaries if you want just include the fact that they're part of the vasorecta circulation that is down here peritubular capillaries are up here these are peritubular capillaries of the vasa recta okay because they're part of the long capillaries that go for the juxtaglomerial and nephron okay now after the peritubular capillaries or the vasa recta capillaries blood has to leave doesn't it and if you look at the model it's not very distinctive but here it goes there's a little blue structure leaving right there right there right there these are blue structures that are bringing blood into the cortical radiant vein the big blue thing is the cortical radiant vein so that's why that little exit that little exit we can call you can call them a number of things i think the book just calls them venues okay those are the exits from the nephron into the first vessel that you wrote down here and if you forgot what it was it was the uh cortical radiant vein okay that's that little blue thing into the arcuate vein into the interlobar vein that go directly into the renal veins out and even on the lab i wrote a reminder note there are no segmental veins according to the book okay so i keep reminding you of that so you don't make that mistake okay so when you look at this model up close you can study the details of it you can also look at the papillary duct and the collecting duct and all the colorful things that are there but one thing i just want to remind you because again it overlaps there's so much to know i'm to go back to this picture just to remind you when you look at the whole picture remember there's the short nephron that you see right here look ready i'm gonna draw a big long uh circle it starts here and it ends right there where the purple thing makes the u-turn this whole thing that's inside the circle that starts with green orange purple orange and purple tubes makes a u-turn and goes back up again that's the short one that's a cortical nephron notice it stays in the cortex which if you didn't realize it already if these are the arcuate arteries and veins see how it's listed here above the arcuate veins is the cortex below the arcuate veins is the pyramid or part of the medulla okay now do you see the nephron i'm referring to the short nephron that's up here that's a cortical nephron but the nephron that starts here and goes all the way down purple to here and back up again that's the long one okay that's the juxta mandalarian nephron okay so that's the structure of the nephron you could review it as many times as you'd like okay the only thing that's left believe it or not is a small little model that does this it basically says okay now that you gave me all the details of the nephron show me what's inside here what's inside that green little marble and to do that we have to cut that little green marble open and see inside it now we already studied this in lecture there was a diagram that showed that but the models there are two models that show this this model is the color model that goes with the model we just looked at so that's the last part of our outline right here renal corpuscle and this has everything listed in it here let's number the things that we need to know okay so we'll start off and hopefully we won't have a blackout ready okay we have a blood vessel going in right here that's number one that's the afferent arterial and then we have the blood vessel leaving that's number two that's the efferent arteriole and if you remember from lecture the way you tell the difference is you look for these cells number three those are the juxtaglomerula cells that are only on the afferent arterial that's our number three okay then what well then the blood goes in and when the blood goes in it makes this ball of capillaries here so those are the glomerular capillaries or just the glomerulus so that's our number four glomerulus but we do do need to know a little detail about that glomerulus and it's listed in your lab outline remember it can contains or consists of fenestrated capillaries to enhance filtration so these little capillaries here have holes on them and the purpose of those little fenestrations is to allow filtration to allow all the liquid in here all the blood all the glucose all the water to come spraying out during filtration okay but now we're doing physiology let's stick with anatomy okay what we notice around this glomerulus is this green part and of course that green part is bowman's capsule okay okay and bowman's capsule is number five okay well it's caps is number five but bowman's capsule's got three parts to it okay we gotta remember that bowman's capsule has a parietal layer on the outside made up of simple squamous cells so that's out here the green stuff out here there's the parietal layer of bowman's capsule so i don't know if you want to call that 5a because it's part of 5. and then we have the green layer that's covering the capillaries the green layer that looks like it's covering the capillaries that's the visceral layer of bowman's capsule they called the visceral epithelium and the parietal epithelium but you can get away with calling it layer also so that's the visceral layer a bowman's capsule but that visceral layer is kind of specialized see that visceral layer is made up of special cells that look like they've got fingers on them and those cells that have those fingers on them are called podocytes again your lab outline tells you what you need to know the cells here are protocytes and you might say well professor i really don't see them well you're right on this model they're not that clear but they're in here somewhere okay but that's okay we're gonna see them better on another model and in between those podocytes are filtration slits okay and the slits are little spaces in between so if i put another protocyte here the space in between are called filtration slits now you might say okay so so so visceral layer parietal layer was 5a visceral layer is going to be 5b but it's got other parts to it okay where's the where's the third part oh the third part is the space the space that catches the filtrate okay so that would be the other part of bowman's capsule 5c those are the three parts so bowman's capsule actually looks like like this it's got a parietal layer on the outside it's got a visceral layer on the inside and it's got a space in between [Music] and what's sitting inside this middle part would be the glomerulus filling this up the blood vessels will be in here i always compare bowman's caps to be like a catcher's bit like a catcher's mitt and the part of the catcher's mitt that touches the ball would be the visceral layer and the outside of the mitt that doesn't touch the ball would be the parietal leg okay now the only thing that's left is you understanding that this is catching the filtrate so where does the filtrate go it's got to leave look where i'm drawing the red arrow it's got to leave and where does it leave to obviously this is the beginning of the proximal convoluted tube that's where the the eventual filtrate is going to be leaving okay now the rest of these tubes that are here are just color coordinated with the other model so yellow must be the collecting duct don't need to know that purple must be the distal convoluted tubule don't need to know that on this model that the peach colored one is a proximal convoluted tube don't need to know that okay the only thing that might be necessary as knowing that the juxtaglomerular cells are with these cells here and i know the department talks about these cells as being the macula densa and so the juxtaglomeral apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells the yellow things and the macula densa which is part of this distal convoluted tubule here so this row of cells here all in a row these are the cells that make renin remember when the blood pressure is low these are the cells that make renin okay and i wrote a little note here to remind you of that too okay the juxtaglomerular apparatus it monitors salt and blood pressure and the arteriole secretes renin if the blood pressure is too low so there's your little reminder okay take a deep breath that's the urinary system anatomy any questions not yet not yet okay well by next wednesday you'll probably be asking me a whole lot of questions yeah probably okay but right now you're gonna need to absorb all this no no pun intended all right but uh let's clear this for now and let's take an early break at 7 52 okay we're going to take a stretch now because i don't want to jump into reproductive i want you to take a little mental break okay so take a 15-minute break we'll we'll come back at let's say 8 10 okay and uh and when you come back at 8 10 we'll all have been a little refreshed maybe clear your brain take out some clean paper and then we'll do the reproductive systems we'll see how far we get tonight okay so take a little stretch now clear your brains anybody have any questions let me professor i have to sign out and um sign back in okay i'll look for you okay all right thank you you're welcome i