Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion

Definition and Origin

• Manifest Destiny: Belief that it was America's destiny to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean.
• Origin: Coined in 1845 by newspaper editor John O'Sullivan in an article titled "Annexation".
  • Believed expansion was a God-given right.
  • Emphasized "free development of our yearly multiplying millions".

Major Events in Westward Expansion

• 1803: Louisiana Purchase from France began westward expansion.
• 1819: Acquisition of Florida from Spain.
• 1845: Annexation of Texas.

Symbolism and Art

• American Progress Painting (1872 by John Gast):
  • Depicts a woman in white (representing America) moving westward.
  • Carries a school book and telegraph wire; symbolizes education and communication.
  • Shows technological progress (ships, rail lines) following her.
  • Represents perceived benefits of expansion.

Impacts of Manifest Destiny

• Positive for some Americans:
  • Establishment of homesteads and new lives.
• Negative Consequences:
  • Displacement and mistreatment of American Indian nations and other groups.
  • Expansion of slavery into western territories.

Political Influence

• James K. Polk's Presidency:
  • Manifest Destiny's popularity contributed to his election.
  • Led to territorial expansions: Oregon Country, Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase.

Lasting Effects

• Manifest Destiny had far-reaching and long-lasting effects on American history and its societal developments.

Note: This lecture emphasizes the complex and often controversial nature of Manifest Destiny, highlighting its historical significance and the need for further study in American history.