Class 12 Political Science Class Notes

Introduction to the Chapter

• Asked to like the video.
• This is the first chapter of Class 12 Political Science.
• Simrit Didi has been teaching Humanities for 5 years.
• The name of the chapter is "The End of Bipolarity."

Meaning of Bipolarity

• Bipolarity: Having two superpowers (USA and USSR) in the world.
• This situation started after World War II (1945).

Cold War

• Cold War period: 1945 to 1991.
• A time of tension between the USA and the Soviet Union.
• Both countries had nuclear weapons during this war.

Establishment of the Soviet Union

• Soviet Union (USSR): A union of 15 countries formed in 1922.
  • Main countries: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, etc.
• This union disintegrated in 1991.

End of the Soviet Union

• Disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991.
• Main reasons: Economic, political, and nationalist sentiments.

Role of Mikhail Gorbachev

• Gorbachev's policies: Perestroika (economic restructuring) and Glasnost (openness).
• He gave more freedom to the people of the Soviet Union.

Importance of the Berlin Wall

• Construction of the Berlin Wall: 1961.
• Fall of the Wall: 1989, symbolizing the end of communism.

End of Bipolarity

• Reason for the end: Disintegration of the Soviet Union and emergence of the USA as the sole superpower.
• Beginning of unipolarity in the world.

Problems and Conflicts

• Conflicts in various countries, such as Chechnya, Tajikistan, etc.
• Civil wars and political instability.

India and the Soviet Union

• Strong relationship between India and the Soviet Union.
• Cooperation in defense, culture, and economic assistance.

Conclusion

• The disintegration of the Soviet Union and its reasons.
• Importance of studying the end of bipolarity in political science.
• Important information and thoughts related to this chapter.