good afternoon everyone welcome to level up IAS today we are starting our GS Foundation program the June batch uh Kar s nikil sir will be taking your first class on Modern India but before that for 15 20 minutes I'll just go through the entire program I'll introduce to every aspect of it and what you should expect out what are the things we'll be doing what are the things not be doing that we not be doing but still uh there there there are many questions that we get on YouTube who are the teachers I'll introduce all the teachers so today there are questions that we get I'll answer all those in this in the first 10 minutes before nikil sir starts taking the overv of Modern India for you okay so let me first go through the first point sorry how do I it's angang uh let me take you to the details of the first part is this is unlike any other GS Foundation program everything that you need for your preparation except your optional classes optional right you may be taking optional at level of is you may not be taking optional at level of I but other than your optional classes you do not have to do anything you do not have to join any course either at level of I or at any other Institute preparation AB say till your interview is our responsibility everything prelims test Mains test objective practice subjective practice mentorship everything is our responsibility your cat your essay everything is our responsibility sir is essay covered is cat covered will there be a separate module for CAT will we have to join uh prelims test series separately no your entire preparation is our respon you do not have to worry about joining any other course anything either at level of I or anywhere else just add optional to this GS Foundation program and your entire preparation would be taken care of now we will start with two subjects at a time uh we will not be doing this key first day history then geography then poity then economy then science then environment so we will be starting with two subjects at a time we'll be starting with history and geography and this will go on for next 10 weeks what we want is in 10 weeks in 30 classes of history and 30 classes of geography your history and geography should be done your modern Indian geography should be done so that you should feel confident after 10 weeks you should be able to evaluate yourself he am I really done with 20% of the syllabus can I solve 20 questions which are asked in this preliminary examination exam you should be able to see okay these are Modern India question am I in a position to solve them rather than subject February and not feeling confident in anything so we'll be going with six Zs classes every week three class for each subject we'll be starting with history and geography in 10 weeks this would be over then we'll start with the rest of the topic now one thing that I want to make clear on the very first day any institution which is starting GS in Jun they do not they're not able to complete it by February so what they end up doing is in March and April they start taking a lot of extra classes two classes every day three classes every day and this becomes a huge problem those students are not prepared for prelim because whatch we want to ensure that your classes get over in in February and therefore your extra classes would start in October from October you'll have nine classes every week rather than just six classes every week Monday Tuesday Wednesday you'll have three more extra classes we may start some subjects parallely ensuring that by February 28th your syllabus is properly done for GS your course would not be your GS would be complete your current affairs classes would continue even after that current affairs classes would go on till your Mains examination even till your interview examination but your GS we want to finish it on 28th Feb is 27th 2025 right by 27th Feb last year we had promised we'll finish it by 28th Feb 11th 11 days concession but this year we'll try to ensure that it gets over on 27th F so that you have complete three months for revision you are not running behind classes we want you people to get selected in the very first then Saturday Sunday you'll have current affairs classes AB on 29th of June after your GS class at 5:00 p.m. in the evening you'll have current affairs classes starting 29th June that would happen and then uh you would also be writing lots of tests every week starting from 7th of jun not the very first week Saturday Sunday current affairs classes so every week week you'll be writing two tests one objective other subject starting 7th of July up her week test in the afternoon one will be objective test another will be subjective test those subjective test would be evaluated within two three days would be given to you but then your Mentor will again sit with you with your paper to understand what is wrong with you what is good with you what should be improved what in what are the areas in which you are excellent now they the one thing that we believe in is that the most important aspect of GS Foundation preparation is revision if you don't revise then you don't you end up forgetting everything examination Hall you will feel like out of 100 questions 80 questions I had heard of but I could not I did not know more than 30 35 questions I could not attempt more than 30 35 questions because something that you did in June you forgot it by March you were not able to revise and you are not able to attempt it we don't want this to happen to all of you all of you should be doing what revision strategy if you're spending two and a half hours in class ensure that you're spending two and a half hours at home also on the same subject initially what you may have is you may have two and a half hours of class of GS two and a half hours class of optional do not run behind something else I'll open I'll buy this book I'll do this whatever teacher has recommended you see please understand level up I has a different philosophy we believe that if a student has joined here we should be able to ensure that each and every aspect of the syllabus is covered we will tell you what has to be studied you finish that you cover that we will ensure that your entire syllabus is properly done is properly covered okay so coming back to coming back to the revision part what you have to do is let's say you sleep at 12 every day have a have a time when you sleep sometimes we become indisciplined what we end up doing is we end up like today let me study till 3:00 a.m. and then entire schedule gets hampered in our College all of us have done all of us may have done it but then you do not realize that next day is wasted don't do that have a fixed time 12 or whatever whatever you may be sleeping at 10: p.m. you may be sleeping at 11:00 p.m. you may be sleeping at 2: a.m. sleeping at 2: a.m. is not a good idea sleep try to sleep early but let's say you sleep at 12 at 11: stop your study 11 to 11:15 go brush your teeth freshen up get ready for bed but in the last 45 minutes of the day what you should be doing is you should be revising again everything that you have done in that day if you don't do that if you don't do that then up just flip through it then every Sunday you'll have test two test Saturday Take Out 3 4 hours for revising everything that you have done in that week right then you'll have a monthly test so what we have is we have weekly tests every Sunday then you'll have monthly test monthly test me you'll the syllabus of the entire month would syllabus of the entire month would be covered went through the second revision monthly test me you will go through the third revision but then now you'll have a question sir monthly test your first off will be Saturday before your monthly suay monthly test Saturday off so that you have the entire day not only 3 hours week 3 hours 3 hours 3 hours 3 hours you'll need 12 hours for revising everything right then you'll also have a quarterly test of both prelims and Mains and you'll have a six monthly test of both PR andion whatever you're studying in class if you're able to revise these things these many times in January February only you'll be be like I'm prepared and if you'll not do that see most of the students end up uh not writing tests like I need to study some more then I'll start writing don't wait for that start attempting test start attempting your objective test start attempting subjective test because if you'll have this mindset it is compulsory I have to do it then you will not waste your Saturday on Saturday ex Saturday effec if and if you'll decide I do not have to write a test on Sunday let me relax a you'll end up wasting after your classes are done give yourself half a day enjoy relax after your test not before your test prioritize your test focus on that okay that's very crucial that's very important so this is what we're telling you here we have extend Ive practice regular assessment and evaluation you will be able to regularly assess yourself where where do you stand among your peer group uh how we are performing you'll have both objective subjective test it will go on until February after February you'll only have objective test till your preliminary examination till February you'll have both objective test and subjective test in March April and May you'll only have objective test prelims test and after that for those of you who clear preliminary examination you will get access to Mains test series clear next year C next year you will get access to our main test series you have access to main test series but only once okay so do it use it when you clear preliminary examination first year clear it and you get access to this other than this at the time of main we also write lots of answers so what we do is we run something called main Masters you do not need Main's Masters program because you would already be very well prepared but revision Mion so we run what is called known as Mains Masters program in that program we make you write four answers in every class in 70 days you'll write 280 answers for GS that is in the 3 months of mains preparation so that will also be available for you you will not need it if you study properly please understand master program you will not need it it is for students they come to know know about us very late and then they come to study with us they institution is very popular for Mains program why is it very popular for Mains program you do not know about level up because full page you spend one year two year here and you realize level of is is a good institution because of the word of mouth I I'm pretty sure almost all of you have come here because of Word of Mouth some friend has told you you have not come here because advertisement so popular by the time you spend one or two years here you get to know level up is is an excellent place and Mains lots of students come to us because by the time you get to you get to know about level up I promise you one thing in February 20125 when your course would get over they'll be studying from your I promise you this today they will ask for your notes that's my promise they will say sence and you will not need there I promise you you will you like in every class you'll get printed notes before your class they say today sir will'll be starting history you have got printed notes there okay that is our problem other thing a few more thing I'll tell you ke why level up IAS is an institution which on which you can trust with your like wholeheartedly trust we are an institution perhaps the only institution in Old rajendra who do not publish results of interview we are the only institution not do that 100 plus students selection that you see all of them were either part of our foundation programs or our Mains program by the time of mains everyone gets to know level up J all of them were either part of our Foundation program or Mains programs none of them were part of our free test series thousands of students participate we will not publish their names again interview guidance program we do not do that we remain honest at the beginning when you are joining us I promise you right let me let me let me take you ahead with other aspects uh I have already spoken about this your syllabus would be completed by February please understand your current affairs classes will be going on even in a uh March and April then uh you your learning mode will be flexible you'll have both offline and online online access so sometimes if you miss online classes you can join sorry sometimes you miss offline classes you'll be able to do online classes and you'll also get regular mentorship mentorship in June batch also 20 20 of the students I'll be mentoring her bat 20 students are being mentored by me 20 20 students are given to each teacher and after that we also have a set of mentors who will be taking out this mentoring aspect now this is the list of teachers who will be teaching you I'll this is the last slide that I'll go through I'll introduce all the teachers I in one of the introductory session I will briefly talk about all the teachers up class is being started by nikil Sir nikil said sir is the best history teacher in the country about level up I one thing they would have said they have never studied history the way nikil s has as a feedback you have understood this and you'll realize it spend 30 days with him and you'll realize that history which is considered to be boring by someone some people find history is so interesting when you'll get to know story about story behind every event that event will not be a fact for you that event will be a part of your life because you know every aspect of it right to nikil Sir will be teaching history nikil sir officially unofficially has been teaching for last 10 years who 2013 full 201 but from 20134 only in pun he was teaching history and since he has a lot of experience there Gotham sir and dimple ma'am both of them will be taking your geography now uh dimple M videos are already there on our YouTube channel both of them have given multiple interviews both of them have been teaching for six years now and have very good experience uh Babu sir will be taking your polity and governance classes and ethics governance section that will also be taken by Babu s Babu s is someone who has cleared upsc exam four times and upsc civil services exam three times upsc exam upsc CA F all India rank 44 he got in 2010 then in 2013 16 and 17 he cleared upsc civil services examination if he had joined the service he would have been an IAS officer right since last 8 years he has been consistently teaching he's someone who's a No Nonsense person seriously you you may not find uh a lot of YouTube videos uh about him but when you'll study from him you will realize that the conceptual Clarity in poity public administration governance uh governance and ethics that he'll be able to give you will be just immen in fact just ask them how many prelims question were they able to do this year they'll be very confident in most of the prelims questions of polity because Babu have already covered polity in the April batch for you for for June batch also they'll be uh he'll be coming very soon to take your polity and governance classes then uh Vish will be Nik s and v s both will be taking your history classes dimple dimple mam vishwajit sir vishwajit sir will be taking your ethics classes he's also the teacher for of philosophy optional with us he's someone who cleared this upsc civil services examination in 2013 2013 may he was one of the Toppers of philosophy he was one of the Toppers of interview also he got 216 uh in the uh interview he Al leads our interview program and ethics philosophical part ethics ethics there are two section one is value moral that's a philosophical part and other is ethics and governance ethics and governance is being taken by Babu sir philosophical part will be taken by vishwas Sir he is also a former civil civil servant he has he has not retired he has quit his job he's full-time teaching me and he'll be taking that aspect then uh nishad and Kar nishar nishad Kar sir Chan s nishad s and Kar s nishad sir is our sociology faculty sociology option ened some of you are enrolled already nishad s is one of the best sociology teacher difficult concept simple he'll be taking some of your Society classes same is with do I need to introduce CER to anyone anthropology teaches highest number of students in anthropology in the country he will be also taking some of your essay classes and some Society CL chundan sir is our psir teacher he's one teacher who sits with student answer evaluate PS but section in GS2 will be taken by K okay this is the team of teachers teachers last year introduced we did not change them for the entire year we had same set of teachers and we promise you we this is the team that we will have this is the team which will not get affected I'll be taking care of your GS3 and your current affairs Saturday Sunday you will get an idea all of you will have my number I'm not giving you my number but all of you will have my number 2s the teachers the staff the everyone knows that all the students have my number I'm the co-founder of the institution I'm I'm the director of the institution and all of you would have my number for this but for any other issue also you can message me any other academic institution related issue sonali ma'am we have a we have a psychologist who will help you out in those kind of situation I'm not an expert thereally I will like on Saturday I'll provide on the in the in the very first class of current affairs I'll provide you my number okay so this is all about uh this program which basic details it's starting today uh classes would be from 2:30 2 2: p.m. to 4:30 p.m. you link this link is on YouTube is also available in the description you can go to the description and take admission ore for people who are watching it online please note that we have changed our building earlier we were in the Interiors of orn now we have we have moved on the main road so we are on the second floor building number 45 on PSA road in front of pillar 128 of metrop 128 offline for any other query they can come here or these are the numbers and email ID where you can uh write a mail or give a call to get any details about the GS Foundation program bar online doubts then I'll invite nikil sir to take on the responsibility of teaching you today in the Modern India class vun Gina is saying nikil s is saying nil s rul Singh is saying nikil s fan here that's he joined yesterday GS Foundation program yesterday after talking to nikil Sir anit Sak saying even I read by V sir history lecture fabulous teacher level up you are giving one of out of best industry I need questions I your GS3 science economy s Kumar I'll be taking your economy classes and science class teachers not use to explain the subject in class yes see please understand we will primarily be speaking in English if but my mother tongue is Hindi my mother tongue is Hindi n's mother tongue is marati so that is an issue so sometimes while explaining something we may divert into that language at that time offline students it's your responsibility to let the teacher know please explain this again in English we are all very comfortable in English we can all very fluently speak English that's not an issue and sometimes sometimes 10% of the time this may happen that we may go in we may divert towards Hindi at that time you can always remind us back or in the online comments in the live classes if you're watching live classes remind us we will ensure that we'll be speaking in English only in the entire class sir as LMS portal P show H as class yoube online mode lecture in online mode one you can watch live lecture after that if a video is of 2 hours you can watch it for 4 hour 15 minutes now same 15 minutes section you can keep watching for 4 hour 15 minutes repeatedly or the entire video so if a video is of 2 hours you'll be able to watch it two times plus 15 minutes if a video is of 3 hours you'll be able to watch it for 6 hours plus 15 minutes like this okay so live plus two times watch so you can in total watch three times online video are there any modular course modular course GS Foundation K we do not have modular courses modular courses are laun in November December not right now okay any doubts that you people have before I invite nichel huh means Masters program which is for students who are writing means this year you want access to that do this do this for me for continuously two test top in the examination GS I'll get you MMP ACC that will show ke whatever is happening in Zs she's doing she's doing perfectly well there I'll get you MMX it's not part of GS Foundation program like MMP 2025 right not the MMP which is going main Masters program which is going on right now but if you want I'll give it to you if you top in both the tests I'll get you give you that access okay sir is it possible to prepare for upsc and Ras exam yes they uh we a lot of our students have cleared Ras exam and uh they have done it while preparing for UPS soon up PCS Ras utarak PCS a lot of similarities there up PCS me there is some Divergence they have come up with two new subjects so you have to focus on that otherwise uh preparation is more or less similar okay so any other doubts guys yes we'll try to ensure that that doesn't happen and in case that happens you'll always have excess of online so you may be able to we'll try to ensure that that doesn't happen when is your optional class at what time sociology 11:45 we'll try to keep it in the evening evening 5 but in case sometimes it happens you'll always have online access to take care of that okay so yes huh okay okay H standard book would not help you here proper understanding of both geography and Society will help you see please understand by February your syllabus would be over right you will understand geography also you'll understand Society also and then at the time of mains master program at the time of revision what we can do is we will have these kind of questions which are based on multiple subjects at one go right those kind of things would be there right it's not it will not be there in standard books you will have to study it along on the basis of pyqs you'll have to study those okay so sir nikil sir please a I'm sorry huh sir can we join the program by next week you'll have online videos available if you join next week you'll have to six classes online you'll have online videos available you can join it anytime you want comment what about students who are not able to grab the classes because of full explanation in English we will have to make full explanation in English we will not they our promise is that these classes are for English medium student so uh please please do not force us to uh use Hindi English medium people can force us to use English because this this class is supposed to be for English students uh people who understand English but uh if you have some doubts you may ask it in Hindi and we'll try to explain that again in Hindi but if you do not understand English you should not be joining this program if you are not comfortable with English you should not be joining this program this is not a program for Hindi medium students interview there's a question B shali Gan Galan is asking will you be preparing us for interview we will be preparing us for interview but I'll tell you one more thing the entire or each and every institution will be running behind you interview preparation because that is how they'll get resultss look at how many interview guidance program students are they showing do not worry about your interview preparation we will be preparing you for interviews but for interview everyone wants to prepare you for interview so that they can claim is this is a student from our Institute okay so you will have interview preparation here but please do not worry about interview by interview you become a big asset for everyone and everyone wants to grab you AB a lot of students have come to me and they said ke sir people are so Shameless a day before my main interview they kept on calling me interview ham institution how they kept on doing this they have done it and some students told me sir they do not understand anything they somehow have got my number in the morning I have given some interview somewhere I told them I've already given an interview and in the morning I have my main UPS interview but they still kept on calling me why were they doing it they were doing it so that if she gets selected she actually got selected and she told me all those things after getting selected she actually got selected and like that okay online students live doubt session huh last question online students will have two doubt S one to you can have ask doubts online live after that every week you'll have two doubt Session One by each teacher you'll have two doubt session other than that you can also get in touch with your mentors and get your doubts nikil sir morning just commit okay hello good afternoon my name is nikil and been teach Modern India half of you know me already I had some a couple coup of lectures in but I wanted to have a very free willing discussion to and what is the age difference now year by year I'm teaching subject I'm for and I want to understand why is that happening and I want you to understand why is that happening so that it will become easy to for you to travel the remaining so let me ask you of questions how many of you that history is a very boring subject take them honestly honestly it's facts ratification and dates so half of you a very good number % people don't find history boring unprecedented you know there is another problem with history apart from it's uh appearing as if it is boring and that is that subject dangerous in a that identity individual identity and also Community identity and then it makes you compels you to have lots of world world view is shaped by history when you look at somebody at some some some individual some State you have to carry that burden so one thing the first point that I just said his facts it's just a burden of memory but the second Point shapes identity and world view and compels you to do many things actually burden of his all all of us are carrying that burden consciously or uncons how do you think there for last three days about rewriting anties and this is just sanitization or sanitation rather of the ongoing ineri for last 20 almost 20 there is actually a mandate given to iner to bring out new as far as my understanding go on Monday or Tuesday uh the new book could be ready and given to the government to decide what to do and it will be the sixth standard NC forish schol are starting now the book is not out yet maybe in one week you will see that debate coming up that it is not only sanitizing the old NC is it's about a new production of all together B and it's a it's all political Hot Potato the history is not only sometimes boring but it is also very charged so I will try to unravel that today for next remaining part of the session and that kind of fundamental understanding will provide you some lens that lens will be very useful to prepare for our entire next 35 to 38 35 officially so uh that is my first point so we have is is voice not clear comments is it clear now SP so let me quickly walk you through at least Basics we know that in our syllabus for the upsc CSC exam we have ancient India we have medieval India we have art and culture Modern India the post Independence and world history we have so many segments of history in our syllabus but not all the segments are equally important for every stage that Clarity you should have for example ancient medieval is primarily important for only prelims so the political history administrative history social history economic history they constitute bulk of the syllabus for prelims not for mes when you think of art and culture and Modern India art and culture of ancient till modern you go by syllabus you have religious history philosophical history cultural history literature arts architecture everything and Modern India that I shall be doing in some days that is actually common to both prelims and Mains just me and when we talk of post Independence and world history barring for one or two rare questions which appear very rarely you have post Independence purely in main examination and so is world history largely when we study Modern India for next so many weeks our Focus will be from both preliminary perspective and M perspective we will not be divorcing them completely from each other it is not even possible now in the prelim examination we get around 15 to 18 questions out of 100 collectively from entire history but last 2 years have been exceptions last two years they asking 12 13 questions each not 15 16 17 so question but that keeps changing for every subject every year you never know what is happening we should be prepared in the main examination we have history as a part of General Studies 1 gs1 there you get six to seven questions out of 20 every year six minimum but generally 6 to S this is the relative importance of history in your syllabus however history will also provide provide you a lot of foundation to understand all the other subjects up world history will become foundation for international relationships you have Modern India and world distory will become the foundation to understand Constitution poity governance and world history for multiple things and ancient medieval to so history is important in itself and also creates a foundation to understand lots of other subjects let me show you the syllabus because students have habit not to look at syllabus and students have habit not to look at PR year questions also for some reason we'll show them in the class so in case of prelims for history upsc has mentioned only this single thing history of India and Indian national movement that is all history of India everything that happened till yesterday is history of India in a way technically speaking so upsc doesn't give a good amount of guidance about what should emphasize upon for that we to look at the previous year questions their patterns their analysis Etc and they have separately mentioned Indian national movement although it is automatically part of history of India but they want you to focus on that Freedom Movement this is for prelims if you go to Mains in main examination you have five points about history collectively which which I have reproduced here of them the two points pertain to Modern Indian history only Modern India Indian culture Salient aspects of art forms literature and architecture from ancient to modern times that is why I said art and culture is part of both three and Ms then you have two bits for Modern India the second bit says modern Indian history from about middle of the 18th century means around 1750s so they are not able to or not willing to pinpoint exactly at which point model history starts because they cannot nobody can so perhaps it's classy Battle of class perhaps it's Battle Battle of panipat perhaps it's bakar Perhaps it is death of orze they want to be fluid let us be fluid so sometime in the midle of 18th century from there until the present events personalities and issues again it is quite V and within that again they have done the same thing they have specifically talked about the freedom struggle its various stages important contributors and contributions from different parts of the country they want you to go into the evolutionary aspect and Regional aspect and if you look at the questions every year at least one question comes from that perspective apart from typical question andpa that we shall cover separately right now only focus on Modern India so is the syllabus clear it is not clear because this is not detailed enough for us to understand so we have to reconstruct lots of things we to try to decode upc's Mind by apping a lot on the trend of pyqs focus because this guidance is not adequate for us now what we shall be doing is for some amount of time understand what is modern Indian history it is going to be as I said a very general free willing discussion to some extent okay let me start from the very Basics how many of you here have the habit of reading history before you started preparing or wanted to start preparing apart from school books textbook not a single person who has habit and liking of history as a it makes my task easy and difficult both at the same time easy because I can tell anything you will say yes difficult because I have to say everything anyway so let us start with history itself then basic what is the meaning of the term history let me ask you one question you try to anybody can Define history it's very good thank you past is past a history lots of things happen every day in the past yesterday I wore Different Cloth is that part of a history today morning I had some NASA what was the food is that a part of a history well it may be part of food history but not relevant to us overall in when you say in the larger sense what is the history about anybody from Northeast of India have you ever visited Northeast of India 1 2 people 3 4 5 six Okay so there is yes there is a very derogatory statement about arunachal Pradesh that I came to know when I was there for sometime in 2014 2015 and the people there said some Outsiders who were in arachel for a long time serving the people there but they said there is a comment that arunachal Pradesh has no history it has only geography can you understand what do they mean by that Rachel has no history well people have been inhabiting that part of Earth for centuries there are people communities tribes living there for centuries they have their own change they have their own politics they have their own Chiefs tribal warfar are rampant even but until very recently they still right so my point is that there have been political happenings there have been battles and wars and change in territory Etc over hundreds and thousands of years still if somebody says it has no history what does it mean it has passed and not history significant events significant events significant for whom again there is subjectivity maybe something is significant for chief not for the common people for one Community not for the another right so your significance can become little bit a slippery slope for us your some what in the correct direction but not completely yes migrant is not necessary in that case the region where nobody went history is primarily a study of change not study of past study of change and not study of past when I say change what do I mean there has to be change in technology there has to be change in economy there has to be change in social structure some political structure it's just a reputation it's a cycle going on if there is some kind of fundamental change in social economic political technal structure only then we are interested in studying that so that part of the past which helps us to underline change and continuity that is history change and continu study not of the past but of change and continuity now if we get obsessed over only past as a term it appears as if the narrative the dates the events are extremely important and that's why in school we hated history many so mostly people hated history because they thought it's about events and dates it is not that it is actually about change I'll tell example look at the books that were written in 1960s and 1940s and 1920s about history of Modern India the primary focus is on chapter iation based on individual governor general benting Gaya we take different chapters which are by governor general and policies their effects consequences battles Wars all those that is a discarded version of History we are no more interested as if there is change in govern General it change history we are interested in larger structure Colonial bureaucracy economic exploitation so these individuals don't matter much there is exactly opposite saying in India's history we say no more no more it's about the larger structure Colonial structure that we study individuals don't matter much although they do matter there is some agency there is some action but we have to focus for our understanding on larger process so that is one thing I want to underline history is not only study of past or past events or past dates history is primary study of change and continuity in the past that is one thing now second thing what change to notice what change I'll tell you interesting story from my own past I came to war 2011 I went to a Bookshop here I went to him I wanted to purchase a history book of Modern India I wanted a specific author he went inside to search for the book it took 2 three minutes he came out with a very old copy PES became yellow dust he just it's a history book what is new in history history doesn't change so why does the addition matter said no with every new addition there is a change the perspective which kind of change lots of things change which change matters to us depends on us not on the past what I want to focus here is the question you ask will decide the answer you get from your past but which question to ask is your and my concern right now right here it's about present concerns and not past concerns so history is about present I like them a lot if the edition of book was of 1970s in 1970s maybe people were interested in different question questions the society was different so they asked different questions they got different answers but today in 2020s we have different questions in our mind this every new edition every new revision of history is important it has to be done if books are not Rewritten they get fossilized they get outdated history must be Rewritten every time but by following certain important academic criteria because present is changing we know there is a very famous saying in Cambridge lectures by a historian called eh car you must have heard of him eh car eh car has said that history is a continuous dialogue between past and present is a dialogue between past and present so either past or present so present questions determine what are our concerns for example 50 years ago nobody bothered asking about climate change but today we think of climate change policies in policies impact of climate change in Hara but the question was never raised it is today's concern today we have a lot of interest in feminism so when we criticize rajaram mroy we focus not on his limitations but the negative things the policies he brought for sa abolition the way debate happened actually constrained woman's emancipation to some extent constrained it's a negative point from feminist lens so today we have interest in saan history theit history will be history is about present there is a 11 volume series called history of Civilization by Will and Ariel Durant everybody I have soft copy of some of them but anyway the point is that in in that Ariel Durant has given a very nice quote in small reduced version of that called the lessons of History he says that the present past relationship the past is the present unrolled or understanding and present is the past rolled up for Action again listen very carefully past is the present unrolled for understanding and present is the past rolled up for Action so past and present are intertwined extremely there is an Italian person called VI in Italian Enlightenment V VI I he gave a very sucin statement of that he said all history is contemp temporary history never dies out lives within us through us every single day that's why it becomes very political Hot Potato all history is a contemporary history so my second point was that it's about present to the courts of ah car Ariel Durant and Vio that was the single point change is to be noticed was the first point and secondly which change the change in which we are interested today in present don't Bic clear let us go the third point if you start asking the questions today to the Past maybe the question is the same but answer may be different for you and me let us say they multiple because there is no single past there is no single change change doesn't happen uniformly everywhere at the same time take example of ask you what was this cont the situation of urbanization in India during haran era what will you say is it true it's true only for one corner of India Northwest not entire India rather on the majority geographical region of India do we have farming villages we have people who are not even farming in we have small towns urbanization is very important Salient aspect for northwest corner of if you come to Via we give entire chapter to Vic India but was there a Vic India it's only Western up harana what about rest of India so vas were composed in that part of India so whatever history you can decode from vas belong to history of that region and those people maybe in the later centuries it became very important so we have to go and study I'm not saying is less important I'm saying whose history it is which region which part even today you have Banjara communities those who travel from City to city place to place this was the situation all the right but some people got settled some did not they are still stuck the same time we have past we have prehistory Proto history ancient medieval modern all these times going on at the same time in India right now right here the city of DHI there some people living in different eras so my point is that when you say past or history Point K history change is not uniform so we have not single past but multiple pasts in our anity I think you have read that incity our pasts right why was the past plural because people come from different regions different communities with different historical experiences and that kind of plurality of understanding should understand there is no uniform history and that is also the third point that is an important Point plurality there is no single layer I fantastic example that I love to quote think of the modern city that British created from scratch and from plasy onwards though it was completely ruled by them by 1947 it's been almost 200 years since PL it's been almost 200 years of British colonial rule on the Bengali mind the bhadralok mind memoryi was highly shipped because if you say 200 years you mean at least 7 to eight Generations so they have lost the living memory of the pre-british era they got thoroughly westernized modernized anglicized to some proportion now think of the last part of India which fell for British where Bengal part last part is Punjab it is almost 100 years after that in 1840s Punjab was gone in 1947 when India became independent Punjab was colonized only for 100 years and not 200 years like Bengal so the level to which British could penetrate British could change social structure they could exploit they could teach Indians how to think what to do is very less only three four generations so I will not be surprised living memory of pre British India was alive at least for some families the change that British could impinge upon in Punjab is to less extent you will find even today lots of pre- British social ideas F system Etc it is still alive so don't you think it is an important aspect for to understand about bangal Punjab whose history what kind of History impact is different so you have to understand that there is plural past and not single past now I want to come to to the fourth point that will be the last but most technical Point YouTube com voice is better audio is clear okay we have a few comments they are giving answers sorry I couldn't see on time okay now that you have different versions of past if you have different versions of past if there is such a plurality everything subjective you have plurality does it mean you have subjectivity does it mean that if that had been true because we are no more in Modern India or mod world we are in postmodern world in the postmodern world idea is not believing in single truth right so we are not concern in our class with postmodern aspect come to Modern World in modern world in subject my question is if there are multiple versions are all versions equally true there was one very famous British historian ajp Tyler terer studied World War I World War II Etc he has given a very fantastic quote he says he says that history is not a catalog of events it is a version it's not a catalog it's a version so which version if you have five versions which version is seen more authentic which version is seen to be more true or more close to the Past reality there has to be something criteria of objectivity subjective there is no difference between mythology and history right now we don't use lots of Mythology when we want to study history because we see there is no evidence support mythology may be about universal truth I'm not saying it is not useful it is universal truth but history is not about truth it's about facts religion will give you truth yes I I'll I'll come there just now I'll come there nobody decides as such but there is mentality from there so my point is if it becomes completely subjective then there is no difference in mythology and history but this binary of History mythology is a typically constructed European binary that depends on one single aspect history support facts facts exist in our history term these are evidences to prove and how do you prove you need to get some information how do you get information from some sources the first subo of the fourth point I want to mention is that in history there is a very huge role we played by sources there can be many events in the past many fundamental aspects very significant changes which have left no sources what to do we can't do anything recently there was a controversy in jnu last month it became it was actually a very flimsy controversy to be very honest it became a very big news because of a curfuffle between a great Professor gri chakrawarti Sak and one student of PhD that they had so in that that that that became new so people started reading again AA who is this person there is a professor called gatri prti spak and she is very well known for her study of feminist history literary history saalan Etc so she has written a book actually a chapter a kind of essay can the saulton speak what does it mean can the saulton speak people who never had voice in the past people who never left any evidences of what they think they never knew how to write we never had money and education they must have had been through multiple things many things we have no record what to do so that part of History we have to excavate somehow directly indirectly but it is largely lost to us what we are confined to is only what facts we have from the sources we possess there is no alternative the larger part of history is gone we struggle with only what we have that is one thing but anyway we have at at least for some part of History some Source a typical thing what are types of sources anybody so we have inscriptions artifacts like like sculptures maybe do we have artifacts and literature what kind of literature do we have literature is books oh manuscripts and books yes but what kind of of books what kinds of manuscripts some religious some non-religious some in different languages Sanskrit Pali PR English marati banga Oria telu Tamil so different languages different aspects and different audiences some books are written for Elites some are for Mass consumption some books are very technical scientific treatises some are for entertainment drama and music so there are different types of liter and we have to extract bits from all of them but we have a panoply of literature then in inscription artifacts coins we have sculptures lots of them so we call this part as archaeological history or sources and here we have literary sources this is very easy each Source has its own kind of strength and weakness relative to each other Bic liter you may get lost Memorial issue pap you might have read that so there is a place called Neu Memorial Library in Delhi which is in possession of lots of original documents of over 1,000 personalities of Modern India letters and Diaries and archive huge archive I don't remember which year there were lots of personal letters boxes some of them were removed by one party and other part is trying to get them back so it's about struggle fight over access to primary sources from which you can write History either this way that way whatever it is so we have ler the craft of historian what is that it's not that you can go and read medieval Dutch to get the records AA in wura in Maharashtra in 1625 this was a commodity traded as per medieval Dutch language okay that's fine that's a fact Point here is that we have to go to next level and try to corroborate them the information you get from literature and from archaeology does it match does it go against each other ma craft of historian comes afterwards corroboration a very famous example have you heard of pitra shunga kunga a king who came to rule parts of North India after the decline of or by decline ensuring decline of M Empire so in Buddhist literature for thousands of years there is an argument that he was a villain he was demonized villainized by Buddhist literature because he was said to be destroyer of viharas murderer of Buddhist monks etc etc that is the image that you get from literature it's one version but if you change the source of History you go to archaeology what you have the greatest and the most beautiful Buddhist of sanii and baru in madhya Pradesh and they were constructed and embellished ornamented beautified enlarged exactly at that and these places are in the heart of his Empire had he been so anti- Buddhist would he have allowed that if I focus on architecture or archaeology as my primary source then I get a different of the same person but if I focus on literature get a different image how to corate either one of the two sources is lying with some motivation or there is some third explanation whereby both of them can be true at the same time history I don't want to go into all these details I just want to open up your mind to what is actually history it is not just the story of the kings and queens I'll give you second point you have layers of chronology in the same text most famous example is a very famous history book that we have in India called Raja tarangini some of you may have heard of the book Raja tarangini it's by kalhan and kalhan wrote a history of which part of India Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir in that context kashmir's history but if you look at the entire book he wrote it and the book contains history of thousands of years of a fantastic book in that book we have some history of Kashmir from the ancient time some history of Kashmir from his own time Alana's own time can you say that first chapter which talks of the mythological part very old aspect of history of kashm the last chapter where kalana himself was physically present as a witness and wrote both of them are equally authentic they cannot the portions where kalana was himself a witness he has firsthand knowledge he has seen the things around we can take it to be more authentic than the portions point The Source closer it is to the event it is explaining more authentic it is know there are sayings of p and these sayings were not written down at the same time decades afterwards they were compiled and they were put in the form of collection of if this has been through three four generations which of the saying is more accurate Which is less accurate you have if one saying of and other saying they are both okay independent no problem if they are fighting with each other if there is contradiction in which Hadi which statement is to be given more authentic simple solution is that we to tress The Source a statement can be three linkages away from P second and other can be six persons away six degrees of separation likewise so the shorter the chain more authentic it is right similarly in rajatarangini the chapters which are closer to his own life Kal's own life are to be taken as more authentic yes even within the literary Source you can face this problems it's a very difficult craft of a historian I'll give a famous example I was teaching for the first time in 2014 and I had a student very innocent and she said me such how do I I have not seen the manuscript I have the printed version of gorur Gita gorur that that prove anything they known to be very authentic he said no sir but in the first ad first is it is saying they are standing on the means it doesn't prove it only proves that the book I have printed in 1972 that says so the book must be coming from some other old old book which is that book how old that book is maybe 1550 so I can say in 1550 people believed that no no no there is some other book that goes back to 9th century that is there today carbon dated copy and that says in nth Century Indians believed what else just by writing something doesn't prove anything you have to have actual evidence evid in modern times also in Modern India you get different versions take Mahatma Gandhi mahat Gandhi is so profus he written so much in newspaper in letters in Diaries in public in private collected published work of Mahatma Gandhi produced by him personally there are 100 volumes throughout his life then you to see what others are saying at that time about Gandhi and then you to try to analyze so there is other problem also there are lots of things but if you analyze those 100 volumes you see Gandhi is saying something in person something in public these things match sometimes they don't match then you come to let us try to interpret that what was this thing my point here is that you have to talk about facts sources but once the sources are ready you have analyzed them you have deciphered them you have finalized what are the facts second thing that we have is we call method the sources give you facts the story The Narrative the dates and the events but that is just the past as I said we are interested in change I know this part of fact and change Technic but it is just for one day for 1 hour I will not repeat it don't worry and up will not ask a question directly on this but this fundamental understanding will help you a lot in attempting and reading history properly so method second thing is Method facts are established that part is clear you know fact what the real question that UPS historians are interested to ask why why that thing happen if change is happening why it is happening something is taking place why it is taking place so you have to identify what we call as POS is said by so chanaka would say if there is great time it is because of Great Men the king is capable you would have Prosperity if king is not capable you would not have Prosperity is it always true not completely different lenses are there used by different people to understand causation you had at one point of time something called as great man Theory all the happenings in the world were explained because there was Aristotle there was some other great person some other great king or naab or badsha well they have some agency but beyond that even before that if you look at the medieval history they will say things are happening it's the will of God sometimes we say it's about attribution what do you attribute cause right you have iny fundamental err but in history we have to also go into if something is happening why it is happening if somebody is doing something why is he doing that what was his intention anybody coming from legal background here lawyer whether advocate so one person is there the point is that in legal parlance am I Audible near speak am I audible now am I audible online clear okay so in legal parlance let us say there is some crime happening and you want to prove the crime in the court of law what do you do that exactly the cour room drama is nothing but historians craft same nothing else to create the truth recreate the truth but how do you do that you need evidences you need Witnesses circumstantial direct material evidence that is your facts and sources right but then you have to not only prove that I killed you you have to also talk about why did I kill you something or Mak right M or Mak M you have to show the opportunity for me to kill you I should not have that is true so you have to have fact that I killed you at the same time you to show intent because depending on the intent Thea will change the punishment will change if I am killing you in self-defense why would I get some kind of higher punishment maybe execution and if I am aggressive well sh sometimes I beaded just I flipped psychological collapse so I am not in control of my own body so I should get less sometimes it's a cold blooded Mur then it gets highest even when I'm killing you for that same killing you have gradation of punishment based on the gradation of the reason behind the murder so what matters is not only the but also M intention in history also when you talk of the caus method we are interested in menia the first part was ACTA what is historian doing he is his own judge jury and W at the same time the truth so historian is all these three tasks put into one that is the craft of historian when it come to Method now based on different eras different persuasion different ideologies you may have different methods and different lenses through which you prove causation for example you have imperial history in India in modern time it is British who wrote history of India so they wrote it what they might have thought as correct but it also served their own interest you are not a nation but a population it is we who have put you into one nation by conquering different parts of India we conquered Bengal marata Punjab they all divided we created political unification then we created administrative unification then we created legal unification we brought economic unification are the greatest gift that we have given you is our proudest day proudest day is the exact phrase that M Used teach them English there will come a day then we have to leave this country and that will be our proudest day any point is that this is Imperial perspective to counter that we have nationalist perspective you can see that even today G20 happened in DHI last year what was the tagline India the mother of democracy why because British are saying you are all despotic civilization you are not cultured is our gift to you enjoy the democracy now we are saying that is what the the whole thing is so that nationalist response comes to the presupposed pre prebook question maybe both of them are wrong to some extent both of them right to some extent that's not a point here it is their lens then come to Marxist history they would say democracy democracy original at no point of time in the history of the world there was democracy for all people and there was no classet so they discard both of them you have feminists they would say that's what they would say that the Marxist lens also is very masculine L we have to focus on different perspective all together then you go to historiography recently this person is writing a lot in for last couple of years he's trying to bring that perspective and critical rest here and all those things so we have different schools different styles so my solution is simple all of them have to some extent some truth n of them has Monopoly of Truth we have to go to our ancient wisdom in jism what we have is an we have one elephant and five blind people they touch different parts of elephant and say truth is what different schools are touching different parts of elephant all of them are true to some extent from their perspective we have as a student of History here and especially for civil service we should not belong to any school understand this is our St anyway we don't have to go a lot into details of this this thing is called as historiography schools studies call them historiography and lots of questions are of importance to us take for example I'll come to Modern India to give some examples here in Modern India we have some questions like why was India colonized can you tell me let me give you more questions why was there no Industrial Revolution in India I no industrial Revol in third question why did British decide to leave finally why did they give India Independence fourth question why was India partitioned these are very fundamental question and it is in these questions that we are interested we are not merely interested in studying facts and wars and battles and treaties and actions Ms but with the help of those facts we are actually interested in caus why aspect and that is is the Crux of history and also modern history let us take the fourth question itself in the fourth question why was India partitioned there would be some books which would say or some historians would say it was because of Muslim League had the Muslim League not been there India would not have been partitioned especially because of GNA so jna becomes villain in that story you go to other end no no it is British British actually are the one who solded the seeds of communalism in India there was no Hindu Muslim problem in India the first modern riots start in 19th century is well after British established their Rule and ensured the differences and as look at Mount Batton what was the need for him to reduce the calendar bring the date forward and leave quickly he could have stayed for one more year as per the date which was declared already by the British Parliament 1948 Days Every so we try to put a blame either on British all together or mon bton specifically some people say no but what was the reason for Congress to accept they could we willing to wait for next 5 10 20 years two three generation ations will not allow partition look at South Africa long walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela the name of its autobiography why was completely uncompromising will not leave principle will not allow such kind of bifurcation democra South Africa we want United South Africa Congress people not willing to wait so that question is posed by some other historians so they try to blame Congress why did Congress accept in the first place what was the reason acceptance of partition so you have three players here depending on which school of historiography you belong to you would oppor everybody will accept question is who is responsible more by What proportion is it 80 202 80 10 10 10 80 10 10 10 80 yes louder it will be done but there is next angle not only it is about apportioning you just tell them when it is done okay you just tell them when it is done okay thank you not only about this relative apportionment of blame they say you have criminal I like to go back to legal terms conspiracy in conspiracy does every person get the same blame gets more blame likewise amongst the three players who is to be blamed relatively more that is the question but you go One Step Beyond all these three on beton Gina Gandhi Patel all of them are whom they are Elites a partition of such a subcontinent at huge level which is decided by D action on streets violence P can Elites decide that what was the role of masses where masses communalized Miz is it Elite history or is it popular Mass history who is more responsible J N then somebody will say from the Marxist would say no no it is middle class this middle class which created nationalism and communalism both at the same time second debate starts Elite middle class and masses then somebody will say no no no why are we looking for causes of partition inside India why don't you look at what is in London maybe there are some pools and pressure in London politics in British Parliament right there was obviously labor government on this Imperial Church lots of so some causes are to be looked into not in the colony but in the mother country is London so we have third thing Colony versus mother country then they will say no no no these are not the only two factors what is happening at the global level cold war is starting world war is ended and in the New Politics such kind of partition becomes necess decolonization is a global phenomenon right you go for you have Muslim League British Congress you have Elite middle class masses you have Colony mother country and the world history you can interpret the same event of partition for which you have all the facts already ready you know which commission came what negotiation happened what were the terms of references but again when it comes to causation who is to be blamed and what is the main fundamental and that is history in history there is no final word all history books are interim reports interim report because come next era come next 10 years lens will change questions will change answers will so you have to have the Consciousness that whenever you say something is ultimate truth in history the truth is subscribed in some context you also belong to your own time and space you will be definitely outdated yourself in next 20 30 years and that is why history becomes more interesting history books have to be Rewritten for that purpose fact based you know but in night in the sky to go to outside City area you see lots of stars within those Stars you have some nakshatras constellations right like saari for example tell me very honestly is there Sai in the sky it is we who imagine that pattern the Stars which are undeniable material fact are your facts first point evidences which can't change they are fact but the way you connect the Stars to create a pattern it is your causation your imagination facts are sa POS can keep Chang I can see different pattern no problem so the second part of first part is to arrive at facts with the help of sources second part is to interpret the fact hisory I hope I have I have explained the very basics of what is the meaning of History right so we started ah with modern Indian history I have covered the world word history now I have to cover the word modern let me drink some water and see some comments give me 10 seconds the coffee be okay I'm Audible and no not not many comments let's go to the word modern what do you mean by modern anybody is history word clear to all of us from tomorrow you will have lots of handouts but today it's just Phila philosophizing so come to Modern a friend of mine recently bought an iPhone the modern Gadget right is that modern is that mod what is model the term modern what does it mean changing happening all the time so closest to present it means something which is current something which is recent so that is a common parlance or common usage of the word modern but current or recent but as you said correctly in history we do not use the word modern that sense for many academics now modern is not recent modern is not current mod is past right so in historical sense modern is a specific frame of time specific phase of time we know that we have for example again this period per periods we have prehistory then we come to Proto history these parts will be explained in detail in Ancient India don't worry you come to the ancient history you have early medieval have proper medieval you have early modern then you come to modern era and now you come to postmodern also in that entire evolution of history when you say modern history we specifically mean certain part of our timeline which has some specific features So when you say modern history we are trying to say we are trying to study that part of History which has got certain features which we call as modern so if you don't know what are those features you cannot study Modern India you cannot understand what is Modern India it's like it's not it's not a random word very technical and specific work when does as you said modern modern era start forget about India for a moment let us talk of generic at Global level when does Modern time start if somebody said around 1500 around 1500 it may be but it's okay when you say modern who said I am modern for the first time you know and the modern one was created it was not created as Standalone world it was created as a Counterpoint as a binary to as position of medieval that is modern modern we supposes the premodern era was a very bad era modern is a good ERA we have technology we have progress the idea of continuous progress if we know better technology if we have better science we can improve our life we believe in progress we believe in rationality we believe if you think of politics for example in medieval times had kingdoms you had fism this later what do we have now we have democracy we have constitutions the difference politics you had rule of men now we have rule of law a very modern concept you have for example in the past social hierarchies you had slavery there is cast system there is racism there are different types of social hierarchies there is loyalty there is Shiver I have to use that word also in the medieval context obious when you say modern what we have is equality we have human rights fundamental rights in our constitution or F or us in India right you have no more rule of the church in the medieval time you have Universal Church R of Islam what we have now ideally is secularism individualism right these are the aspects of modernity when you say what do you mean we study that era which has got all these aspects that is very so iPhone is not mod like our previous prime minister Singh is a technically a medieval thing but can you even think of calling him medieval person he's as modern in his thought process as anybody can be he's fully modern person so just by material possessions and clothing in the Medieval Era wearing headgear was important because head gear decided mdle lower it was a marker of identity social categorization mod ER op you can wear it for your own purpose own liking but cast sign right because Equity my point is that when you think of modern we think of a modern Outlook a world viw a mindset and in a typical history the question is why then there so if you think that this is mod this is disputable but we go with the mainstream history in that if this is modern where did it arise for the first time in Europe we know those typical six seven processes which actually brought this change from so-called medieval to so-called modern perod I am standing in modern times was all Dark Age and it was in rums and even before that before before the church became dominant had Roman Empire with Greek City St that was a glorious age and golden age and so a modern man somewhere in 15 16th century decided for himself by himself this is a modern era before that it was Medieval Era and before that there was Ancient Ancient was golden age midle was Dark Age now we are coming out of Dark Age a dismantling region speak secularism dismantling old kingdoms ining Nations that is the transition of modernity in the case of European history we know we have renaissan in the field of art and culture we have Reformation in the field of religion which created protestantism and nation states then we have Scientific Revolution at both levels at scientific level of Newton and Galileo Etc at principles basic principles fundamental ideas also at technological level printing presses and lots of things gunpowder Etc then we have age of Discovery and Commercial Revolution which created for the first time a class which was a vocal political power after Commercial Revolution we have Enlightenment which applied those principles of rationality secularism individualism everything in the life and then we have political revolutions first one being American Revolution 1770s which created first constitution in the world modern Constitution very soon was followed by French Revolution and then you have Russian Revolution then you have Chinese Revolution each one has its own characteristic all these processes together collectively over hundreds of years created what we call as modernity all took efforts it took B tells it we are having the fruits of mod get time machine where would like to go in the past this is the best time in the history of humanity right now A the lower middle class person enjoys the fruits of technology and Welfare government lifestyle which is much better than the 13th century English aristocrat right so my point is that modern era has given you the fruits of Health technology education Industrial Revolution everything so is it a good ERA what do you think to some extent yes it is the same era has also produced world wars killing machine propaganda mechanism don't even know what is truth and what is not truth today think of five personalities five Personalities in the midst of the 20th century we know Hitler known for Holocaust killing 60 lakh Jews we know Stalin known for stalinist purges killing 30 40 lakh people you know Ma through cultural revolution king equal amount of Chinese you know Truman Truman was American president who dropped atom bomb on Hiroshima Nagasaki we know Churchill who killed almost equal number of people right now in Bengal in 1943 lak so all these five people there is no hero and no villain or rather all of them are vill in a way for us in India including Churchill Churchill's Secret point is that it is the modernity and its technological apparatus which gave us the capability of killing hundreds and thousands the matter of is modernity good or bad so when we see you want to study Modern India we have to study how all this both package of good and bad that was developed somewhere outside India was thrusted upon us now we come to third part modern Indian history history we don't need to go into modern a lot because part of world history not for Indian history but you have to have the background because and our progress got stalled and our history of nation changed to other Direction all together and this modernity trusted upon us to what extent we accepted it what extent we resisted it would we resist it if we accepted did we accept as it is or modified it here his story of mod when you think of rajar Roy to vianda the social religious reform moments we have to think of this Indian thinkers are grappling with Western modernity decide that how to judge that that is the history of Modern India so let me come to now modern Indian history let us go to a timeline simply you have about 500 years of history of year which we study in modern indiaia was not called Modern India earlier what was it called British India there is a person called James Mill have you heard of him James Mill he was a servant a clerk in the Guiden Hall office Street London India House headquarter of East India Company and this clerk wrote book called history of India in 1815 or 1817 maybe in in the second half of the second decade of 19th century and he partitioned India's history they decided we are modern medieval Black age an classical age this kind of tripar periodization model was thrusted Upon Us by the British we never thought of history that ever Cy and within those we had different uh ages Gupta age this age and that age so we did not think of time as a un linear progressing entity with continuous evolution of human capability for betterment of life it was not our concept but they brought their modernity and trusted upon India they purposefully distorted it and then they trusted so James mil will not call ancient India medal India and Modern India he would write in His official book Hindu India Muslim India British India is a communal mind and his book actually became the textbook for all the IC officers for generations to India back in England they were indoctrinated in that kind of thinking and then they were sent to India as rulers and this is such an illogical division what is Hindu India where are Buddhists where are Janss and do you decide the name of the era based on religion why not region why not language okay if that is the reason come to Medieval India are all the rulers of middle India Muslims and who is krishnaa who is shagi let us accept even then that there is Hindu India and Muslim India why is not there Christian India so this is the thinking a very Insidious and dirty thinking which was used to communize British Indian Administration and gradually over next that became the text the text in 1915 or 195 Vincent Smith wrote next version of books or change es Smith and Arthur Smith so anyway so we this is imperial history nationalist had to respond n we don't accept this Hindu Muslim and British we have to use the neutral term secular term let's go to ancient medieval and mod but even then the problem remained because the ears were the same you have to find out and I say history is a study of not past but change then something has to be different in ancient and then Med if youing different term you to prove there are certain characteristics of the age which are unique are defining only then you can give it a name so this is ongoing debate but Point here is that come to this Modern India so-called Modern India here you will see there are certain important events in 1498 who came to India vas Columbus Columbus or West Indies rather to be very specific but American continent yes so we have this age of Discovery in Europe and in that age of Discovery they have started to come to India this is the arrival of Portuguese Portuguese remained important for almost this era till 1580s when Portugal was captured by Spain and then the decline started in 1600 you have British East India company established in 162 the Dutch one dut but Dutch got good Head Start British were very feeble they couldn't do much for 100 years so this Century primarily a Cy of touch prominence in the global trade that is the 17th century then you come to the 18th century by the time you come to 18th century dut British conflict has happened Dutch have decided we want to focus on Indonesia not on India British were outed from Indonesia and they came to India primarily so we have British but sometime In 1664 French company was established or late they're late by many many generations three generations yet by 1720s French went ahead with huge amount of trade and they became they emerged as the most important challenge the British 1740s and 50s you see Anglo French Anglo French warstic War One ktic War 2 ktic War 3 and the part of third ktic war in the Bengal theater we havei so Portuguese were removed they remain in Pockets but they were no more power then Dutch were beaconed in India French and British ultimately settled you have this ktic so this is the first phase of History who will rule India that is questions especially in prelims you get typical questions of factory sites and Charters and whatnot courts and treaties we have to study but context so this is going on you know at the same time what is happening in India bber came to India over here 26 so Bama came first Babar came later Portugues point is but he was hugely successful in creating he and his son's son they created a very powerful Empire that is M India but mugal was a landbased power and these European companies were Maritime power it was a Checkmate both need each other so that's why you see till the time from 15 26 till 1707 and mughals are powerful there have been some attempts in 1630s Portuguese we have lots we have 1680s British thought now they have become powerful they can conquer India child's War because Ms were still very powerful we have certain attempts but very feeble but after 1707 when orze died India starts Chang we have political fragment different parts of India different powers start emerging see the map of India we have Bengal subba becoming independent with the capital mid Abad the founder was mid Kulik Khan if you come to up part we have aad or as they used to write in back days o u d h OD right in hisorical documents L founded byat Al Khan right then here we have Hyderabad founded by zul Mulin kich Khan right so these are some of the states which emerged on the death bed of mul Empire they paralized mul Empire but they carried the same tradition ahead famous example you take a big mirror you can see your image that huge mirror Empire if the mirror falls on the ground breaks into pie you can still see yourself in small small pieces they carry the same culture same tradition same values of same principles but at Regional level with certain modification so these are the states which carry the M tradition ahead on the other hand we had certain states which are theil states like here you have maratas later on we have Punjab said we have ch we have rohillas we have bundas Etc so these states actually Rose in arms against the muls so they were on the other side but still you have fragmentation of there is third case the third case is of some states which are neither here nor therei you have y state of V first and then hayar Ali and tipu Sultan here we have tranor very famous by Maranda and his battle with Dutch Battle of Kel so you have this entire fragmentation politically of India so when British decided to capture India step by step they did not defeat Ms Ms you know that symbolically they very important practically they were useless so practical battles you see that we study here say British start conquering India have to look at bengalur maratas and Punjab have four major regions and in other smaller regions we study two Bengal Wars RI and buer we study four Anglo mour Wars we study three Anglo marata Wars and in two Punjab Anglo sik Wars It's a story of political Conquest but this Conquest happened when Ms were already this is interesting and we came we were all fighting against each other as darling calls the phrase that darling Us in the Anar it's Village against Village and town against to full ofous are here I'm up that is the and they almost succeeded it in telling us I'm not joking look at the first Congress session in 1885 the speech given by D by nooi you know what he said he says there either in 85 or letter I don't remember which er6 maybe that to British it was impossible and thinkable for us to leave our family and property behind go to other corner of India and have a conference is only because British establish rule of law British gave us train guarantee thank you British helping us to establish Congress in the first Congress session that happened in Bombay you know how it ended on the third day British 27 years it had been 27 years since the Victoria became queen of India Empress of India so on the final day of Congress session last year they said Hipp 27 times so earlier generation of Congress was thinking the same thing you will go back to this kind you are not a nation you are but a population are these arguments still valid if yes why if why these things history is still present it has not gone in the past so anyway so this is what we call as the 18th century India the first part of our history we'll see is this Advent of Europeans till ktic Wars the second part of history is M decline of modern Indian history and emergence of regional States the reasons of M decline the patterns of regional States Etc and then how they were conquered by British one by one hypothetically had British not come to what would have happened India was going through some historical process already anyway it's a speculative question what would have happeneds were already gone you never know you have to look at the we cannot imagine randomly in the vacuum you to think based on what was the trend at that time and secondly what happened across the world take the example of Japan there was an attempt to colonize Japan Admiral per V 1850s Japan was forcefully opened up within matter of two decades Japan it was also divided there were shun shogunates they voluntarily came together they said we want to unify once more cannot have this political division and let us create a new State under the name of the king sun Emperor was called major restoration Japan we need to politically unify ourself not only that we need to be able to defend ourself we also need to have equally strong Army to equally strong resources we need to copy West Industrial Revolution within one generation Japan did that one generation from 1860s 1890s complete country change sub change that was the will and that is one example the other example shur was asked the same question in one interview he said that among all the powers in India at that time one power that was becoming all India power was the maratas and maratas might have become all India they might have replaced Ms completely question is not that marata Empire that is not a point what would have happened then was there any potential within that pan Indian empire to move towards Industrial Revolution and to move towards modern democracy we cannot judge because we never were given opportunity there is a book written in Bengali in 1900 anybody here which part of India do you come from North North is fine largely North only I can understand that but which part of North Punjab is one Rajasthan up mp maharash hiana north of NADA mostly mostly north of uh the point is that we are never given opportunity was my point Anyway come here so this is the second part 18th century India then starts the third part do we have time let me come to the PDF now I have discussed this part I discuss the second part also we'll discuss all these details later on as we go chapter by chapter I want to give you the big picture only to then I have this table I think this is a very important table for us to understand say loes we'll discuss the sources in the end sources I'm the source I'll give you all the names of books that are required don't worry so history my sources profusion problem is not theity problem is the profusion and what not to to understand I'll tell you one thing if you are remaining silent only Poss I am the best I have no idea anyway come to this now let us come to the next phase the colonization creating colonies was also an outcome of such kind of era started in Europe that's the Dark Side of modernization or modernity create so modernity is in in the Greek city states back in the ancient era there was democracy or select few democracy was standing on the dead bodies of slaves was not actual democracyos is just those Greek people similarly the modernization or modernity of Europe standing on the spons of rest of the World by creating colonies and Holocaust and whatnot but anyway we this colonization or rather the enforcement of modernity is not very easy process is hugely violent hugely violent and we cannot sanitize that violence we can when we think of violence s Jalia how many people were killed in Jalia government report said and Congress report said 1,000 plus 1,000 2,000 every life is important No Doubt but now compare that 1,000 number what happened in this very city of DHI 1857 the moment DHI was recaptured by British in three days everybody above 17 18 and Below 50 60 was killed by 30,000 people were killed common people just to take and in over next couple of months the total executions out of Retribution not War casualties retribution were more than one lakh should not forget that modernity is imposed Upon Us in a very violent manner so you have to look at that also English language I it's good imagine I say when history is present Soo I am speaking in English you have come here to understand British history of India to appear to the exam conducted by upsc since Colonial time to become IAS which was I right now right here to be cognizant of that anyway come back here now from 1750s when the plci happens till 19 till 20th century this period is divided into three phases into three phases the Mercantile phase industrial phase and financial I have to explain this very well because history is no more to be studies studied as list of facts list of Governor generals and their policies kab Market like spectum I recommend not to read that book A book you buy a book you will have for more I know that if you need any point of time but I strongly advise against book called because it is merely collection of facts does not eliminate you does not make you a thinking person don't see history you just see facts and without that you can't clear the exam history properly so my strong advice to all of you no problem I will provide you all the handouts from all the standard resources you'll have we'll read one ncrt and handouts inertive handouts are more than sufficient will solve all the PS in the class both subjective and objective for next 35 38 lecture so PQ will be clear pre or Mains don't okay content will be provided every single day a handout of 10 to 15 pages it will be more than sufficient and ncity just for the sake of basic requirement and Clarity and language and fluidity I damn sure once our lectures are over we recommend everybody my point is that keep that book for collection of facts as a reference it is not required because I'm going to tell this table this table will tell you why why I'm saying now imagine this that you are an you are a country like England you want to go to far off country bring your army take efforts for generation and create Empire create a colony why what is the motive there are some other regions like national pride and spread of religion evangelism that are there the FAL motive is profit but understand that economic structure does not remain the same the way you earn profit also doesn't remain the same for a long time is a changing economy profit patterns change so when British came to India of plassy in 1750s at that time the 13 American colonies were still with the British Empire part 1770s America got independent and by the time India became independent in 1947 is a vastly different Britain Industrial Revolution started in Britain in 1780s 1790s India conquer partly so if you have in your mind British are looting India in the same fashion for 200 years is not history study of change study of change we have to study with the time how the methods of exporting India change and in that Prem the British requirements also changed over when they came to India they were not industrializing after plci plunder in 1760s '70s ' 80s '90s they start Industrial Revolution based on money that they got from India missed the BST of Industrial Revolution we'll study that also my point is that this phase that you have is called Mercantile phase this is mostly pre-industrial revolution British are coming to India for what purpose for profit true but how do they want to un profit by exporting Indian industrial goods ham handicraft they want to export that but to export that they want to purchase that in India how will they purchase they have to pay something in return we don't want anything we have everything that we produce that we need need only one thing chandi fortunately British or rather before Columbus uh before Bama came to India fortunately Columbus had found America American continent was colonized very quickly and there especially in Latin America they got access to huge amount of gold and many new Silver Mines huge amount of slavery was used extract silver from entire Latin America that silver went to Europe from Europe it went to is during moual era and with that silver they were purchasing Indian Commodities selling in the Europe and earning huge amount of but in they had nothing else to give us so they had to give silver but they did not want to give us was a precious matter not only British but every other European company before them also so they wanted to devise newer and newer methods to ensure balance of trade MHO and we can get some Commodities from India without having to pay for it in bullan bullan silver so for example look at all those companies first came Portuguese although not a company as but Portuguese what was their strategy they had to bring silver but to minimize that they said we will monopolize the Indian Ocean Indian Ocean is our territory if you want to go anywhere say permit it was kartas we know that kartas system we'll discuss that but I want to give you some perspective now so Portuguese actually did not add any value by conquering parts of Indian Ocean they were just using their strength scheme of the milk they did not change any economy did not bring any proper technology did not create new cities nothing it was a custom house was a banditry but using that custom duty using that wealth he used to monopolize some trade and divert it but it was not longas anyway in the 16th century it got died out then came Dutch Dutch are actually called as the fathers or the originator originator of modern capitalism and they have done immense amount of work create this modern financial instruments simply so it is a profit motive but it has got lots of implications we'll study in World District basically this now the idea here is that Dutch came and they thought of a new method how to minimize giving silver to Indians they said we will do one more extra business will capture intra Asian trade from India to Sri Lanka from India to Indonesia Indonesia to Japan from Japan to China from China to India India to Africa let us earn some money from that business and from that earned money from that profit let us purchase Indian Commodities that was their economic model capture intra Asian trade but it was also not completely successful then came British British were more flexible they were like Reliance we don't want to get attached emotionally to any single commodity Portuguese tried to monopolize paper D wanted to monopolize texti so they tried to expand the commodity bigo okay gunpowder okay expansion of commodity basket that was their method to be flexible to get into this territory then came French PR lit French were most ingenious they had a different method they created an army of Indian they trained Indians although rist with European methods of war and drill discipline and muskets and whatnot discipline Army formations and and then they said now it is 17s 1730s Ms are weak lots of Indian powers are fighting with each other and within every Power there are different groups in the court we have inside family some competition to get the throne and outside that Wars between two neighboring states all the time to expand their territory let us lend our army to Indians exology and using our army if one side wins over other side we have political leverage inside the local court and then we'll use that expand our commercial mod that was widely success Wily successful that was the same model that Clive used in CL is not original he mostly adventurous but not innovator Innovation French ktic that was a French model and using that influence in the court will'll earn money and will shut out every other company and we'll have profit British British said AA we will copy you British actually use the French template from South India apply it in Bengal and they capture B in plasy suddenly they don't know what is happening they got so rich and pl about the crisis that happened that led to buer in buar they gotani the moment they got rights they got the right collect the revenue or use that Revenue use that tax to buy Indian Commodities 100% profit because you don't have to bring any silver now to India no bullion since the time of Hada to Roman Empire to mul Empire there was of wealth in favor of India because of Clive of wealth got reversed overnight so that is the point new model emerged let us capture the political power get hold of the taxes use those taxes to buy Indian Commodities and then have full profit so that Indian taxes Indian revenues which they' collected and then bought Indian commodities investment that was called Indian investment diwani Revenue was used for Indian investment this words are so innocuous you won't even know so that is the finally successful model Portugese started kartas in 1510s 1520s ultimately in 1750s they found solution model Europeans took so you have a huge history of attempting to ensure how to loot India then that happened ultimately that started phas so we come to here Mercantile so my point was in every phase they had a different pattern of looting India we have seen the four five patterns now it has come to after this era after classy buxer how the pattern evolved in the first phase their idea is simple stop the bullion coming to India and house all other European companies to create Monopoly so Dutch French monopo and then you have to maximize the revenue collection through diwani to finance Indian trade and commerce 100% profit clear that British wanted to extract Indian raw material and sell British industrial goods in India that thing starts in second era after industrial revolutions scham but India got colonized even before that the first model was different that we have in our mind that is second model then we have third model afterwards in the first model the idea is not to destroy Indian Industries but to extract Indian industrial goods craft Goods handicraft Goods and sell in Europe so now if you have that Clarity then all other aspects of politics Administration Society culture all in life texbook linearly we go from classi bakar isur marata Punjab 57 you read the political history completely first then you go to next chapter you have history of administrative structure legal system and reforms Etc then we have history a chapter on economic exploration of India we have in our books chapter iation horizontal way but our attempt here is to not go horizontally but to go vertically and that becomes very useful and very logical to remember all the facts to convert the facts into logic and also write very good answers in M because you can generate dimensions on the spot because you you know the interconnection is not memorization why it is logic let's understand the First Column very well the First Column you know the overall objective of how to loot India how to exploit India shareholders profit maximization they don't want to go on aggressive Wars to conquer India unnecessarily they want to fighting war is very costly it reduces profit margin how to increase the trade by ensuring the area that we have conquered remains undisturbed if somebody comes and destroys your territory next year you have less agricultural Revenue you can't have enough trade the first idea is to go for ring fence Poli if I have captured Bengal let me ensure Bengal security properly how do I do that I create a state buhan state as offers so if there is invasion of maratas or Afghans so my territory will not get off ring fence policy we want to go for defense not offense all the wars that happened in thisi bakar first two Ang Mars you will see that is the subsidiary Alliance comes in at the same time by the end of century what is that want to create Army but we don't want to pay for it we'll make all Indian states to pay for our army minimize the cost increase the profit you can see how the political we'll see all these Wars one by one but understand larger context you come to Administration simple idea we have to minimize the expenditure don't overhaul Indian Administration let us use whatever is there and just put a top layer on that exploit so maintain old mul structure with some modification like clyw go for diarchy government why it brings So when you say British started to change India they did not they in this phase at least they did not want to change India they wanted to use India as it is to their fullest then last things cor attempted some reforms but they are very minimalist we have acts that came in the so these acts can be interpreted in this context of Mercantile trade you come to economic policies you know the change in balance of trade happened STP the bullan import Revenue was used as investment and origin of of weth from PL and buxar onwards so now they started to exploit India to such an extent Indian handicraft started declining on their own it you know there is a very famous saying I I will use it once again later on British captured Bal and greed they don't want to go to villages to purchase the textile from different houses of Craftsmen they would say earlier the Craftman was a businessman he used to earn profit on his craft now he's reduced to become a wage earner labor with the help of political force British have what did Indians do you know there are descriptions very graphic descriptions of 1780s Indian Craftsman Craft World Class Craftsman the history of the world by their own cutting their thumbs because the thumb is not there they can't work they have British have no use of them they will not be forced shift British British Factory and work for world class Craftsmen are cutting their thumbs by their own just to save the harass not but that led to some decline but British are still trying to extract handicrafts you have zamar settlement that is very characteristic feature of this era 1793 we come to the cultural as this is very interesting British wanted not to interfere in India because if you interfere if you bring modernity let us minimize interference and if we interfere people might react why to antagonize them so they are not interested in the future of India but on the other hand they still wanted to rule how to rule without interference by being Insider it was a reverse a culturation of they said India you have at that time William Jones started to translate all these things he discovered their parent language and all those things he English and farsy Sanskrit all have same Roots Indo Arian language Etc he started Society of Bengal Lesly created for Williams College in Kolkata we have translations Etc through which they start to learn manusi vas aliri translate them Indian cult not a great culture why on one side they have a genuine appreciation of Indian culture and art and history and all this poetry Etc I'm not doubting that but look at the other purpose the is learn Indian languages Indian culture use it rule India by being insiders in Fort William College they would speech the British people and Bali respect your you have in the city of D in ch first resident David octone he was known and he used to to ensure because I want to become like nawab like decadent mugal nawab I want to follow their culture we have a very famous painting of one governor in Bengal so they are called White Ms they want to get a cultur in Indian tradition so that they're appreciating everything culture business but their intent to India through being Indian and they also want to show the world they want to create brand IND at Global level already but they want to ensure it survives because they can earn more profit over that so in the first phase when we study till 1800s from Jo 50 years of rule British don't want destroy Indian culture they want to use Indian culture all over India by becoming this is called as orientalism orientalism now comes the next phase in the next phase something changes drastically and fundamentally and that is Industrial Revolution happens now we know that when company came to India was given Charter of Monopoly by Queen Elizabeth that you have the full rights nobody from England will come there the company had Monopoly of trade over India Company could regulate who will come to India who will not come to India for the full strategy for that why from 1780s '90s gradually there was change in Britain Britain underwent Industrial Revolution is economic structure change instead of old Aristocrats now we have cities and industrialists they have money they have power the interest of these aristoc industrialists was in contrast with the interest of the company company wanted to have Monopoly industrialist wanted to have fre trade and competition company wanted to sell Indian final goods to England but the industrial people wanted to buy Indian raw material and sell in India British final goods econom model the company started to see enemies not in India but in England and gradually as Industries began to prosper the industry became more and more prominent company started to the British Parliament anyway British Parliament is anyway at that time there was no Act of 1832 reform or pocket Burrows the company started filling its candidates buying MPS cash for V scam was very normal back then but industrialists also became powerful they also became Rich they also started to counter money with money corruption with corruption British Parliament after every 20 years when Charter Act would come for Renewal 1793 1813 1833 same debate company par and over 40 years gradually industrialist became much more powerful company was reduced at Phase they started to open up India that is this phase industrial Capital now the interest is changed now to convert India as a market for British manufactured goods and supplier of raw material reverse once economic interest is reversed all the political cultural social econ policy change let's see how we have now the company saying we want to capture as much area as possible and bring it under under direct rule as much as possible annexation Neo Imperialism Paramount C why because if we have more control or more area directly or more directly we can extract R easily then it is this time when we have anyway marata war and Punjab Deli comes with doctrine of labs the same policy of Dr flaps represents the economic interest in this phase of the company that is how you remember things that is you write answers and here at the same time you also have at the global level something called as great game in the great game what happened we have Victorian England and zaris Russia England is growing from bangal to South India to Dean to North India gradually is grow expanding from Moscow side to entire Siberia and then coming from Central Asia CL and there is a buffer zone in between and the competition to have influence in that middle buffer zone between Russia and India called great game it went on for 100 Years War is a feature of the second half of 20th century similarly Dead game is the feature of entire 19th century fantastic great in context of India it decided British policy was India's frontiers all the wars you see in Nepal sikim BMA Afghanistan Sy all these things in Tibet in5 all these Frontier Wars of are shaped by British the two major factors that underplayed all the policies are first of all industrial capitalism second is great game and it decided everything then you come to administrative processes now as the British people have to come to India for trading and they have to go from place to place they need security they need safety they need some Transportation they need Indians to work with them in certain fashion follow some contract so now there's a need change in we will europeanize Indian Administration we change the laws so we have Indian Penal Code written in 1830s but PR 1860s we contract act so gradually interre Administration and legal structure of India started to undergo change you have and pindar is being suppressed completely in case of economy again you see they don't want to increase the direct connection we don't want middleman we want to a direct rule in Z system Z midlem that be a problem for them and Mahal you see them there is no mdl direct connection with the people it represents industrial phas represented you come to next thing they want commercial agriculture they want to export not textile anymore but cotton so they are interest in the export of primary Commodities material opium Indigo cotton investment expansion licensing all those things take OPM the best example is this phase of 1830s 40s you have OPM Wars in you know OPM Wars Let Me Tell You for 2 minutes why there is Queen called Katherine of banza he married into English family a few decades ago and he changed the culture of British royalty by introducing Elite gradually the tea that was introduced for Elites over next centuries especially during the Industrial Revolution became a very important consumer good for entire industrial labor class in entire British culture Tre tea drinking cult huge amount of re50 60s it was only in China for our textile want to so they said okay let us try to create some kind of we have India let us use India for what did Chinese want opium do convert India into opium growing country Afghanistan Valle so in Bengal hting in 1770s started to give opium license by 1820s you will see that in the western MP malwa Nima have huge amount of OPM OPM was regulated it used to go via Kolkata and Bombay to China this is illegal don't allow op into our country what did British do just use Indian Middleman what middleman Maris and Paris so these pares people especially they used to be the middleman to take OPM from Bombay to Hong Kong and Canton and then smugg smuggling was illegal anyway and huge amount of free OPM was given to Chinese East India Company why because in exchange of opium they can getai that is the whole triangle opmt triangle if I can use very responsi one single word in the first half of 19th century East India Company is drug Mafia I'm not it's a narco Mafia company official policy I not joking anyway and you know this great city of Bombay built by many fares and Iris with their patronage very liberal and good patronage but this tatas Etc origin because forefathers they all op Smugglers and with that huge amount of wealth that they created through opum smuggling they put it for good use and cre created the great city of Bombay same thing goes for cotton so there are lots of things here but you can see that our PE our Farmers they are forced into global trade without having any knowledge any agent and in each so every single commodity has got a HTH story an interesting story it's a coton boom 1860s you know what was the result of cotton boom bomb stock so everything is connect then you have second interesting aspect here is that if they want to export raw material you have a commercialization of Agriculture and if they want Indians to consume British industry Goods out the competition how to out the competition destroy Indian industry from 1820s 1890s as a matter of delate policy across India our well-renowned thousands of years old handicrafts industry was and decimated primarily because British destroyed Indian Villages are destroying craft primarily textile based Gandhi as a symbol is actually a very good symbol of the way British looted India intensif of wealth now you come to social cultural change now they want to change everything change laws Administration they would start saying culture indan culture what a great culture what a great language all these things are useless you are backward people we are the carriers of civilization India Love for India from orientala suddenly shifted into indob now they come with civilizing Mission let us teach Indians English language at that time midst ofal age brings English for us SI abolition happens exactly at that's it a good thing doubt in this era cve subjugated India politically in this era benting Sub in India culturally in 1947 India has become free of Clive even today have not become free of benting cultural cognitive Imperial are still that's why we have the talk of decolonization everywhere today in good or bad all the senses so you have all these things then you come to next era third phase after 1858 two more things happen first thing is that first thing happens at Global level and one thing is India globally globally in 1850s entire Europe starts copying Britain in industrialization is now no more Britain who is industrializing we have Belgium we have France with Napoleon the third Germany some industri suddenly they start closing their offices he we don't want British goods to come here want to protect our Market support our own industry we have protectionism we don't want British investment you don't want British Commodities we have excess production capacity in England to supply entire Europe but now Europe doesn't want our commodity secondly we had excess capital accumulation they are closing off in America hamiltonian era same thing production so entire developed world today actually at that time started to imitate with some modification the British template and British suddenly realized they have much more money their home Market is saturated nowhere else to invest what to do with the money how to earn the better interest from 1850s onwards India was opened up for financial investment say government of India will give a guarantee invest in Indian railways will give you 5% guaranteed return best of the bonds the private Market in London Stock Exchange in 1850s 3% return British British government we guarantee 5% and taxes this is a new model using Indian wealth that now came back to India's investment to extract even more money India was opened up for investment the financial investment it's a third model old models continued this model also contined to some extent second one also continued third one got added and became more prominent the second thing that happened in 1857 the Revolt of 57 we coming here for reforming Indians you grateful Indians now will not bring any social reform now suddenly policy change Indians are Beyond reform they are incapable what they need is data we don't want to interfere Indian Society anymore no more such interference we need only D we need to find the Allies amongst Indians we initially thought in indust ER reformed people7 they did not help us princely States they did not rise against us suddenly British changed all together so that is the new policy firstly they wanted to open India for investment and they wanted to arrange India in such a manner that no more 57 happens that informed all the policies political social economic culture you come company is abolished anywhere from company to Crown trans happens no more annexation ISM the prin states are our friends storm dear those them and then we want to increase our control not directly but in so after 1857 there is hardly one or two random case anation 40% of India was not directly conquered so from 1857 onwards 40% India geographically remained Wiley States and 60% India became British India 40% is a huge thing reading history of only 60% India history then you come to Administration Str the grip to ensure there is no such Revolt anymore but not to antagonize people so we have some ICS PS Lon Ripon all these things start happening here we'll discuss them in detail financially also you want invest of CH par onwards you have Financial investment even if you don't need raway in certain CL is eom sense if we are not worried about profit 5% of guaranteed the government of India we just want to increase the railway plus want we don't have money want money but put the money it will benefit you and us both Iration 1870s put money in notation raway major why because with the help of Railway we can control India our armies can move very fast with the help of Railway can extract the Commodities very easily with the help of Railway we can flood India with our Goods Railway is more important to us because they want so then feines became recurrent UPC asked question on femine last to last year only and in case of society no more interference in the social religious domain unless and until public pressure from 1856 56 WID marage till 1892 when the age of consent act comes which me CH Marriage Act in 1870s but that is for one particular Community it is not for India entire no more reform Indians are beyond the reform reform and then sportism then after one impact of 57 was you see ter Anglo Indian we know that we had reservation also in Parliament Etc who are these Anglo Indians these Anglo Indians were the product of intermarriages fixed marriages of British and Indians but you know that till 1830s and 1840s these marriages used to happen after 57 they became extreme rare extremely rare because it was as a official matter discouraged Indians and racist feature to the level highest virtue of Truth is known only to European back you seebert controversy what ISM to the core race as an idea is the product of European modernity that was thrusted on India anyway and divid rule starts a lot in this era this is the time where you see all of these are being imposed on us how did Indians respond we have seen history from British side how did Indians respond I'll take only two minutes then we'll stop don't worry Indians started responding in multiple ways B we have first of all Proto nationalist resistance a peasant and tribal Revolt they have no idea of what is Constitution what is Parliament what is liberalism what is modernity they could be suppressed EAS very easily you know that 1856 Rebellion 20,000 SS were killed in chra the hills of Raj Mahal the drenched blood of 1857 the most gruesome and killing episode of entire 19th century that was the level of the violence of7 but these are these are resistance movements they are not modern politics because there is no idea of India being one nation coming together politically and responding to middle class the help of this idea why these reform Ms are very fundamental because you have to compare 18th century with 20th century in the 18th century India lost Independence in 20th century gandhian movements that is because of social reform created idea of modernity European thoughts say utilitarian liberal equality rule of law secularism whatever all these thoughts were converted to Indian mind Indian style Indian form digested this to some extent or another bis Reform movement is not British there are many people I see in every batch we got English we got we got te we got Cricket we got IC these are all byproducts at the actual intent actual way it was used India did not modernize because British wanted to we modernized despite British not want simp get English education you will get English UC what teaching poetry and history not science not techn because they wanted to cultivate our mind British test not want to give us actual capacity I'm not against history but the point is that it the attempt English as a as a educational system was a mask of was for cultural Congress was not for empowering indiia was to get cheaper CLS British goods consumers Indians resisted that so that's why you should be able to differentiate in modernity ization this is the fundamental Point modernity and British wanted to westernize us we wanted to resist that we wanted to become modern at that time in the 19th century there was some overlap any so we have to started then we gradually have different associations politics Etc and we have early phase of historyi movement moderates extremist this typical history that we know but if you look back number of questions your number of lectures if you have 38 lectures I will take about 18 to 20 lectures to come to Congress formation 50% of the lectures will be 3E 1885 50% post5 because that is the demand of syllabus demand of upsc 18 19th century are also very important not only you should have that Clarity and lots of conceptual things see them as we go any doubt anyy just basic difference between of mul and we'll discuss the doubts any other query which yes yes starting tomorrow I just want to give trailer and orientation of how should we think now starting from the Portuguese arrival tomorrow we'll go for arrival of Portuguese and then we'll begin from there one by one yes sources right huh let's come to the sources think that is on our mind all the time so this is a list of all the ncties these are new ncties that I think you have studied in schools and these are old ncties if you come to Modern India now within next one or two years I will have to write third column newest NC around 25 NCS of History I'm not adding Tamil Nadu also see what I recommend for Modern India is one single book apart from class class notes handouts will be in detail and well curated so ideally but one I believe in at least one single book I prefer this simple old NC one single book every day you read one chapter before coming to class this single book of old charity you can have that book that will go in consonance with our classes this book is very good for 18th and 19th century for 20th if you don't want to read this book you can read any other book no problem but one single book not more than that it is more than sufficient my total handouts for this next 38 lectures will be around 450 to 500 pages and there 38 lectures so you will be able to reduce the handouts in into 40 pages short notes every day one page notes or one and a half page note so 10 15 page document that will come back to one and a half page notes short notes for you that is also going to be our task it is easy to revise also and this almost 500 pages will not include pyqs and mcqs covered very comprehensively and very thoroughly and you will also become a person who can see things in create arguments on spot dimension on the spot that is something what is require not somebody who can remember facts okay hello thank you any out online yes remind me this perm thank you reason for second pH basic reason Industrial Revolution major CH Industrial Revolution that Chang the economic structure is one the third phase it is uh entire world getting inv European world that creat Financial Global perspec thank you I'm waiting for some comments if there are comments everything that I taught today we covered very slowly very gradually in next 30 40ct and here what we will do I will recommend license permit passport or Oceanic travel martime travel modernization are the same they are not the same they are different that is the point is West is in 18 19 century it is the west Western people who created modernity same he but now we have different modernities parts of the is not one single template had online comment