Complete HTML and CSS Course Notes 🛠️📚
Course Overview
- Objective: Learn HTML and CSS to build websites from beginner to professional level. End goal: build a Youtube-like website.
- No prerequisites: Suitable for beginners.
- Structure: Step-by-step learning of HTML and CSS.
- Exercises: Over 100 exercises to practice skills.
- References: An HTML and CSS reference guide provided.
Software Setup
- Tools Needed:
- Web browser (Google Chrome recommended).
- Code editor (Visual Studio Code recommended).
- Installation Steps: Go to Google and download/install Chrome and VS Code.
Basic HTML
Introduction to HTML
- HTML: Hypertext Markup Language used to create websites.
- Syntax Rules: Tags to structure the information for the computer to follow.
- Example:
<button>Hello</button> creates a button element.
- File Creation: Create a new folder, open it in VS Code, and create an HTML file.
- **Commands & Elements: **Write
<p>Paragraph of text</p> to create a paragraph.
- Browser View: Right-click the HTML file and open it in Chrome.
Further HTML Elements
- Anchor Links: Create links with
<a href="url">Link text</a> to navigate to other pages/sites.
- Attributes:
href specifies the URL, target="_blank" opens in a new tab.
- Additional Elements: Buttons inside
<button>, paragraphs inside <p>.
- HTML Tags Syntax: Tags should include a
< at the beginning and a > at the end._
HTML Structure
- **Basic Structure: **
<!DOCTYPE html> defines the document type.<html> encompasses the entire document.<head> includes meta-information and the document title.<body> contains visible content on the webpage.
- Titles: Set the title in the
<head> section with <title>Title Content</title>.
Adding Content
- Creating Elements: Use tags such as
<button></button>, <p></p>, <a></a> for buttons, paragraphs, and links respectively.
- Organizing Code: Split lines for better readability.
- Formatting: Use
margin-left, new lines, or styling for formatting.
- Link Elements: Specify
href attribute for linking.
- Attributes Handling: Modify
href, and target attributes to define link behavior.
- HTML Comments: Use
<!-- Comment --> to add comments.
Basic CSS
Introduction to CSS
- CSS: Cascading Style Sheets used to style the layout of web pages.
- **Syntax Rules: **
- Style block starts with a selector followed by
{} brackets.
- Inside brackets, specify property-value pairs separated by colons
:.
- Example:
p {
color: red;
font-size: 16px;
}
- Style Elements: Apply styles directly in a style block within
<head> or in an external CSS file.
- Connecting CSS file: Use
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
Styling Elements
- Basic Properties:
color, background-color, font-size, border.
- Practice: Modify
color, background-color, height, width properties to understand their impact.
- Configuration: Apply styles across multiple elements using common selectors.
- Class Selectors: Use to target specific elements. Create with
<element class="className">.
CSS Positioning & Grids
Positioning
- Static Position: Default setting where elements flow top-to-bottom.
- Fixed Position: Element stays in position within the viewport when scrolling.
- Relative Position: Position relative to its normal location.
- Absolute Position: Positioned relative to the nearest positioned ancestor.
- Example:
.fixed-element {
position:fixed;
top:0;
}
.absolute-element {
position:absolute;
top:20px;
}
Flexbox & Grid Layouts
- Flexbox: Used for flexible and responsive layouts.
- Properties:
display:flex;, justify-content: center;, align-items: center;
- Grid: Two-dimensional layout system for web pages.
- Properties:
display:grid;, grid-template-columns, grid-gap
- Example:
.container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
grid-gap: 10px;
}
Advanced HTML & CSS
HTML Forms & Input Elements
- Forms: Use
<form> to collect user inputs.
- Input Fields: Different types of input such as
text, email, password, checkbox.
- Submit: Use
<button type="submit"> to submit the form.
Media Elements
- Images: Use
<img src="url" alt="description"> to insert images.
- Embedding Videos: Use
<iframe src="videoURL"> for embedded videos.
Responsive Design
- Media Queries: Apply styles based on device width.
- Example:
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {}
Semantic Elements
- Sections: Use
<header>, <nav>, <main>, <footer> for page structure.
- Enhanced Access: Assist screen readers and improve SEO.
Final Project Construction
Building YouTube Clone
- General Layout: Use Flexbox and Grid.
- Styling: Apply learned CSS properties to emulate YouTube styling.
- Responsive Elements: Implement media queries for responsiveness.
Advanced Features
- Sticky Headers: Use
position: fixed; top: 0; for sticky headers.
- Interactive Elements: Implement basic JavaScript for interactivity.
- Accessibility: Ensure use of semantic elements and correct HTML for accessibility.
Summary
- HTML and CSS Basics: Cover foundational concepts and properties.
- Responsive Design: Utilized media queries to create responsive layouts.
- Positioning & Layouts: Mastered Flexbox and Grid for complex layouts.
- Semantic HTML: Enhanced document structure and accessibility using semantic tags.
Next Steps: Learn JavaScript for adding interactivity to webpages.