in this lecture we shall discuss termination of office termination of office termination of office and we shall do the discussion under the context of contract's law how do we terminate office that have been properly made you realize that in our previous lectures we have discussed what an offer is we've also discussed what an acceptance It's now if you make an offer how do you terminate an offer now there are different modes of terminating office we contaminate another by withdrawal or revocation of the offer by rejection of the offer by a lapse of time also it can be terminated if the overall indicated that the offer will come to an end ocase of a particular event and that event has okayed or on the death of the Lord now I have to take each of these modes these five moves one after the other and explain them so the first one has to deal with is revocation of an offer now as a general rule the main purpose of making an offer is that it is going to be made for it to be accepted is made and is not accepted the offer can be revoked at any time before acceptance that an offer once made can be revoked at any time before acceptance so once an offer is made it can be revoke at any time before a sentence that is the common law position now I have to move on to discuss those kind of office whereby a person makes an offer and says that I offer you my vehicle for ten thousand galaxies this offer shall remain open for three months for acceptance if you make an offer and you promise to keep it open for a period of time if that offer and the promise to keep it open is it binding on you in the absence of any contribution from another party so if I make a promise to keep an offer open that I offer my taxi for 10 000 Ghana cedis and I say This Promise is open for the next five weeks they promise to keep it open for five weeks is it binding on me in the absence of any consideration from you so they promise to keep an offer open for acceptance the common law position is that the promise to keep an offer open for acceptance is not binding on door for all if there is no consideration from law Ferry so the common law position is that the promise to keep an offer open for acceptance is not binding under for all especially when there's no consideration flowing from the pharmacy and this position has been Affair in the case of Ruthless and grounds versus grants so when that and then says that if you make a promise to keep an offer open for acceptance that promise is not binding on you unless there's any consideration from the pharmacy so at common law if I make a promise to keep an offer open for acceptance and I said that I am making it open that you can assist us within five months if you are accompanying with the promise to keep it open for five months at common law I can revoke it as many times since you've not giving me any money for me to keep this open for that fireman's son that is the king of roulette and grants now this percentage of the common law has been revoked in Ghana by the contract Act of 1960 and 25. the person you read as follows contract as of 1960 and 25. contract of 1960 at 25 section 81. any result photos a promise to keep an offer open for acceptance for a specified time shall not be invalid as a contract only by reason of the absence of consideration therefore again I promise to keep an offer open for acceptance for a specified time shall not be invalid as a contract by reason only of the absence of constitution therefore meaning that in gamma if you make a promise to keep an offer open for acceptance you cannot say that you can revoke it at any time merely because the other party has not given you any form of consideration acceptance for a specified time shall not be invalid as a contract by reason only of the absence of any conservation therefore so in Ghanaian family can offer to you I offer to you my vehicle for 10 000 cities offer to remain open for three months I cannot revoke the offer within the three months merely because you haven't given me any form of consideration this is a modification of the common law position because you remember in the common opposition we saw in Woodland and grants that a promise to keep an offer open for extended period is not binding under for all so that the offer can revoke it at any time before acceptance but in Ghana there's a modification H1 we say that a promise to keep an offer open for acceptance for a specified time shall not be invented as a contract by reason only of the absence of contribution therefore now the next Point note about the revocation of an offer is that whenever anybody tenders a revocation the revocation of the offer must be brought to attention of the fairy so if you drop the of the Pharaoh is the pharah has made an offer and then you made it to the fairy and you don't follow you are going to remove the offer you must make sure the person you made the offer to he has received notice of the revocation so if coffee makes an offer to Amma to sell his vehicles and Amma has gone wrong and is looking for room to come and buy the vehicle if Kofi is revoking or rejoined the offer his man make sure they will draw gets his attention of Amma if I can begin to be effective so revocation of an offer must be brought to the attention of the offeree and you can see this in the case of brain brain is spelled b-y-r-n-e and Company versus Leon Leon l-e-o-n van v a n C and moving see another one is about t-i-e-n-h-o-v-e-n and Company so the notice of revocation must be brought to the attention of the offering and these are the facts taking of the dicks on October 1st 1879 the defendants in Cardiff posted a letter to the plaintiffs in New York offering to sell them Goods this was on the 1st of October 1879 then on the 8th of October 1879 the defendants posted a letter revoking the offer the plaintiffs received the offer and Telegraph the acceptance on the 11th to take note of the dates the letter of evocation was posted on the 8th of October 1879 the plaintiffs received the offer in Telegraph the acceptance that same living by the defendants revocation are arrived on the 20th of October so take note of the dates the offer was made on the 1st of October defendants revoke the offer on the 8th of October but the vocation arrived on the 20th now before that 20th Lincoln attended the acceptance on the 11th so the question is was the evocation effective from when it was posted that is on the 8th of October or it was effective from when it was received that is on the 20th of October what is the password because held that the contract came into existence on the 11th of October the 11th of October was a date in which the date on which the plaintiff Telegraph the acceptance and this is because once it's a letter of revocation it is only effective from the time it is brought to the attention of the offer of the offering so the letter of revocation was posted on the 8th but arrive on the 20th but before it arrived on the 20th acceptance have been sent by the 11th because held that a condo came to existence on the 11th so as far as the 100 is concerned this is what the learning Justice Lindley G said and I quote in my opinion the withdrawal by the defendants on the 8th of October of their offer was in a was inoperative and the complete contracts binding on both parties was entered into on the 11th of October when the plane says asserted their offer of the first with that had no reason to suppose had been withdrawn so what did the horse say at the time that you did the revocation they have not received it and they didn't know yet they had revoked it so they communicated the acceptance on their living and it is supposed to begin to be effective on that date that I said that was communicated Ben and Company versus Leo vanity and Hoven that whenever you revoke and offer you must make sure that it takes effect it has been brought to the attention of the fairy that is going to take effect so then this is what we can say about notice of evocation that it must be brought to the attention of the fairy before to begin to be effective one question that has usually Arisen is this the window of Aurora is revoking an offer the overall Malden notice of revocation come from himself or it can come from any other party now when it comes to offer wrong and he's invoking an offer but the notice of revocation come from the foreign and I revoke the offer today must the revocation Come From Me Myself and I use the offering are you supposed to receive the notice of the revocation for me myself or any third party can bring you attention save America for 10 000 Ghana cedis and tomorrow I change my mind we have been told that the notice of revocation before it can be effective but they brought to the attention that I must make sure the notice of revocation comes to attention no twist about that but must I come to attended to myself or any other person who can bring it to your attention now when you look at the case of Dickinson and dots the answer to this question haven't provided the decision endurance it's a very helpful to look at this case for to determine that must the revocation come from the foreign this case demonstrates that the notice of revocation need not be from therefore himself and that it can be from a reliable third party in other words if the offerer makes an offer and intends to revoke it can he revoke it and let a renewable third party bring it to the attention of those following the answer is yes that the revocation on the authority of Dickens and adults need not come from the floor himself but I can come from a reliable third party and these are the facts of Dickens and those on Wednesday 10th June 1874 the defendants made an offer to the plaintiff to sell a house to the police station that and I could this offer should be left over until Friday 9 am on site on the Thursday afternoon the pleasure was informed by one Berry that the defender had been offering or agreeing to sell the property to one Island this now we're standing plaintiffs to Tender his acceptance on Friday at 7 00 am in fact the defender had already sold the property to alarm on Thursday 11th of June let me explain what's happening over here in the facts that's first of all the defendants made an offer to solve the plaintiff a house and he said the offer to be left over until Friday 9 am but on Thursday afternoon this same plaintiff to whom the offer be made he was informed by one Berry that the house that had been offered to him it was being offered to another person for sale now even though the plaintiff was given the information that they had an offered to him he was being offered to another person for sale the police still went ahead to turn my acceptance on Friday at 7 00 am and he was doing this knowing work that he had already been informed that the property was missed a different person and in fact the property had already been sold to the island on Thursday 11th of June so the time they planted even both acceptance was even too late now the question as to whether the berry who told the plaintiff that the offer was being given to another person whether he was a somebody who could communicate the invocation Lindsay was arguing that if anything at all it was the defendants himself better to communicate the invocation to the plaintiff but what is the opportunity that the revocation did not come from therefore himself it can come from a reliable third party and that buried was a reliable third party and therefore the invocation was needed to be effective listen to the words of the blender Justice James LG and unquote it is my mind glad that before there was any attempt at acceptance he was perfectly well aware that dogs had changed his mind and that he had in fact agreed to sell foreign it is impossible therefore to say there was never there was ever that existence of the same mind between the parties which is essential in point of law to the making of our agreements I am of the opinion therefore that the plaintiff has failed to prove that there was anybody contract between those and himself so what we get from Dickinson endorses that please if I make an offer to you the revocation we know already that you must receive notice of the evocation but decisions endorse is saying that the notice of the evocation it may not come for me don't fall myself it can come from a reliable third party so Dickens and those things that the notice of revocation need not be from the foreign [Music] now the next principle to look at is that you remember we dealt with unilateral contracts without the general office like we saw in Cologne and carbonics Logo where you can go on the radio and say that whoever can ride bicycle from Accra to family you shall paying ten thousand cities remember those office general office so those offers that we make on radio as well in a lateral context how do you remove those movies because if you made an offer now whoever can run from across Kumasi shall pay me 10 000 cities and I started running can you revoke the offer at that point in time because remember since I haven't gotten I haven't accepted the offer yet since I'm going to Kumasi I haven't yet accepted the offer you're in China was very specific that whoever can run from Accra to Kumasi ten thousand cities I haven't gone to Kumasi yet can you revoke the offer as anything that is always if I haven't finished completing the performance the king of Arrington and Arrington is very instructive in this with that Arrington and Arrington Arrington is about e-r-r-i-n-g-t-o-n versus Arrington e-r-r-i-n-g-t-o-n and Roots imported in 1952 one case bent at Bay 290. Ironton versus Arrington this came down the position that once the ovary has started performing the ACT a mountain to acceptance it is not possible for the referral to hook the general offer one of theory has started performing the ACT amongst the acceptance it is not possible for the offer to make to invoke the general offer these are the facts of the case a father purchased a house in his own name he promised his son and daughter-in-law that if they would pay off all the mortgage installment view on the house he the father will transfer the house to the son and daughter animal they really paid the installments but when the father died the Widow sought to invoke the offer I think I was thinking and father says that if you paid off all the mortgages I'll transfer it to you the people have started pay they have paid their installments now when none of the father has died that we don't say that I'm going to cancel this Arrangements this is a clear case of once the offery has started performing the acts and mounting to acceptance it is not possible for the Opera to reveal the general offer that's what was held by modern and let me read the express words of Jordan and I quote The Father's Promise was another conference a promise of a house in return for their acts of pain and summons it could not be revoked by him once the couple foreign which they have not done if that was the position during their father's lifetime so it must be after his death is the daughter-in-law continues to pay oh the Bureau of society installments the couple will be entitled to have the property transferred to them as soon as the mortgage is paid off once the couple entered on performance of the ACT and that's very key and that's why we mentioned over here that once the ferry has started performing the ACT amounting to acceptance revoke the offer this is Lord Benin in Arrington and Arrington so if you make a promise to me that whoever can run from Accra to tamale you shall pay me ten thousand dollars and I run and I get to Kumasi you can't say that you're evoking it because everything and everything is saying that the moment performance begins you cannot revoke it because it will be unfair to me so once the ferry has started performing the ACT amongst the acceptance it's not possible for the foreign and Arrington and Salisbury versus Salisbury describe recent Salisbury spells s-o-u-l-s-b-u-r-y Mrs Salisbury s-o-u-l-s-d-u-r-y 2007 ewca Civil Division 969 now when you make a general offer to the whole world like we saw in the newspaper how do you book this kind of office how are offers that are general office vote you advertise in the newspaper that's anybody who can run from Accra to tamales I pay this amount of money and he wants to not even book this offer how do you book it the Lord is that you must revoke it in the same prominence with the same prominence that you made the offer for so if you made the offer in the newspaper daily graphic you must very revocated with the same prominence in the same meaning that you made the offer I don't know that you can't go make the offer in Daily graphic then you're going to revoke it at common for magazine foreign [Music] how can you go and make an offer on television then you're going to invoke it on some radio that has about 20 people listening to it so the revocation of a natural offer you must revoke it to the same prominence in the same medium that you made the offer for and we'll see this in Luxor limited Mrs Cooper foreign then you must make sure that you revoke it in the same manner with the same prominence that she made over for eign the owner of two Cinemas offered a plenty five thousand pounds each if the plaintiff were to introduce persons who would purchase the cinemas now even though the plaintiff in produced predecessors who were willing to pay the price they sell did not take place because the owners declined to proceed their plaintiff was ever prevented from completing the purchase because the owner declined to proceed with a sale so look at the first game will pay this amount if you're able to give us people who come and buy the properties now even though he brought the people we didn't complete the seal we didn't sell it to them but the president still went ahead to sue the owners naming 10 000 Commission alternatively ten thousand pounds in Damages for bits of implied 10 by the owners not to do anything to prevent him from any information it was held that a fact that the commission to be paid by the agents was payable only on completion of the transaction by the nature of the contract they offer law reserved the right to revoke at any time before completion so the foreign bring people when they buy will pay you commission they're both important we didn't allow them to buy it so there's no commission to repay to you we have revoked the offer and you cannot be allowed to claim any Commission now the very key case you need to know about your vocational general office it's a kind of sway to where everybody must know this case when they come to the vocational general office United States United States very old case 1875. from the U.S Supreme Court he says that a general offers to persons who can be described as almost a team of Aries can be revoked through the same medium and the same channel as the offer was made a general offer to persons who can be described as almost attained of release was made these are the facts of the case should we versus United States very interesting facts on 20th of April 1865 a proclamation have been published which offered a reward of 25 000 dollars for the apprehension of a particular Criminal about seven months after I.E on the 24th of November 1865 and notice revoking the offer was also published I'll take the fact again on the 20th of April 1865 a proclamation had been published which offered a reward of 25 000 dollars for the apprehension of a particular Criminal about seven months after I.E on the 24th of November 1865 and noticed revoking the offer was also published the plaintiff who was unaware of the revocation discovered the criminal in 1866 informed authorities thank you and ensued to claim the promised reward of 25 000 dollars again on the 20th of April 1865 air Proclamation have been published which offered a reward of 25 000 for the apprehension of a particular Criminal seven months after and notice revoking the offer was also published the plaintiff was unaware of the revocation and he discovered the criminal in 1866 he informed authorities and ensued to claim the promised world of twenty five thousand dollars what do you think even though the evocation has been published the painting was not aware of it but he went edge up being the criminal and now that he asked you for the money you are saying that an invocation was published but he wasn't aware of the revocation what in the household the Accord that the offer had been effectively revoked at the time that the police discovered the criminal and he found authorities the offer had ineffectively revoked at the time that the plaintiff discovered the criminal and informed authorities and these are the words of the judge very very keywords and their quotes the offer of every word for the apprehension of Surat was revoked on the 24th day of November 1865. and notice of revocation was published it is not to be doubted that the offer was revocable at any time before it was accepted foreign there was no contract and so its terms were complied with like any other con like any other offer of a contract it might therefore be withdrawn before rights have occurred under Eights and it was withdrawn to the same channel in which it was made the same notoriety was given to the revocation that was given to the offer emphasis the same notoriety was given to the revocation that was given to the offer and the findings of facts do not show that any information was given to the claimant or that he did anything to entitle him to the reward of it until five months after the offer had been withdrawn let me think this part again like any other offer of the contract it might therefore be withdrawn before riots had recruit under it and it was we don't do the same channel in which it was made the same notoriety was given to the revocation that was given to the offer and the findings of facts do not show as any information was given by the claimants true it is found that then and at all times until the arrest was actually made he was ignorant of the withdrawal but that is an immaterial fact the offer of the reward not having been made to him directly but by means of a public Proclamation he should have known that it could be revoked in the manner in which it was made you see the offer of the reward not having made to indirectly but by means of a public Proclamation he should have known that it could be revoked in the manner in which he was made foreign what is very important is that they just said that true it is found that then at and at all times until the arrest was actually made he was ignorant of the withdrawal but the course is but that is an immaterial fact so they'll find us he was ignorant of the withdrawal is inconsider what is important is that the revocation was done through the same medium that it was made this is how we vote general office by giving the same prominence to the revocation using the same medium that's used to create a general offer so if you made a general offer on the radio go and use the same video to remove the offer it was a news reparative graphic use that same music part with the same prominence to revoke the offer listen to what I just said strongly says they offer not having the offer of reward not having been made to him directly but by means of the Proclamation he should have known that it could be revoked in the manner in which it was made and so the principle we get from Shue versus United States is that a general offer to persons who can be described as honors attained of Aries can be revoked through the same medium in the same channel as an offer was made so we are discussing all this because we are looking at the most of terminating office and we've dealt with the first one of withdrawal when we draw the case of Ruthless and guns over there we mentioned that a common law you can revoke an offer at any time before acceptance so longer there's no contribution but we look at the modification done by section 81 of the contract acts of 1960 and 25. that is that when you make a promise to keep an offer open for acceptance it shall be binding on you even if your fairy has provided no contribution for it so you make a promise they are keeping your offer open for three weeks that promise to be binding on you though for all even though there may be no consideration coming from the ferry we saw in Dickinson and dots that whenever you evoke an offer the revocation need not be conveyed by the offering himself but Dickinson and don't say that the facts of the revocation or the withdrawal can be communicated to the fairy by a reliable third party in Arrington and Arrington that when you make a natural offer when you make a general offer then the moment the person begins performance you cannot revoke the offer one of the persons has started the ACT among the performance you cannot revoke it is USC that said that if I go to evoke an offer you must give me the same prominence in the same medium and the same channel with which you made the offer that's the way versus USC so all of these will help you understand one with draw out or revocation of office another way of revoking offers is by reduction by the ferry you remember when we did hiding range counter office the effect of destroying the main offer so that economically be accepted so you can offer is made to you and you're not happy you can reject it once you reject it you cannot come back and accept it an offer can also be terminated by lots of time the law is that once an offer is made it must be accepted within a reasonable time if not then it will last that is ending and careful enemies first a n and ing is a skillful k-i-n-g f-u-l reported the 1980 Ghana law report had paid 404 than an offer when it's made it's supposed to be accepted within a reasonable time and if you don't accept it within a reasonable time it will last accordingly another way of terminating office is that another may be terminated if the offer stated that it will come to an end upon the occurrence of a particular event and not even as a kid so for example if I say that this offer that made it to evaluate so long as the war between Russia and Ukraine continues but it will come to an end the moment the war ends it means that the moment the war ends you should know that the offer has not terminated so another may be terminated to if the upper is stated that it is supposed to come to an end on the occurrence of a particular event and not even as second place the upper two will begin to be terminated and then finally an offer two can be terminated by the death of the overall a person makes an offer and he died and he dies general rule is that the office stands terminated these are the different modes of terminating an offer and this shall bring us to the end of our lecture on offer and acceptance and this is where we shall draw a curtains thank you