Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis

Introduction

• Qualitative research involves collecting data to address a research question.
• Offers extensive possibilities for data collection.
• Methods can be grouped into four categories:
  1. Open-ended interviews
  2. Open-ended observations
  3. Documents (private diaries, newspaper articles, meeting minutes)
  4. Audio-visual material (pictures, videos)

Modern Approaches

• Use of digital means: websites, email, text messages.
• Creative data collection techniques, e.g., photo voice:
  • Participants take pictures of unfamiliar phenomena and are interviewed about them.

Data Analysis

• Post data collection, data is categorized (coding and themes).
• Reporting can involve just the themes or use sophisticated qualitative research designs.

Qualitative Research Designs

1. Narrative Design

   • Focuses on collecting stories from a small number of people.
   • Example: Different stories about learning in the classroom.

2. Phenomenology

   • Finds commonalities among participants' experiences.
   • Example: Shared learning methods, like reading a textbook.

3. Grounded Theory

   • Develops theories based on participants' views and experiences.
   • Example: Process of adapting to a class, overcoming fears, learning basics.

4. Ethnography

   • Treats the class as a 'culture-sharing group’.
   • Observes patterns and behaviors over time.
   • Example: Seating arrangements, break times, expected classroom routines.

5. Case Study

   • In-depth understanding of a specific 'case’.
   • Describes the case and identifies themes.
   • Example: Classroom demographics and common learning methods.

Additional Approaches

• Discourse analysis: focuses on language and communication.
• Participatory approach: examines learning processes through interactive methods.

Summary

• Different designs are chosen based on the research problem.
• Beyond thematic analysis, qualitative designs provide depth and structure to research.
• The choice of design depends on the research question and desired insights.