Welcome to our lecture on the functional anatomy of the female reproductive trap this presentation was adopted from the lecture of Dr John Parish a reproductive physiology professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from his presentation about the reproductive physiology of the female domestic animals so this lecture shall aim to determine the anatomy of the different components of the reproductive trap of the cow and also no it aims to determine the Salient features of these uh components as well as its functions let's take a look at these different species and think about why do they have different number of Young born or cow the the norm is one calf born for goats of course we have two to three kids four pigs not the usual a litter is about uh 12 12 to 14 to 18 piglets for horses one four primates as is in this orangutan so the usual of course it varies but uh the norm is one as well as in humans so in this presentation we are going to answer why is this the case so why other animals have a larger litter compared to other animals based on their reproductive drug Anatomy no for example based on the anatomy of the different segments of the female reproductive drug going to discuss not the different segments of the female reprodite product let us first have a review of some terms that we are going to use when we are going to study the female reproductive chart so of course uh for forces the technical term for for horses or equines and a male male horse is a stallion and a female is a mere or of wine we have the meal around and for the female uh adult the ship we have the EU wears wine or Pig uh it is also known as porcine of course a male no adult or big is a board and a female adult pig is a sound we also have a terminology not a hug when we say hug that is more than 120 pounds but this term is also applied generally to all swine or chickens or avian of course we have the rooster and the hen a male dog no it's called a dog if he's used for breeding purposes it is called a style or when referring to these puppies it is called a sire a female dog used for breeding is called Adam Tam or a [ __ ] where cats or feline a female is a queen male is a dog short quiz know about about some no important terminologies when we are going to study the uh domestic not the reproductive anatomy of the different domestic animals of course we are going to encounter these different terminologies so we have to be familiarized or we have to review these terms so we have here you know some terms and we are going to list list the equivalent names for this in the female so we have your bovine equine or sign and canine so of course when we say Bob wine it refers to cattle equine for horses for sign for pigs and canine for dogs these are the answers now for our short quiz the female uh the name for the female under this you know under this category rather these animals are of course you have to call in the heater so of course when we say heifer now that is a female that has had uh that has not had any offspring the term usually refers to immature females poor captain so after giving birth to her first half however a keeper becomes a cow so most C first will reach puberty and be bred by 12 to 14 months of age and will be between 55 to 65 percent of their mature weight when they first begin to exhibit as true cycle for egg whites we have the mayor and the Philly how do we differentiate the two so a female horse under four years of age is called a Philly a female horse over the age of four years is called a mayor four pigs we have the Sao and the Gill so asaw is a female pig that has already had a litter and a guild is a female pig that has not had a letter so therefore a guild can be a pregnant animal up until its first litter so when it has already followed its first letter uh The Guild becomes a cell for canines we know we have the [ __ ] [Music] the key lies in the reproductive trough anatomy and physiology let's examine first the reproductive anatomy of the female cattle or cow is the difficult uh diagram of a female reproductive tract from within outward or from the ovary the parts are of course we have here you know let's start with the ovary then we have the avidoc this is this portion here is the aviduct we have the uterus the uterus has a uterine horn and a uterine body after the uterus we have the cervix the vagina we have also the vulva and some parts that can be found here no Rd urethra the Anda clitoris on electoral View so this is now the reproductive trap of the cow so of course we have here on the ovary then the Obi dark this is the uterus and this is the horn the body of the uterus and we have here the cervix the vagina and the external genitalia so of course it is associated with the wrap tool on the up on the dorsal side and we also hear the urinary bladder the reproductive trough of a cow one of the most prominent uh structure is the broad ligament so the broad ligament is a connective tissue sheet which supports and suspends the reproductive trunk so the reason the reproductive trough does not just flop down in the pelvic cavity is that it is surrounded by and supported by the broad ligament so in this diagram we have here the the BL here stands for the broad ligament and we adhere the uterine horn and the uh is the uterine horn and um we have here the over e and the orbit app so this portion here you know represents the the broad ligament so the broad ligament ligament portions we have the meso Metro shown in this figure the message topics and the mass of our own so when we say meso material that supports the the product ligament that is a project method uh supports the uterus so of course this is the uh uterus no the uterus we have the porn we have the point there and of course in this portion you have here the the oven no and the ovary so again the mesometrium is the one that supports the uterus we also have the mesosolvings it is the one that supports the office and the muscle volume the offering the open is considered to be the primary sex organ of a cow and of course a female animals and the main function of the ovary is that it will produce the two major hormones of the reproductive trough we have the estrogen and the progesterone aside from this this is the endocrine function of the ovary it also has a gametogenic function because it produces the oocyte or the female gamete so this structure here represents the ovary of a cow but in the cow it is easy to see the two major structures on the ovary these are the follicle so this one here represents the follicle and we also have here the corpus luteum or the CL so corpus luteum uh singular and corpus luteum when it is fluoride so the follicle contains the oocyte and releases the hormone estrogen the core positive on the other hand releases the hormone so this is the picture now showing the Corporal Studio that is incised this diagram shows the schematic uh schematic diagram of an ovary so as you can see here a typical ovary is divided into the cortex and the medulla so alter your cortex and the inner medulla so the medulla is mainly composed of a connective tissue and the blood vessels and the nerves enter the ovary through the pylus and we also have the transverse medulla to the vortex the cortex is the main functional area of the ovary and performs the gametogenic and the endocrine functions of the Opera so again when we say gametogenic function it is where the site will develop via the follicles and when we say endocrine function it is where the hormones are produced progesterone and are estrogen the outermost layer of the ovary retains the name of the terminal epithelium so we have here the germinal epithelium even though it is no longer capable of being terminal so under the germinal epithelium is the layer of connective tissue known as the Tunica aldoginia so this technical Guinea is analogous to the connective operator test is a layer of connective tissue or condensed fibrous tissue that is uh that surrounds not the surface of the of this diagram shows a cross section of the ovary showing the different developmental stages of the follicle as well as the different developmental stages of the ovulated follicle and that is the uh here represented here by the Corpus symbological CL and the corpus albicans so what are the different endogenic structures that can be found in the surface or in the cortex of the ovaries so of course we'll hear the follicles so in different developmental stages of course we have the primordial follicle when we say primordial follicle that is a resting which is surrounded by flattened follicle cells so young primordial follicle it contains the um outside within it and the follicle and follicle cells surrounds our site so this is the resting period of the oocyte after the Memorial follicle so it will develop into a primary follicle so the in this follicle the oxide is surrounded by a single layer of follicle cells and the follicle cells are cuboidal in shape and um we also have the secondary secondary follicles so the primary follicle becomes the secondary follicle so the secondary follicle is characterized by the presence of the oocyte with a Zuna pellucida and two or more layers of granulosa cells so this cells here are referred to as the granular cells and after that now the secondary follicle becomes a tertiary follicle or the graphite and follicle so the other name of the tertiary follicle is graphia and follicle and this follicle is basically characterized by the presence of the unthrough which is a fluid field structure of the follicle we have here the oocyte and we have here the again not the presence of the granulosa cells features now or ovulates to release the uh or site and later on now this ruptured follicle becomes a corpuscimological then it becomes a corpus luteum and Corpus albicans so again this is the diagram of the cortex of the ovary or the cross section of the ovary showing the development of the uh we have here the primary foil case a group of primary follicle is known as the Egg Nest and the primary becomes a secondary and it becomes a tertiary and uh of course you have here a smaller tertiary follicle than a larger one and later on becomes it ruptures and it ovulates become this structure C so this arrows here you know the Red Arrows here um signifies that not all of the follicles will uh develop you know into a mature follicle and late then become ovulated so not all of the follicles will undergo ovulation or it is a or sign premature Oppo so in this case um for example the primary foil character Sharif follicles secondary follicle tertiary follicle will some of them will become athletic so the follicles can be classified as normal or healthy or as attractive so these are arthritic follicles signifies that not all of the growing follicles will ovulate and most of them actually will regress or will undergo attrition so arthritic follicles are follicles that are regenerating usually due to insufficient or improper hormonal support of course the estrogen is important for the development of follicles and when there is insufficient or improper formula support so that is one of the factors that will lead to the development of the arthritic follicles so this diagram shows the different developmental stages of a follicle so of course it starts with the primordial follicle then the primary follicle secondary and tertiary or the graphite follicle so again the when we say primordial follicle now it is composed of of course the oocyte within it arresting our site with flattened follicle cells of one layer of Latin particle cells for the primary follicle of the these are follicle cells with one layer but the follicle cells are cuboidal or Square in shape for the secondary follicles of course it is of multiple layers of follicle cells and for the tertiary follicle now it is differentiated by of course the presence of the ant room so this is the untrue of the Midfield part of the tertiary follicle with differentiated layers of follicle cells follicle cells that surrounds the for example the homicide structures that can be found in eupholic level um is the Zona pelucida so in this diagram now we have here a structure now showing the uh follicle cell so this one in blue here is the follicle cells and of course this is the side now or the ovum or the over and this uh cells here now represents the communal cell and we have here young blue one here represents the uh Zona pelucida so when we say Zona pilusida that is a non-cellular layer surrounding the other side made of glycoproteins its role is important because it plays a role in fertilization and three so this diagram is a sequence of early events in the mammalian fertilization so as you can see here we have here the sperm notice spermatozoid that undergoes capacitation and of course this is important to penetrate you know the awful during fertilization process so uh this structure here is already an ovulated uh follicle or an ovulated oocyte it has already been released and again it is surrounded here by the cumulus cell in um the Zona pelucida so this one here is lucida needs to be penetrated by the capacitated sperm in order for fertilization to take place um again these Zona producer that starts to form at the level of the attack so this is a closer Loop of the tertiary follicle or the graphite so these are the structures um that can be found in the tertiary follicle so we'll start with uh the center of course we have the oocyte and um the radical oxide is the Zona pellucida no and the corona radiata so when we say Corona radiata that is a single layer of columnar cells that surrounds the outside and penetrating the Zona peducida its role is important in providing nutrients for the outside and regulating the maturation of the oocyte we also have a cobolus of furus so this portion here is the komaluso offerus it is a mass of cells we by which the oocyte sits and it's shared with the egg at ovulation it leads a role in fertilization and egg transport the tertiary follicle can be differentiated because it has an ant room and the antrum contains the follicular fluid the fluid is secreted by the granular cells and the fluid contains um concentrations of steroids or estrogen and glycosaminoglycans its role is important during ovulation of the this structures here represents the granulosa cells and these are considered to be uh multiply you know these cells multiply rapidly during follicular growth and they secrete a follicular fluid and produce estrogen uh before ovulation the granulosis cells produce again us estrogen and after ovulation it forms the bulk of the CL that produce progesterone after that is the basement membrane and after the basement membrane is the attacker interna the attacker interna is also important for the production of estrogen and after that we also have the DECA externa another diagram of the tertiary follicle showing the different parts of the tertiary follicle of course uh the its most prominent part is the that contains the follicular fluid and of course we have here at the oocyte surrounded by the Commodus offers another sharing follicle will be the one to later on it will rupture and it will undergo ovulation so the evolution is a process whereby the mature album will be released now from the um ovary so of course this occurs mostly you know during estros so the ovulated ovulated follicle with the ruptured follicle will later become the corpus then after that now it will become a purpose lithium and Corpus albicans so the Corpus lutea for the Corpus lithium deserves a special mention because they are prominent structures on the ovary and because they play an important role in a sexual cycle and in pregnancy said the life cycle of the corpus luteum Corpus is encompassed in the following terms now we have the Corpus symbiological so of course when you say Corpus similaraticum that is a uh the bloody now the bloody appearance structure formed from the freshly ovulated follicle and found from one to three days after ovulation so this is ovulation so after that the ruptured follicle will become corpuscimological then after that it will later become are the corpus luteum now through the process of luteinization so what functional corpus luteum so when we say proposition literally means yellow body it is an endocrine gland with a limited lifespan that produces progesterone after that is the corpus albicans it is a pale white yellow or brown structure that is left when the Corpus let you break progresses it is mostly connective tissue and serves no known function diagram shows the blood supply to the follicle so the blood supply does not pass the basement membrane in the tertiary follicle so this is the tertiary follicle it contains the Packer internal cells and within the attack internal cells or the blood supply or the capillary Network to the follicle so as you can see here we have here the basement membrane and again the blood supply that will not pass the basement membrane in this tertiary follicle so the again the granular cells produce the hormone no estrogen and the hormones in the follicular fluid from the granulosa cells must diffuse out and then be picked up by the blood that flows through the capillary Network around the attacker sense