okay hi everyone again this is sir trip anthony ia ramos and welcome to your course readings in philippine history so for this session we will be discussing about the introduction to philippine historiography sources and discourses since we're dealing with philippine history class uh let's first define what is history so as we all know even even in our high school high school days history is the study of past events and those persons who are recording it and writing about history they are referred to as the historians so in order for us to have a narrative about the past events we will be needing to have a practical historical writing and this practice so the practice of historical writing will be referred as historiography so again if we're pertaining to history we're pretty we are referring to the study of past events however the practice of historical writing would be termed as historiography okay in historical writing there are two methods that we can use okay so there is a traditional method and a modern method so the traditional method as the name suggests uh what happens in this method is that there is a gathering of documents from different libraries and archives okay so once you already gathered some documents from the libraries and archives there would be full of information and then later on this would be translated into narrative okay on the other hand modern method would use other methods aside from the traditional method from related areas of studies such as archaeology and geography so once you will be able to use this method say for example you borrow a method from archaeology and geography definitely you are doing modern method okay so to give you an insight class there are also sources of history let me give three of the most common so the first one would be the documents documents class given inside this are handwritten printed drawn designed and other composed material so class let me be clear on this one when you say document this is not only being handwritten this can be printed or even drawn and designed okay so in this with this this documents can also be in the form of books newspapers magazines journals maps architecture architectural perspectives and even paintings you may see that documents there so photographs will also be part and advertisement okay so one good example of which is the colonial records such as government reports and local documents in which this form a significant part of our collection of documents here sorry not only here but also in abroad okay so this are the documents so again if we're pertaining to documents we're pertaining to those materials that are handwritten printed drawn and designed okay so those are documents let's go now to the other source of history so other source may be archaeological records so under archaeological record okay we you will say or we will be able to say that this is a an archaeological record if it contains preserved remains of human beings their activities and the environment where they live so again class take note of the term preserved they would want to preserve the remains of human beings and even their activities okay so in discussing archaeological records in the context of the philippines one great example is the kalo man and the tabon man okay so uh we all know that in the philippines kaloman and tabanman remains has been uh have been found okay and those were the proof that they actually live in in our country so again that's so under archaeological records too so plus you may have two okay kinds of archaeological record uh the first one would be fossils so if you're pertaining to fossils these are the remains of animals plants and other organisms from the distant past so commonly fossils are being collected through the form of bones okay the bones of animals and other organisms so definitely if you will be pertaining to the animals or the remains of the animals that are okay that can be referred as fossils okay things definitely that is called as artifacts okay so artifacts class can be in the form of clothing and even jewelries of those persons living in a civilization or in a culture okay so again if we're pertaining to archaeological records you may refer to fossils and artifacts okay all right so we're done with the documents and archaeological records another source of history would be the oral and video account so as the name suggests oral and video accounts have an audio visual documentation of people events and places these are commonly being done the documentation are being done by the media people okay so they are usually recorded in video and audio cassettes and even in compact disks or cds so as i mentioned these are being done by the media people and they are doing this for public affairs and public servants okay so we're done with the sources so let me repeat it if we're pertaining to the sources of history you may refer to documents archaeological records and oral and video accounts okay so since we're done with the sources of history let's now look into the historical or the kinds of historical sources okay you may have two kinds of historical sources so the first one would be the primary source so if we're pertaining to the primary source these are documents physical objects and oral or video accounts which are made by an individual or a group take note class they must be present at the time and place being described okay so in short they have the first hand experience of the event that happened so since they have the person experienced definitely the function of the primary source is to give back okay so the other source or the other kind of source would be the secondary sources okay so secondary sources these are materials made by people long after the events being described and that had taken place so meaningless uh they don't have that firsthand experience and since they don't have the personal experience unlike the primary source which is intended in giving facts secondary sources would just want to provide a valuable interpretation of historical events okay and since it is only concerned with the interpretations take note class that the resources might be susceptible to any contention and predecessor okay so how will you be able to criticize if a source is authentic so definitely you may consider this two levels of a historical criticism so the first one would be external criticisms in which it answers concerns and questions pertinent to the authenticity of a historical source by how so by identifying who composed the historical material you may also look for the origin of the historical material when was it produced or where was it produced so you may check on the location of that and then later on you may also check and establish the materials evidential value okay again if we're pertaining to the external that that goes beyond in the content of the of the source that are being contented okay so on the other hand internal criticisms would deal with the credibility and reliability of the content so from the word itself internal so you're looking into the internal that is the content so if you if you are checking the credibility and reliability of a material or a historical scores definitely you are having or you're doing internal criticism okay so again we have two levels of historical criticisms one external and the second one is okay let me continue so in locating primary sources we are actually blessed here in our country we have a lot of repositories so one good example is the national library of the philippines this can be found in kalau in manila city so national library of the philippines it contains a lot of published materials so let me give you an example the complete microfilm copies of the philippine revolutionary revolutionary records so that's 1896 to 1901 you can find it in the national library you may also find the compilation of captured documents of emily government also you may see in the national library the historical data papers that happened in or that was produced and published in 1952-1953 also class as early as 1935 during the time of president manuel quezon the presidential papers of his administration until the administration of former president joseph estrada can be found also in the library okay so on the other hand if you are looking for the unpublished material so if we're pertaining the published materials that would be on the library okay so but if you're pertaining or if you're looking for unpublished materials this can be found in the national archives of the philippines okay so in the national archives of the philippines class you may also locate primary sources because it holds a substantial collection of a catalog and catalog spanish documents about the philippines composed from 1552 up until 1900 so class you would be asking what is catalog if a collection has been cataloged meaning it has been arranged in a way okay uh in a way that is orderly so say for example and the most common catalogue would be arranged in an alpha in alphabetical order okay so definitely national archives has a lot of elections whether it's catalog and catalog also class you may you may also check for the 20th century documents in the national archives so say for example the civil records material documents being done by the lawyers and japanese wartime and our time crime some other resources written tagalog such as the documents de la cruz also known as ceremony the leader of confrontia or the from fraternity the san jose fraternity of san jose in the 19th century okay so again the difference between the national library and national archives national library contains the published materials national archives contains and published material okay so not only that and we are national libraries and national archives that is that are not the only place wherein you can locate primary sources you may also look into different academic institutions such as university of the philippines university of san diego suleiman university university of san carlos city and even in ateneo de manila university we have it there okay so each of this academic institution offers a lot of materials with regards to narratives okay so plus that you know give you an insight about the historical writing during the colonial speech of the philippines so on the colonial historiography okay when the spanish chroniclers tells the narrative or tell the narrative of the filipino people they will always spend to give emphasis to us being living or living in in barbaric like ways so they are justifying their colonization simply because the colonies they see and they perceive that the pollination uh colonization of the spaniards would liberate the filipinos from the backward ways or the barbaric lightweight same thing with the american colonial writers they were referring to filipinos as civilized and the only way for us to be able to develop a civilized lifestyle is definitely stationed by the american so as you can see their colonial historiography tells the narrative of the filipinos in a way that we're uh we're living in a barbaric life wait okay so let's go now to the philippines choreography during or after the worldwide book so let me give you some of the historians we have here theodor he actually described the events before 1872 as the country's lost history okay however renato constantino they debunked this idea and he advanced the people history a study of the past that sought to analyze society by searching the people's voices from colonial historical materials that typically rendered filipinos as decadent inept and vile okay so again that's theodore aguncilio in which it is an approach in understanding our experiences using our cultural frame in our own cultural language okay so again the pantheon panel now uses our own cultural frame okay so in understanding a lot of narratives after world war endeavor to recognize the way of thinking of ordinary vote so he would want to tell the narrative by using an alternative historical sword so that source may be in the form of pop songs and even in prayers that's when reynaldo okay so if you will be asking about the political narrative on how the policies or the politics has been being described during the time of our leaders to give you an insight most of our national histories today which tells about political narratives so definitely they would focus on the legacies of political leaders so you may actually notice it during your junior high school social studies so you will see there that each president would be highlighted by it by their legacy okay and since we have a lot of republic already so you will also notice that whenever there is a political narrative there would be a segment where there is the section in that narrative in which it will tell you about the government or the administration okay so that are political narratives in terms of our country okay again they are giving emphasis on the legacies of political leaders so in our sense those are the former presidents and also they they are interested in establishing or establishing the fact that there are different kind of leadership as their term okay so that's political narrative okay looking into the colonial histories in our historical narratives most of the filipinos even even the filipino historians okay they are actually describing they describe our ancient philippines as savages and barbarians even though that it's already our fellow countrymen they are still portraying that the colonizers okay are the liberators of the filipinos from cultural backgrounds okay so that is the colonial histories in national or historical narratives okay you will also notice that in historical narratives there is an elite centric perspective those being referred to as the persons who has the key who have capabilities uh the resources so just like the illustrators we are being portrayed mostly in the historical narratives and ultimately you will notice in our historical narratives that there is a patriarchal orientation they commonly depict men as the one leading the revolution they are the one who is championing the cause of independence there is prohibiting every development that is intended for the country on the other hand if you will notice most of the women or commonly the women are being viewed by the several historians as merely support to men one great example is during the time of president corazon aquino in which even though that she played a big part in people power revolution she's still being described as the widow of the late senator okay so for this session this is my reference if you would want to check nevertheless i would like to thank everyone for listening to this session and i hope to see you in our next intro session till then please keep yours out safe