AP Human Geography Review Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Overview of AP Human Geography course.
• Purpose: To summarize key concepts across all units in one session.
• Additional resources available: Topic review videos and Ultimate Review Packet.

Unit 1: Introduction to Geography

Key Concepts:

• Maps: Thematic and reference maps, map projections (Mercator map and its distortions).
• GIS: Geographic Information Systems, spatial relationships.
• Research Methods:
  • Quantitative: Census data, numerical.
  • Qualitative: People's attitudes, beliefs, subjective.
• Spatial Concepts:
  • Technology reducing distance decay, increased connectivity.
  • Cultural landscapes.
• Environmental Theories:
  • Environmental determinism vs. possibilism.
• Scale:
  • Scale of analysis (national vs. local levels).
  • Small scale vs. large scale maps.
• Regions:
  • Functional, perceptual, and formal regions.

Unit 2: Population and Migration

Key Concepts:

• Population Distribution: Urban vs. rural settlement patterns.
• Population Densities: Arithmetic, physiological, agricultural.
• Demographic Transition Model: Stages 1-5, population growth patterns.
• Epidemiologic Transition Model: Causes of death in different stages.
• Population Policies:
  • Pro-natalism vs. anti-natalism.
• Malthusian Theory:
  • Malthusian catastrophe, neo-Malthusians.
• Migration:
  • Push/pull factors, forced vs. voluntary migration.
  • Ravenstein's Laws: Counter migration, diffusion effects.

Unit 3: Culture

Key Concepts:

• Cultural Concepts:
  • Cultural relativism vs. ethnocentrism.
  • Shared practices and beliefs.
• Cultural Landscape: Land usage patterns influencing cultural identity.
• Diffusion Types:
  • Relocation, expansion (hierarchical, contagious, stimulus).
• Religion and Language:
  • Universalizing vs. ethnic religions.
  • Diffusion patterns and cultural impacts.

Unit 4: Political Geography

Key Concepts:

• Political Entities: Nation vs. state, nation-state, multinational state.
• Colonialism and Imperialism: Impact on boundaries and diffusion.
• Boundaries: Types (relic, antecedent, subsequent, superimposed, geometric).
• Sovereignty and Influence:
  • Self-determination.
  • Neocolonialism.
  • Gerrymandering and voting districts.
• State Power: Unitary vs. federal states.
• Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces: Influences on state stability.

Unit 5: Agriculture

Key Concepts:

• Agricultural Practices:
  • Extensive vs. intensive agriculture.
  • Commercial vs. subsistence farming.
• Settlement Patterns: Clustered, dispersed, linear.
• Agricultural Revolutions:
  • First, Second (industrial revolution), Green Revolution.
• Sustainability and Ethics:
  • Impact of GMOs, organic farming, local food movements.
• Role of Women in Agriculture: Gender equality progress.
• Von Thünen's Model: Spatial layout of agriculture.

Unit 6: Urban Geography

Key Concepts:

• City Development:
  • Site and situation factors.
  • Connectivity and diffusion in world cities.
• Urban Models: Burgess, Hoyt, Multiple Nuclei, Galactic, Latin American, African, Southeast Asian.
• Infrastructure and Sustainability:
  • Public transportation, smart growth, urban sprawl.
• Challenges:
  • Gentrification, redlining, blockbusting.
• Government Influence: Multi-layered governance and its effects.

Unit 7: Industrialization and Economic Development

Key Concepts:

• Economic Sectors: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary.
• Globalization and Trade:
  • Neoliberal policies, trade agreements (NAFTA, WTO).
• Economic Theories: Rostow's and Wallerstein's models.
• Measurement of Development:
  • GDP, GNP, GNI, HDI, GII.
• Women's Role in Economy: Challenges and progress.

Conclusion

• Resources for further study: Ultimate review packet, Discord community.
• Encouragement and best wishes for exams.