1976 the United States celebrates 200 years of independence and freedom a vigorous Jimmy Carter was heading for the presidency the Soviet Union too displayed pride in its achievements under the aging Leonid Brezhnev both leaders promised to reduce east-west tensions but within four years the promises had turned to anger and mistrust the Cold War was far from over Washington DC January xx 1977 I believe the future is going to be very bright for all of us your partner's a vine together I'm sure we'll reach for greatness and will never disappoint the people who put that trust in us thank you have a good time we'll be seeing you tomorrow a lot of you President Carter aimed to restore self-confidence at home and American leadership abroad Jimmy Carter is a completely fresh face he was in essence an outsider nationally most people had never heard of him Jimmy who Jimmy Carter Jimmy who Jimmy Carter special priority he would say things like I will never lie to you I believe in God I have always been faithful to my wife no in Washington you can imagine the reaction was jaded and disbelieving and contemptuous the people like this very much they wanted someone who was fresh and someone who was new and someone who was unsullied by the traumas and problems and corrosion of the past in his relations with the Soviet Union the new president wanted to promote respect for human rights and to press for major nuclear arms cuts and we will move this year a step toward our ultimate goal the elimination of all nuclear weapons from this earth President Ford and the Soviets had made an interim agreement on nuclear arms cuts at Vladivostok in November 1974 the agreement established common ceilings for strategic Arsenal's President Ford's successor Jimmy Carter wanted to go much further Brezhnev would be urged to put the arms race into reverse uncertain of Carter Brezhnev reaffirmed his faith in Dayton yeah a tavini party you Gennaro De Ceglie nash's Rana Nica Dan astonied nepata regime Nica Danny Padma McNish Pro children Naru Carter sent Cyrus Vance his Secretary of State to Moscow with a set of proposals one called for radical cuts in strategic Arsenal's well below the Vladivostok levels Vance had given Soviet ambassador Dobrynin a preview of Carter's aims the morning we departed for Europe Vance met with de Brennan and in effect gave him the details of the proposal that he would present to mr. Gromyko a few days hence the Brennan's head what he had said to us all along its Vladivostok marginal cuts or nothing the Soviets bluntly rejected the American initiative obviously looking into the motional whiskey's Mercedes our position was very simple we thought everything had been agreed in Vladivostok Lagasse various cues at least what he was suggesting was to make bigger more drastic cuts which we knew would take a very long time but that it would what what do you mean and in retrospect I can see that that president Brezhnev was quite proud of the limited agreement that he had concluded in Vladivostok and to have a new American president come in and say that is not good enough let's do much more and do it quite rapidly I took him by surprise in just assessing was at home Carter and Vance promoted the Moscow talks as a positive move do this time we're good heavy bag thanks was Perry for the whole the trip was not only useful but very necessary it's interesting that mr. green eco agrees with that conclusion and I do not believe contrary to what appeared in one of the papers today that there were knee miscalculations we were very well prepared that for what came up and I think on the whole as I've said it was a very useful necessary check other aides were less confident the Vance mention was a big disappointment to us the Russians adopted a very intransigent attitude and that was a disappointment to those who thought that perhaps we could start the new administration the Dakar administration with some wide-ranging agreement with the Russians became clear that this would be much more difficult I think most of us on the American side knew the fat was in the world publicity fire that here the carter administration had gone to Moscow with New Hope's new dreams to limit the nuclear arms race and had failed that it meant somehow we didn't understand the Soviets that the carter team was inept and that we would not be able to manage soviet-american relations so this was to be a deep stab wound Carter proposed a 3% increase in the American defense budget but those who saw day taunt as a trap demanded not parity but nuclear superiority it was a strong view that day tom was not working that the United States was becoming progressively weaker the Soviet Union not only progressively stronger in relationship to the United States and the West but also more aggressive may be a decision after each owner in Venera Roberto Laplace Geneva you free army afloat impaired if civil for rhaenyra caetna voice strategies Kiwanis Virginia coal Avenue Dharma Sheila's sobieski Varanasi you move a noise chest irrigate a horse the Soviets were still pouring resources into their military buildup huge deposits of oil and natural gas in Siberia had insulated the Soviet Union from the oil price rises which had caused recession in the West oil and the Soviet Union much-needed hard currency the Soviet people were constantly told that their country was thriving and able to match the West in everything Nieves Paula Holland Tajima Rome economy skin in all such a thick skin potential Nika - una bella soresina certainly Jordan young a Baroness cussedness in reality defense expenditure was draining the civilian economy by 1977 the geriatric Leonid Brezhnev was no longer in full control but she stole a greenish hue Jamie you were aborted the doctors began to limit the time he was allowed to work his eyesight was going we had to change the font of his typewriter to the largest one possible at that time the whole central running of the state was in disarray Carl the Chilean Politburo each member of the Politburo began to work in his own interests and in the interests of the section of the economy he represented a sector cotton and presto lay beyond the Kremlin ordinary Russians were increasingly apathetic living standards were poor communist idealism had evaporated everyday life was drab date aunt had not changed the Soviet Union's repressive ways the pressure to respect human rights increased east-west tensions in 1975 Brezhnev Ford and 33 other leaders had signed the Helsinki declaration for the first time the West had a powerful political weapon to defend the cause of human rights behind the Iron Curtain blaga daria here's the squawk delivery look thanks to the Helsinki Accord which the Soviets saw is just a piece of paper the attention of the world media turned to our courts us custom document Oh suddenly the American Congress was dealing with it the curvy Antikythera believe Oh heads of state we're dealing with it yes love rages II it started influencing the whole character of relations between East and West which was of the Earth's local I was very convinced before I became president that that basic human rights equality of opportunity the end of abuse by governments of their people was a was a basic principle on which the United States should be a unacknowledged champion we must go a liminal exam president we said to the president we are not going to let you put pressure on us suppose with this is an internal matter suppose a local what was the period that we are not going to discuss the subject with you it wasn't what I was deeply committed to human rights I felt this was important but I will not hide the fact that I also thought that there was some instrumental utility in our pursuit of human rights visa vie the Soviet Union and raising the issue of human rights pointed to one of the fundamental weaknesses of the Soviet system namely there was a system based on oppression in czechoslovakia dissidents secretly drew up charter 77 a human rights document that was smuggled to the west the signatories were persecuted many were imprisoned including playwright václav havel under house arrest Hubble made a clandestine recording that special house what you see now it isn't dream of courtesy air but I think more team of George Orwell because it is house of police which it built three months ago and the whole day every day they leave inside and they follow all my steps and everything what I do in my country house sometimes they are here also during the night but mainly only during the day they are my new neighborhoods even as he walked his dog police kept close yet he had a sense of freedom and achievement they are symptom the house as you wish miss bialy I know from my experience collecting signatures for the Charter how torturous it was for people till they decided to sign absolute mode Knorr when they did sign they found themselves in a state of euphoria Tobruk Romani prodigies it was a community of free people in the middle of a non free society nearly ported I guess it they had a feeling of harmony with themselves services of all some you mean human rights activists in the communist bloc set up Helsinki watch committees to monitor and publicize human rights abuse close links with the Western media were forged by dissidents such as physicists and Ray Sakharov mr. most honest wet Slaven way at the signal ocean new Berkshire Bapuji cat of a passport it is severe nobody's touched and you do it mean we let us mostly attend yet but it teaches kabocha Russia supplies to the Mahayana it teaches care positive social to achieve lasting future domestic reform um Anya give the attention of the Vienna systematically intimidated dissidents ended up in KGB prisons a posture decision to belong to to Eve critical the threat was that their criticism of the Communist Party Party and the Socialists way of life would become a platform for attacking the regime blood formal thanks critic if she was true a cat or a sister of [ __ ] it could turn into an organized political force you just keep with it to Gospel story true massacres after a pity that was what we were afraid of what did we be honest washable so CMOS Ian Jews were a distinctive group among the dissidents they claimed the right to leave the Soviet Union but many were refused exit visas and became known as refuseniks those who campaigned for their rights were often punished with long prison sentences in forced labor camps along with other political activists one refusenik imprisoned in Latvia was Yakov Raskin woof he said that you two developers honor the whole territory was surrounded by armed guards with dogs he an ass would talk with the door without them and we will be split up into work groups but five people in each group then in a few seconds we had to jump into those trucks and it was like a closed cage inside the bus throwing at the paper I could see people outside in the streets value was great shooters Italy everyone was getting on with life but I was jealous of them all and usually because there's an amorphous I was envying them and my heart was aching with each sheer Fushimi l'm another way of silencing Soviet dissidents was to label them insane and put them in mental hospitals mind-control drugs were used to make them recant the smugly previous of it Nadal they would tie us up for long periods they gave us handfuls of drugs three times a day so the body couldn't stand it anymore yan the premier bulletville athenian mayan ego I was dumb for two years I couldn't speak my whole mouth and jaw were paralyzed seriously my tongue was swollen my arms and legs were shaking I was dribbling I couldn't eat I couldn't unclench my teeth to force the food into my mouth there's a doll Quechua rod Soviet doctors who exposed the psychiatric abuse to the West risked imprisonment dr. Anatole Kuragin was jailed for 12 years sterile idiot I said to myself I can't be silent when people are kept in psychiatric hospitals for their political beliefs which the Bhutanese we can't live on our knees like slaves when they do these things luckily nahi milega the tsunami Yoli tequila shtick in prison Kuryakin refused to admit any wrongdoing Seneca Gilles Lamothe Minya he wasn't you tried to break my will you're taller that in January they opened all the doors letting in the cold air the Quaker would never do blinky but they poured cold water on me no conditioner my body came out in huge pimples suddenly in the quarter he still does the achieve Adam they put a bowl of hot water next to me and said wash yourself I just lay there next to that hot water because I was protesting what the other state does it was like having food put in front of you on a hunger strike but most of everything go dorky in 1978 the prominent refusenik Anatoly Sharansky was sentenced to 13 years for espionage and treason outside the court supporters who included and Ray Sakharov defiantly publicized Sharansky's case to the Western media the KGB and the police looked on skinny big emotion it's atrocious it's adapted to that ocean is that emotionally positive navigable garden nasa pali practiced Hollywood history whenever protests and when material was published in the Western press about violations of human rights there was indignation well it's a rather boys just as machine the KGB reaction was wicked people have penetrated our defenses and published information in the West you punish them for my luck assert the Sharansky trial triggered forceful protests in the West the fate of political prisoners became a key issue in American politics the trials which began yesterday in the Soviet Union have serious implications for the future relations between the United States and the USSR the United States Congress and the Helsinki watch committees monitored Soviet behavior they brought the pneuma Hoopa yet commotion you can you review but I'm not at all a specialist in regards military matters yeah me Olivia but I do not trust the Soviet government but yet the evidence of human rights abuse inflamed anti-soviet feeling in America Moscow and Washington were clashing over human rights they were updating their Arsenal's yet they stepped up negotiations for a new arms limitation treaty salt 2 meanwhile the Soviet Union was deploying its new medium-range nuclear missiles the SS 20s they were targeted on Western Europe models at though the decision to deploy the SS 20s was made in total secrecy even our intelligence didn't know about it the military-industrial complex was out of control including the army we in intelligence learnt about it from Western sources the ss-20 missiles alarmed the NATO allies particularly the West Germans with a range of 3,000 miles these missiles could hit their capitals you've burn your Dhumal in you no one had any plan to attack Europe using SS 20s you're a bisque is Threadless publish effectively but I kept instances but at first they were just a replacement of old obsolete rockets for a stay as any anew but worship was a stroke right statically then the conveyor belt started working and it went on and on Kadir was a pistol ooh it was difficult to stop the production line the ocean through the burliest meditated yet the new Soviet missiles were not on the agenda of the Seoul to negotiations on this van man okay fairly in my view does the American it was dangerous that the Americans refused for such a long time to include the Soviet SS 20s in the ongoing arms reduction talks stupid scene in de Laughlin whose tongues control found long I remember being somewhat startled when Chancellor Schmidt started making a big issue out of the SS 20s but then I came to realize that in a sense he was right namely that the SS 20 while perhaps not a decisive military weapon posed the risk of decoupling Europe security from America's namely of posing before us the dilemma that maybe Europe was threatened by nuclear devastation but that we were not and therefore should we risk the devastation of our own people in our own cities in order to protect Europe we had all sorts of counters in Europe we ourselves had thousands of nuclear weapons in Europe cruise missiles tactical aircraft we could have responded at any level but it was almost impossible to make that case successfully because everyone was so nervous about being accused of not being tough enough on the Soviet Union the West adopted a twin-track policy America would develop its new generation of rockets and allow Moscow three years to negotiate limits on medium-range missiles if no agreement was reached nuclear-tipped American Cruise and Pershing weapons would be stationed in Europe and targeted on Soviet cities America's handling of the negotiations troubled the German Chancellor Z in Manoa and zhehan Bureau found on Maidan Soviets they still didn't push the Soviet strongly enough of on the issue of a mutual withdrawal of medium-range missiles Iike me Kailyn does I remember the Soviet Prime Minister Kosygin the Kosygin come with undisguised triumph or City via goes after the Americans aren't mentioning the SS twenties at all SS transition for a garnish of so you're completely isolated how to do business easily it NATO's promised to deploy these weapons was divisive in Western Europe fear of the missiles created a new mood of resistance to the arms race but all is very more dust tyldum leader what was always dangerous was that Germany would become the nuclear battlefield rockford for London Salter um and that made the people very upset and angry of chabad palace funda and Clerval was now crystal clear that military armament did not bring security euro secured it actually undermined our society safety warden and seat the peace movement gained increasing influence in German politics the superpowers had agreed new limits on strategic arms in June 1979 completing the salt 2 treaty Carter met Brezhnev for the first time when they both came to Vienna to sign the treaty but Carter's plans for detailed talks with Brezhnev fell through oops you bother obseunikka visitors you see but obviously periodic at the liberal world he was physically and intellectually deteriorating onion a silly noodle suratul Carter Carter hoped that he would be able to speak without papers on a wide range of international issues sheer privilege nordley policy Nia but Brezhnev was in no condition to do that just go super easy breezy boon uses his abilities were limited by his meager knowledge and by his poor state of health as nine anujan the one who screwed me was 90 new exam was insane when I propose that we make these changes in nuclear weaponry he said God will never forgive us if we don't succeed and you know coming from a leader of an atheistic communist country this surprised everyone I think the most surprised person that the table was was Gromyko who looked up at the sky like this and did his hands in a peculiar way as though this was a shocking thing for Brezhnev to say door guru said bracelet 1 when the world was motionless a Greenwich eat the salt - agreement made it possible to limit the arms race but their worst of thorium you sure but this was very important to the Soviet Union it is no Virginia in your Turkish that it's because at that time our expenditure on all weapons had began to have a negative effect because of its no it was affecting the growth of production it was affecting the living standards of the population Selenia essentially that agreement was what was agreed to in Vladivostok we had done some things to it I think to improve it clarify but in terms of cuts they were more or less what had been agreed to three years before and in terms of limits on the development of new weapon systems there were none so we had labored for almost 77 years and produced an arms control Mouse law an input design a double-door epidermis a shoe Julia let us go so the treaty was signed Marshall used to asked Gromyko are they going to kiss each other because Brezhnev liked to kiss but the Gromyko said I don't know we'll see his lapis was wandering off with Ustinov said no they aren't Gromyko said I'm not sure which is obvious Brezhnev began to kiss Carter and Carter was forced to kiss Brezhnev slow earth for which the American media gave him a telling-off robot over the treaty was condemned by the American right salt too is not strategic arms limitation it is a strategic arms build-up with the Soviet Union authorized to add a minimum of 3,000 nuclear warheads to their already massive inventory the Carter administration's principle argument for ratifying saw true or is that no one will like us if we don't you know is the time that we made him understand we don't really care whether they like us or not we want to be respectful the Soviets never really gained military superiority over us it was just part of the psychodrama in America to use that issue to galvanize Americans about this larger legitimate question of the strategic competition between our two countries and two philosophies we did you know what an ovation is Carter increasingly was charged with being soft on the Soviets his critics pointed to Soviet expansionism in Angola and the Horn of Africa they warned that America's oil supplies were threatened they feared that America's vital interests were under attack then the Shah of Iran was overthrown oil-rich Iran had been an American client state now Islamic fundamentalists took over they were led by the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini denouncing the United States as the Great Satan he returned to Tehran in triumph a siege of the American Embassy ended with all diplomats taken hostage a failed rescue attempt sealed America's humiliation the crisis in Iran heightened our sense of honour ability insofar as that part of the world is concerned after all Iran was one of the two pillars on which both stability and our political preeminence in the Persian Gulf rested in the United States oil shortages after the loss of Iran led to long lines at the pumps we're been here for four hours this is too much the economy was slowing down the blame fell on President Carter and further damaged his prestige then the Soviets struck in Afghanistan this invasion is an extremely serious threat to peace because of a threat of further Soviet expansion into neighboring countries in Southwest Asia and also because such an aggressive military policy is unsettling to other people throughout the world this is a callous violation of international law Carter saw the invasion as part of a wider Soviet plan so he knew the coop share strategies Kalani unfortunately there was no strategic plan at all events were developing chaotically Kirk van Gaal II II in Angola and Ethiopia as well as in Afghanistan and his tiny [ __ ] teaches Qureshi's Soviet policy became the hostage of unfolding events you compress Kadesh shiksa bleachy well the invasion of Afghanistan ended date aunt President Carter gave up hopes of congressional approval to the salt 2 treaty he organized punitive international sanctions against the Soviet Union Carter called for a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games America stayed away as a gesture the boycott was futile it proved unpopular at home and the games went ahead anyhow in Poland the Russians faced a fresh challenge the new pope Carol Vojta visited his homeland he called on his flock to recapture control of their destiny so a man or wolf truss it broke down the barrier of fear Allen class version is fact we saw that if we could stick together in solidarity the authorities would have less power the Polish economy was in crisis there were shortages everywhere Western loans had been squandered and the country was burdened by foreign debt when the government yet again raised food prices in the summer of 1980 workers at the Gdansk shipyard staged an illegal strike the strikers drew up a 21-point list of demands and refused to leave the shipyard until they were met nodding us have out that live stinkbert for employees this fight with the Communist monster was really impossible new morally very naughty yeah we could only fight against it by using its own weapons because it pretended to be the people systems attacking Naboo either they go Punk - Vanya the only effective way was for us to organize around bread and butter issues Scottish easy Ausmus and use these concerns to gain our freedom she drugged up she slept over lucky we set about using truth to conquer untruth transfer the boy had dinner motiva Drogo that I oh she that's it with you the government decided to negotiate with the strikers but first it promised there would be no reprisals yet just was leave as a [ __ ] retract back double juwatch it to be the bra I get my musical Yemen shot was thrashing Amir usually akiko fujita vegetto ito yung but also panettone after the Japs appendage we are not that eating what began as an economic protest became a demand for sweeping political concessions the government negotiators gave way to the workers key demands question is laziness emotion nezhinski's even they pallidus tie the workers were joined by intellectuals together they formed a new movement solidarity support spread throughout Poland new Pearson virtual for the first time they had a taste of being citizens tourists with civil liberties which you don't forget which is just a little through communists it's for someone who had lived under communism it was like a narcotic or fresh air temperature narcotic or aggression solution positive near the smoker vanish fear ago porridge it was like having your identity for the first time solidarity was given massive coverage in the Western media the United States provided crucial covert assistance we tried to meet their specific requests what they asked us for and those requirements were conveyed to us through a variety of channels they wanted medications equipment to various kinds offset printing presses radio equipment things of that sort solidarity became increasingly defiant as the movement began to challenge the communist system Moscow watched with growing alarm of see a millennium slaughter will ania nap will skyrocket when we exerted pressure on the Polish leadership all the time to take more decisive measures to restore order vodka by December 1980 Soviet pressure on the Polish leadership was intense Warsaw Pact forces were massed around Poland's borders the message was obvious curb solidarity or there is worse to come American concern grew the critical moment came in December of 1988 when the Soviets were poised to intervene in Poland we did everything we could to mobilize international opinion to galvanize maximum international pressure on the Soviets to convince the Soviets that we will not be passive Nishioka watched well he me our leadership including we the military thought that under no circumstances should we move in the troops a whisker murdering if we said one Afghanistan is enough I will in Stannah nada we will have to make the Polish comrades solve the problems in year with their own forces yung-shiu initially Mia the Kremlin bent on ending solidarities mutiny leaned forcefully on the Polish leader general yarrow Celski Soviet actions were influencing America's 1980 presidential elections Carter faced difficult odds the economy was slack Americans were still hostage in Iran the Russians were still in Afghanistan there was what he himself called a growing spirit of malaise in the United States and that malaise related I believe to a popular sense of the decline of American strength and Western strength and also of American clarity and purpose in the world Carter's opponent was the Republican Ronald Reagan now if the vote doesn't go straight is because they tell me I got a steer we have got to stop letting all of these events catch us by surprise as Carter has been caught by surprise we have got to control events to the place that we don't run into a crisis that inevitably leads to war Reagan won the election by a large margin he had promised much tougher policies against Moscow it was necessary to show that date aunt couldn't work in order to go beyond it and to re-engage in the in the Cold War to re-establish a set of objectives that was aimed at victory in the Cold War rather than ending it by accommodation America's hardline policy boosted morale in Poland solidarity now had nine million members supporting their fight for economic reform and political rights strikes gripped the country the Soviets were tightening the screws on the polls Brezhnev pressed Yara's else key to plan countermeasures youch moham post Wanya or depression jiiva tabu sueño i received a letter from Brezhnev near do prostrations this letter had the character of an ultimatum warning Poland not to change its structure and policies we should attack his Vianney if we made any changes we should expect a military intervention interventions of sashimi a Scud commie on December 2nd 1981 a fireman strike was crushed by riot police it was a warning to solidarity that the authorities were ready to use force on December 12th solidarity met to plan a nationwide strike that night the Polish government sent in the army solidarities leaders were arrested solidarity was banned president Jerez else key declared martial law battlekey yogurt Ella yell key yes change our apology annachi yak Espada nominee Tim dramaturgy momenta all squishy story oh boy young scheme omes yun stout body childish ha job true swish Polsky Marshall more fractured east-west relations civil rights were suspended mocking the Helsinki declaration Moscow had reimpose ditz will questioned him Pierre Morocco it's up Orajel in 1981 I said to the gentleman who came to arrest me this is the moment of your defeat shaggy you're a cheater these are the last nails in the coffin of communism but they come when you stitch Lee the fires of rebellion burned on you