Overview
This lecture explains Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which describes how different environmental layers shape human development.
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
- The theory proposes that human development is influenced by five interconnected environmental systems.
- These systems range from immediate family and school to broader cultural and historical contexts.
- Each system interacts with others, shaping behavior, emotions, and growth.
The Five Systems
- Microsystem: Direct environments such as family, school, and friends have a strong influence on daily experiences and development.
- Mesosystem: Connections between microsystems (e.g., parent-teacher communication) enhance support and developmental outcomes.
- Exosystem: Indirect environments, like a parent's workplace, impact the individual through their effect on close relationships.
- Macrosystem: Societal and cultural values, laws, and economic conditions influence development at a broad level.
- Chronosystem: Life transitions and historical events (e.g., pandemics, relocations) affect development over time.
Applications and Implications
- Educators can use the theory to build supportive school-home-community relationships that foster student growth.
- Parents can enhance development by engaging with their child’s school and community.
- Social changes and technological advances affect multiple ecological layers, influencing development.
- The theory provides a holistic perspective compared to stage-based theories like Piaget's or Erikson's.
Criticisms and Evolution
- Some critics find the theory too broad and complex for practical application.
- Others argue it overlooks individual differences in environmental experiences.
- The model has evolved to emphasize the role of time (chronosystem) in development.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Microsystem — Immediate environments directly influencing the individual (family, school, friends).
- Mesosystem — Interconnections between microsystems.
- Exosystem — Indirect environments affecting development (e.g., parent’s workplace).
- Macrosystem — Larger cultural or societal context.
- Chronosystem — Impact of time and historical events on development.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review examples of how different systems affect development.
- Explore classroom or home strategies for strengthening mesosystem connections.
- Prepare for discussion or questions on ecological factors in child development.