Transcript for:
Overview of Early American History

UNIT 1 * The Columbian Exchange * Conquistadores * The encomienda system * Disease * Jamestown * Joint stock company * Tobacco * House of Burgesses * Headright system * Indentured servitude vs. enslaved labor * Proprietary colonies * Pilgrims * Mayflower Compact * Separatists/non-separatists * Puritans * Covenant theology * Roger Williams * Anne Hutchinson * Halfway covenant * Toleration Act of 1649 * The Restoration Colonies * Quakers * Pennsylvania * Metacom/King Philip’s War * Bacon’s Rebellion * Dominion of New England * The Pueblo Revolt * Salem Witch Trials * “Atlantic Prism” * Anglicization * The Zenger trial * Mercantilism * Navigation Acts * Colonial governments - the Jamaican model/”de facto federalism” * The Enlightenment * The Great Awakening * George Whitefield * Old vs. New Lights * New colleges – the Ivy League! Columbian Exchange: Exchange of crops, animals, and disease between Europe and America; natives had livestock, plants, crops, etc and the Europeans had food and plants, DISEASE Conquistadores: The Spanish explorers that came to the Americas to conquer for their Spanish empire Encomienda System: System of organizing Native American labor in the early Spanish colonies; wealthy Spaniards were given land grants by the King to use for farming, used Native Americans for labor Disease: Europeans gave a lot of disease to the Native Americans when they came over [ex. Syphilis] and Native Americans weren’t immune to the disease RESULT: Many Native Americans died Jamestown: The first colony established in the Americas in 1607, few rough years at first but survived by selling tobacco as a cash crop GOAL: Founded by the Virginia Company for economic prosperity ONLY 60 COLONISTS SURVIVED DURING THE WINTER OF 1609-1610 Joint Stock Company: A company whose stock is owned jointly by a few shareholders; used to expand colonial influence EXAMPLE: Virginia Company founded Jamestown Virginia Company: 1. Plymouth Company: jurisdiction of northern portion of grant and established a settlement but abandoned it within a year 2. London Company: southern portion, sent 3 ships with 104 colonists and landed on James River; named the settlement Jamestown House of Burgesses: assembly elected by the settlers to make local laws FIRST REPRESENTATIVE LEGISLATIVE BODY IN THE COLONIES Headright System: 50 acres of land to people who could pay for their own passage or other people’s; a way to bring immigrants over MOSTLY USED IN THE CHESAPEAKE AREA Indentured Servitude vs. Enslaved Labor: Indentured servitude - Young servants under 4-7 year contracts who couldn’t pay for their own ticket to Europe so they made deals with people who could pay for their ticket, had rights after they were free; Enslaved labor - Unwilling labor where they didn’t have rights, they wouldn’t be free after a certain period of time, mostly Africans and Native Americans 3 types of colonies (all charters): ↳ Royal Colony- Under rule of King’s government (e.g. Virginia after 1624) ↳ Corporate Colony- Under a joint-stock company (e.g. Jamestown at first) ↳ Proprietary Colony- Under individual with a charter granted by the King (Maryland & Pennsylvania) English reformation Mayflower Compact: an agreement to make decisions based on majority made by the Pilgrims* * Founded the Plymouth Colony Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony which was purely Christians Non-Separatists: Puritans who believed the Church could be fixed with reforms (1560’s) Separatists: Pilgrims who didn’t think the Church could be fixed through reforms and set up congregations (1620) SPAIN WAS ONE OF THE FIRST TO COLONIZE AMERICA English merchants came to America because the population of England increased steadily so they came to plunder Spanish colonies but couldn’t colonize them England’s colonization role models: ↳ Conquistador Model: forceful manipulation of natives ↳ Forcing their ways of living to the natives (Ireland) Covenant Theology: God made the covenant of grace and of works ↳ Covenant of works: if they kept God’s law they’ll have eternal life ↳ Covenant of grace: those chosen will be saved Roger Williams: didn’t worship someone who didn’t reject the Church of England so was banned and founded Providence Anne Hutchinson: claimed ministers were leading people to hell so was banished and founded Newport and Portsmouth ↳ Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport combined to make Rhode Island Massachusetts enforced the idea that crime = punishment and most offenders accepted punishments Halfway Covenant: As newer generations became less interested and Church membership fell; Churches began allowing more people to become members with less regulations to get in; GOAL: To increase the number of Puritans due to the low numbers IMPACT: Weakened Church’s power and influence Toleration Act of 1649: Also known as the Maryland Toleration Act, ensured religious freedom to Christian settlers of different denominations OVER TIME: Repealed by an assembly, highlighting the difficulties of religious freedom still within the colonies Restoration Colonies: North and South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania established by King Charles as a gift to his supporters Quakers: Protestants who were anti-slavery and anti-war, settled heavily in Pennsylvania; believed in male and female equality and that religious authority was through individual, not the Bible Pennsylvania: Created by William Penn, German, Quaker, and Scot-Irish populations Metacom’s War: Natives and European clash and Metacom (King Phillip of the Wampanoags) led war against the English and at first the English were failing, but they adapted Native skills from other tribes and allied with them to defeat the Wampanoags SIGNIFICANCE: English ended up winning against the indians by adopting Native skills even though the Natives won some small battles Bacon’s Rebellion: Bacon killed Susquehannocks by surprise and defeated them but he was later arrested and forced to apologize but he was later pardoned but then went right back to summoning his followers; burned Jamestown but then died of dysentery SIGNIFICANCE: starting point of the shift to slavery since they realized slaves are easier to control Dominion of New England: Union of the New England states created by King James II, governed by an authoritarian governor who enforced the Navigation Acts and separated the Church and state OVER TIME: Overthrown Pueblo Revolt: Spanish faced labor demands due to the Native American population declining (mostly because of European diseases) Pope led a revolt where 200/1000 Spaniards were killed Salem Witch Trials: Samuel Darris’ niece accused many people of being a witch, leading to many being sentenced to life or court which marked the end of Puritan era with the new charter of 1691 Atlantic Prism; British colonies changed up and down the east coast like a spectrum ↳ Colonies that were geographically close had similar cultures while those far (north and south) had differing cultures Anglicization: institutions + goods that had left in the 17th century were reappearing, the 18th century had tensions of new ways of living vs keeping the ones from England ↳ Northern colonies were more independent while South got Britain help Zenger Trial: Libel trial in New York established more press freedom, filed against Zenger but he was not found guilty ↳ One of the first elements of American identity TURNING POINT: Established the foundation of free press which wasn’t apparent in the earlier times of the colonies Mercantilism: Economic policy that wealth is tied to exports and gold, and the amount of Navigation Acts: 3 sets of laws passed mid 1650’s 1. All trade had to use English ships 2. Enumerated commodities (tobacco, sugar) could only go to England 3. Imports had to go through England before colonies Colonial governments - the Jamaican model/”de facto federalism”: Fiat money: invented in Massachusetts, doesn’t have actual value itself but has value because the government says it has value Enlightenment: English Enlightenment had large effect on America and people celebrated the ideas of Isaac Newton, John Locke, etc Great Awakening: Religious revival between 1730-1740 ↳ Evangelical: believed in emotional styles of teaching the Bible George Whitefield: Actor who preached to a LOT of people and prompted lots of conversions, many people would skip going to church to go to his meetings John Edwards Teachings: Humans are hanging above the fire of wrath with a thread and only God is saving us from it, we’re mere insects to God and he could drop us at any moment Old vs. New Lights: New colleges – the Ivy League!: KEY IDEAS: * The settlers didn’t use slavery because they didn’t want the colonies to get “contaminated” * Chesapeake families had shorter life spans compared to that of the English * SUGAR BUSINESS STARTED IN THE WEST INDIES DURING THE 17TH CENTURY * Led to the slave population increasing since they required slaves and mills * Slave migration increased severely in the mid-late 1700s * Americans saw Natives as the key to a thriving economy and the Natives began to adapt to the ways of living of the Europeans and started depending on European goods Unit 2 * Seven Years/French and Indian War * The Albany Congress * salutary neglect * Proclamation of 1763 * Vice admiralty courts * Pontiac’s War * Quartering Act * Stamp Act * Stamp Act Resolutions * Virtual representation * Internal/external taxes (Direct/indirect taxes) * Sons of Liberty * Declaratory Act * Townshend Acts * Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer * Nonimportation * writs of assistance * Boston Massacre * Committees of Correspondence * The Gaspee incident * The Tea Act 1773 * The Boston Tea Party * The “Intolerable” Acts * The Coercive Acts * The Quebec Act * The Enlightenment * Thomass Paine’s Common Sense * First Continental Congress * Lexington & Concord * Second Continental Congress * Olive Branch Petition * The Declaration of Independence * Battle of Saratoga * Tories/Loyalists * Yorktown * Treaty of Paris * Emancipation (different methods) * Republican motherhood * Land Ordinance of 1785/Northwest Ordinance * The Impost Plan * Articles of Confederation * Shays’ Rebellion * Philadelphia Convention * 3/5ths Compromise * U.S. Constitution * Federalists/Anti-Federalists * The Federalists Papers * Federalist No. 10 Europe, India, and North America were at series of wars between each other during the period of 1689 and 1763, power and trade was at stake King William’s War (1689-1697): British wanted to take Quebec from the French but failed Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713): British gained Nova Scotia from France and the ability to trade in Spanish territory King George’s War (1744-1748): New England won Louisbourg but the British gave it back Seven Years War / French and Indian War: French built forts in the Ohio River Valley and George Washington led a militia but ended in defeat ↳ British took Louisbourg, Quebec, and Montreal which led to the Peace of Paris and French power ended IMMEDIATE EFFECTS: Great Britain in America had ultimate power; British had dominant naval power; Americans wouldn’t face the threat of outside attacks BRITISH VIEW: Colonists were unable and unwilling to defend themselves COLONIST VIEW: Proud of their efforts in the war and not fond of British leadership Albany Plan of Union: Proposal by Benjamin Franklin to unite the colonies under one government but never took effect Salutary Neglect: Little direct control over the colonies was abandoned after the War since the British wanted the colonies to take responsibility for the war debts Pontiac’s Rebellion: When Pontiac’s army went to go attack forts and settlements, the British sent British troops without relying on colonies INDIANS WANTED TO KEEP THE BRITISH AWAY FROM THE WEST Proclamation of 1763: British policy that the Colonists were prohibited from inhabiting the west of Appalachians but many defied since the line was imaginary and thousands crossed the line GOAL: British wanted to set a clear line between the British colonies and the Native American land so as to not anger the Native Americans Sugar Act: Taxes were placed on goods such as wine, coffee, etc and 90% of all molasses came from French islands by 1760 Currency Act: Paper money forbidden because taxes had to be payed in silver or gold Quartering Act: Ordered colonists to provide troops and quarter them in public buildings Virtual Representation: Elected members of a political body don’t represent individual people or a geographical region but rather the whole entire country/empire Stamp Acts: Law that British parliament passed that taxed paper and all legal documents had to be on official stamped paper; lots of resistance began in 1765 and continued until the act was repealed ↳ 3 piece of legislation that ended the repeal: 1. Declaratory Acts: Parliament had full power to make laws in all cases 2. Stamp Act: “greatly harmful to the commercial interests” 3. Revenue Act of 1766: Reduced the taxes of molasses Townshend Crisis: Charles Townshend became chancellor but betrayed every leader he ever served; added new duties and got rid of some HE WISHED TO USE THE COLONIES REVENUES TO PAY GOVERNORS OFF AND FREE THEM FROM COLONY DEPENDENCE ↳ No one ended up boycotting the British goods so the Acts continued on until boycotting finally started and the Townshend tax was gone except for the tax on tea Boston Massacre: Soldiers couldn’t fire on citizens without direct order but civilians began throwing snowballs and rocked at a royal guard who then called for backup and fired at the crowd, five dead six injured BRITAIN’S ATTEMPT AT MILITARY COERCION FAILED Divided Loyalties: Loyalists (committed to the king and British Empire) vs. Patriots (those who didn’t support the British Empire, also known as “tories”) “Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer” John Dickinson’s argument: British government is only imposing taxes to get money out of the colonists, not for total revenue and only for selfish reasons IRONIC BECAUSE HE WAS A RICH PENNSYLVANIA FARMER Circular Letter: Written by James Otis and Sam Adams in MA in response to the Townshend Acts; argued against “taxation without representation” and wanted the colonies to unite Boston Tea Party: Since the colonists continued to refuse buying British tea, the British made its tea so much cheaper than the Dutch’s so when a ship of tea carrying British goods arrived colonists disguised as Indians ad threw the tea chests overboard ↳ In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British instituted the Intolerable Acts” 1. Port Act: prohibited trade through the port of Boston 2. MA Government Act: took away power from the MA government 3. Administration of justice Act: allowed trials for royal governors in Britain 4. Quartering Act: allowed soldiers in PRIVATE homes too, not just public buildings 5. Quebec Act: made Roman Catholicism as Quebec’s official regions and took land away from the colonists Enlightenment Ideas: 1. Deism: God made rules and allowed the humans to make choices, contradicted with original Christian belief 2. Rationalism: steered away from religion and more reason with scientific facts 3. Social Contract: forming a government for equality; reflected within the Constitution passages Common Sense: proposed the idea of independence from Britain and spread like rapid fire First Continental Congress: it’s delegates were Patrick Henry (Virginia), Sam + John Adams (Massachusetts), Washington (Virginia), Dickinson (Pennsylvania), John Jay (New York), Joseph Galloway (Pennsylvania) ACTIONS: immediately repealed the Intolerable Acts and boycotted British goods Second Continental Congress: Adopted the Declaration of Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms to make a colonist army to fight against the British PEACE EFFORTS: Olive Branch Petition: colonists asked King George III for protection but he instead agreed to Prohibitory Act which prohibited trade between Britain and the colonists which declared the colonist’s rebellion against England Declaration of Independence: Written by 5 delegates, declared independence from Britain on July 4, 1776 American Revolution: Tories: pro-British loyalists who swore allegiance to the king and tended to be richer than the Patriots NATIVE AMERICANS HELPED THE BRITISH DUE TO THE FACT THAT COLONISTS ATTACKED THEIR TRIBES AMERICANS BRITISH STRENGTHS * Got help from the French * African Americans helped with the offer of freedom at the table * More wealth, people, experience * Had people form the Americas on their side * Got help from American Indians WEAKNESSES * Paper money became worthless * Suffered losses from harsh winter climate * Less wealth, equipment * America got French help which increased their power KEY BATTLE/TURNING POINT * Battle of Saratoga: French aligned with the Americas * Battle of Yorktown: American captured British forts and forced them to surrender OUTCOMES Treaty of Paris: recognized the colonies independence America became independent Republican Motherhood: called for educating women, similar to cult of domesticity which formed during the Antebellum Era Religious Freedom (1786): church attendance and support of ministers became voluntary so states became more religiously tolerant Northwest Ordinance: created 3-5 states, when populations hit 5000, settlers could elect an assembly but governor had absolute veto and when it reached 60,000 settlers could adopt their own constitution Articles of Confederation: The first constitution of the United States, with a weak central government and defined Congress powers [CONGRESS HAD NO POWERS] and gave the states the powers that wasn’t given to the government; large states liked the proportion of population while small states didn’t so population proportion was rejected and slaves were ⅗ of a person; state legislature became more powerful than Congress Shay’s Rebellion: created nationalists who cared for the nation; led by Daniel Shays against unfair taxation HIGHLIGHTED THE WEAKNESS OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION WHICH LED TO A NEW CONSTITUTION WITH A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Philadelphia Convention: Proposed an absolute power parliament for America Amend the articles of confederation or get rid of it completely? How will the new government allay the fears of a strong central government? How will representation be apportioned? How will slaves be represented? Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist: Federalist: * Strong central government is key to keep union together and for economic development Anti-Federalist: * Strong central government would undo everything they fought for * States/individuals would lose rights Federalist Paper: Series of persuasive papers written by people who favored the Constitution and federalism to convince people to ratify the Constitution Federalist No. 10: In a pure democracy, minorities won’t get what they want since it wouldn’t even be brought up since it would get drowned out so there should be a filter above the people who can advocate for them: REPUBLIC Unit 3 Bill of Rights: first 10 amendments that were ratified, was created to satisfy the anti-Federalists who felt the Constitution would limit individual rights ↳ I: freedom of speech, religion, press ↳ II - III: armed citizens and no quartering ↳ IV - VIII: rights in court and under arrest ↳ IX: there are other rights just not listed down ↳ X: power not given to federal goes to state Report on Public Credit: Hamilton’s report, government pays debts so people would trust it more, borrow money, enforce taxes; the Northeast still had to pay a lot of debt even though the South payed most off Hamilton wanted a carbon copy of the Bank of England and put a tax on goods to pay off national debt OPPOSITION: Jeffersonian opposition and argued that his plans would undo the whole Revolution and that it favored Northern states more and they didn’t want a National Bank because they thought it would give the federal government too much power Slavery in the constitution: Never explicitly mentioned using the word “slavery” or “slave” to avoid it being “real” on paper; but there were rules and clauses that protected the institution [like ⅗ Clause, Fugitive Slave Clause] Fugitive Slave Clause: Required the return of any slave who escaped from their state into another state or federal territory back to where they were OPPOSITION: Major opposition from the northern states who also passed personal liberty laws to go against the federal law “Mr. President”: Debate over what to call Washington, Senate eventually decided on “Mr. President” Why was the debate so important? ↳ They didn’t want to be associated with Britain and it set a precedent for the new independent nation Nationalism: A sense of unity inside one's nation (Started developing prominently after the War of 1812) Difference between nation and country: Countries have geographical borders, while nations could also just be within geographical borders but they also don’t have to align [emotion] The Weems Biography of Washington: Written by Mason Weems, published in 1800 * IMPACT: It developed a sense of patriotism by using Washington’s life as an example of someone with integrity and honesty. The idea of all-mighty God came up as well. Gilbert Stuart Paintings: Gilbert Stuart drew portraits of the first six presidents, as well as 130 paintings of George Washington * IMPACT: He portrayed presidents as people with dignity and strength, which was how citizens viewed the presidents Transportation Revolution: Internal improvements led to the transportation revolution, where new roads, canals, railroads (in the respective order) * Erie Canal: a canal built that linked the Hudson River and Lake Erie, allowed trade to flow into New York, allowing for a prospering trade/economy in NY Market Revolution: People started specializing in specific markets which led to them depending on other markets and economies Cult of Domesticity: The national expectation of women that they are private and focus on religion and morals while men are more public with economics and politics Words to describe women: Submissive, delicate, elegant, timid * THINGS THAT WENT AGAINST: Lowell Mill girls, reforms* *Women participated in reforms because it allowed them to be public and get attention, which contrasts to the expectation that they are supposed to stay home in private* Waltham/Lowell System: Francis Lowell created mills inspired by English machines, his mill factories required a large financial investment, used advanced technology, and employed mostly Lowell Mill girls Antebellum Immigration: A wave of immigration, mostly Germans and Irish during the 1830’s - 1840’s Stereotypes of Irish/German: * Drunkards * Lazy and lack of education * Live in poverty * Criminals (Violent) * IMPACT: The wave of immigration led to a bigger sense of national identity since Americans wanted the immigrants to be more like Americans [ex. They taught American identity in schools] Transcendentalism: The idea that people should only listen to heart and mind, not what people around them believe, and they should connect more with nature Influential people: * Henry David Thoreau: used nature to learn about life and the universe * Ralph Waldo Emerson: the idea that America should imitate England but still be distinctive, spiritual is more important that materialistic Utopian Communities: Experimental communities that people created to see if people could live as communities, usually under transcendentalist ideas (Big idea that was common was communal living) * Brook Farm: an example of an utopian community, founded by George Ripley under transcendentalist ideas [succeeded until there were fires and debts] Second Great Awakening: Second religious revival, from second half of 18th century to first half of the 19th century * Charles Finney: Delivered sermons, preached the idea of free will and ability of individuals to determine their own fate [appealed mostly to rising middle class] MIllennialism: a belief held by some denominations, the idea that the world would end with the second coming of Jesus [Denomination that believed in Millennialism] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints: Mormons, Joseph Smith saw a vision [some people think he’s a fraud], they were persecuted, moved to Utah, and believed that Native Americans were the lost tribes of Israel Temperance: The idea that alcohol is bad for people and people should stop drinking * American Temperance Society: An organization of people tried to get people to be abstinent from drinking * They tried to pass state legislation to restrict or ban the sale of alcohol [eventually in 1919 they banned the sale of liquor] Dorothea Dix: Woman reformer who once saw how terribly prisoners were treated and threatened to publicize their treatment * Her reforms led to better mental health treatments and asylums for those people Horace Mann: As Secretary of MA Board of Education, he wanted public education* for everyone and better prepared teachers *Black people still got public education, but they were segregated from White people* Eli Whitney: White non-plantation owner, who invented the cotton gin* *Cotton Gin: Sped up the production of cotton, thus starting the cotton production institution, which required more and more slaves Racial Stereotypes: * “Nat”: Violent male, criminal [Nat Turner] * “Sambo”: Dumb, incompetent, can’t live by themselves [Dumbo] * “Tom”: Loyal, content with slave work, happy doing labor [Tom and Jerry] * “Mammy”: Fat, jolly, servant * “Jezebel”: Seductive, sexual prostitute Paternalism: The idea that the white male slave owners were like the slaves “father” but still treated them terribly, enslaved children called all slaves on the plantation “uncle” “aunt” like a family SLAVERY REBELLIONS Gabriel’s Rebellion: Gabriel intended to raid Richmond, Virginia and free some enslaved people Denmark Vesey: Vesey bought himself with lottery money, and then intended to raid Charlestown, Virginia Nat Turner: Most successful rebellion out of all three, killed 55 white people, as punishment 40 Blacks were killed APUSH UNIT 5 * Clay’s American System * Second bank of the United States * Protective tariff * Internal improvements * McCulloch v. Maryland * Missouri Compromise * Panic of 1819 * Election of 1824/the “corrupt bargain” * Jackson’s “memorandums” * Rush-Bagot Treaty * Adams-Onis Treaty * Monroe Doctrine * Democratic Party * Spoils system * Worcester v. Georgia * Cherokee Nation v. Georgia * Tariff of 1828 – tariff of abominations * Andrew Jackson * Indian Removal Act 1830 * Trail of tears * John Calhoun * nullification * Peggy Eaton affair * “gag rule” * Specie Circular * Panic of 1837 * “Bank war” * Democrats vs. Whigs * Martin “Van Ruin” * manifest destiny * “The Great American Desert” * the Mormon migration * the Republic of Texas * Alamo * 54 40’ * Webster-Ashburton Treaty * Oregon Territory * Mexican War * “Mr. Polk’s War” * Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo * Mexican Cession * Wilmot Proviso * Popular sovereignty * “Southern rights position” * Free Soilers * California gold rush Clay’s American System: Henry Clay wanted three things for the United States because he felt more internal improvements were necessary to become more independent from Britain * Second Bank of United States: new National Bank where they would deposit national funds and notes * Got chartered in 1816 * Protective tariff to increase American industrialization because American goods would be a lot cheaper than other nation’s * Passed in 1816, eventually raised imports by 25% * Wanted federal sponsors for transportation improvements but people felt it would lead to competition between different roads and government corruption * They didn’t pass it, so it led to more power in the North since they already had a lot of large roads and more isolation of the South since the Transportation Revolution didn’t apply to the South McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): John Marshall labeled the National Bank as constitutional because federal government had ‘implied powers’ therefore ending the debate about whether the National Bank was constitutional or unconstitutional Panic of 1819: Less demand for American goods due to outside troubles like in Europe; federal bank demanded less credit and borrowed money be paid back in species, meaning states had to pay back gold but they didn’t have it so they turned to the citizens, who also didn’t have any money because all of the loans were notes [worthless pieces of paper] = state banks ran out of money so economic depression * People started blaming the federal bank for the economic tragedy because the National Bank still had money deposited, while every other citizen was struggling Sectionalism: affected South and West compared to Northeast because banking was more prominent in the North Nationalism: People came together as a nation against the Bank Missouri Compromise (1820): People started arguing that Missouri shouldn’t be a slave state for it would tip off the balance of the slave and free states, especially in Senate * States above Missouri southern border (36* 30’) would be free states and Missouri could be a slave state in exchange for Maine becoming a free state ONLY APPLIED FOR LOUISIANA PURCHASE * People realized slavery arguments could split up the country and Union Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain): Andrew Jackson was the most popular in the nation and won popularity vote, but since none of the candidates reached the necessary amount of electoral votes so House of Representatives chose the president Corrupt Bargain: Henry Clay proposed to Jackson that he would help support him to be president if Andrew Jackson would appoint Clay as secretary of state but since Jackson refused, he turned to John Quincy Adams, who approved, and Adams became president Nationalism: whole nation supported Jackson [nationally popular], the House of Representatives choosing the president when electoral votes weren’t reached proved that the constitution was working Sectionalism: other candidates were more sectionalized Jackson’s Memorandums: Where he kept his views on things like corruption, sort of like a diary * Distrust of the National Bank [corruption led to Panic of 1819 AND national debt] * Federal government was taking power for themselves * Government should work for popular majorities [common man] not elite rich * Wanted a majoritarian government because he felt that wouldn’t lead to corruption since they would just want what's for the greater good Rush-Bagot Treaty/ Adams-Onis Treaty: * Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817): reducing naval forces on the Great Lakes, peace across Canadian coast, [Adams are secretary of state] * Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): Spanish gave Florida to the United States which defined borders between Spanish colonies and the United States Nationalism: affected whole nation against other foreign nation powers (Britain and Spanish) Monroe Doctrine (1823): when Spanish colonies declared independence from Spain, other European forces were tempted to come in to occupy it for their own benefit; the British proposed a joint statement with the US declaring no outside forces in Latin America because they wanted Latin America to be independent for their own trade → Adams felt it was better for the US to propose an indepent statement, prohibiting any European forces from coming into Latin America (What really kept European forces out was the powerful British naval army) THE MONROE DOCTRINE WAS BEFORE BRITISH POLICY, NOT ALONGSIDE Nationalism: strengthened the US against European forces, the US started from a bunch of colonies and dramatically changed into the big brother of the Western Hemisphere Democratic Party (1828): The Democratic Party was birthed as Jackson started gaining support as the head of the “Democratic Party” and to continue the ideas of Jeffersonians (limited federal government and more state rights); Van Buren played a large role ENSURE WHITE DEMOCRACY, SLAVERY, AND UNION PRESERVATION Spoils System: As Jackson won president, he began switching officials with people who supported him during the election, with the excuse of firing corrupt officeholders; Jackson had promised people government positions IN EXCHANGE for presidential support * LOTS of controversy because revolutionary republicans felt the government officials would be too dependent on the president (Jackson), resulting in too much federal power Tariff of Abominations (1828): Initial purpose was to gain Jackson support in the North because the protective tariff would benefit Northern economy; significantly raised the cost of goods for Southerners* * Even more interdependence between the North, and against the South *Nullification (1832): Lots of opposition in the South, led by John Calhoun, who wrote Exposition and Protest anonymously which argues that since the federal government initially got its powers from the states, the states should be able to nullify federal laws * Jackson went against nullification because he knew it could lead to disbanding the Union, which goes against his goal of preserving the Union * Sort of succeeded because the tariff was later reduced into the Tariff of 1832: lower rates * Later became the Compromise Tariff of 1833: which lowered the tariff over time so that North could adjust to the lower rates * Sectionalism: Isolated South Carolina nullifiers because they were one of the only ones who wanted to keep nullifying Cherokee Nation v. Georgia/ Worcester v. Georgia (1831-1832): There were policies that protected Native lands, but states (specifically South) ignored the policy and kept going [Indian Removal Act (1830): moving Indians further West so citizens could have more open land westward * Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee tribes couldn’t sue Georgia since they were a domestic dependent nation (distinct but under US protection) and not a foreign nation * Worcester v. Georgia: John Marshall ruled that the laws of Georgia had no effect on the Cherokee BECAUSE they were so distinct, and ONLY the federal government had authority * Enforced the powers of the federal government even further Trail of Tears: 15,000 Cherokees marched across the Trail of Tears (1838) due to Indian Removal Act (Total relocation: 1820’s-1830’s) Peggy Eaton affair (1829-1831): Peggy Eaton (John Eaton, friend of Andrew Jackson) was shunned and excluded from many social events; reason for her bullying was that she was an attractive woman but also significantly younger than her husband Significance: * Since Peggy Eaton was the wife of Jackson’s close friend, he was strongly protecting Peggy Eaton and the affair split up some Jackson administration between those who protected her and those who didn’t. * The leader of the shunning was Floride Calhoun, John Calhoun’s wife and it led to Jackson to turn onto Calhoun because he saw Calhoun as his political opponent now John Calhoun: Cabinet members who supported Calhoun forced to resign (so Jackson didn’t have to fire them) and replaced with Van Buren supporters and in 1832 Calhoun was replaced by Van Buren as vice president * Furthered the tensions between Calhoun and Jackson which were already growing due to state rights and nullification crisis Bank War: Debates between whether they recharter the Second Bank of United States or not; Clay and Daniel Webster were able to convince the Bank president to apply for a recharter, passed in Congress (1832) Jackson vetoes the bill with citizen’s approval Specie Circular (1836): Jackson required government land to be bought in species (gold and silver) instead of paper money to reduce inflation * settlers > speculators, hard money > paper money, South/ West > Northeast “Gag rule” (1836-1844): Abolitionists flooded posts with anti-slavery passages and they sent in lots of petitions to Congress; prohibited any discussion of abolitionist petitions * Exposed the deepening divide between North and South regarding slavery Panic of 1837: Martin Van Buren won the election of 1836, and right after he took office in 1837, England cut off credit to British firms that interacted with American business in order to keep British gold ↦ Banks went out of business and Independent Treasury Bill: government would manage its own money instead of private banks ↦ Split up the Whigs and Democrats [Whigs blamed Jackson’s policies while Democrats blamed the Whig’s paper money] ↦ Portrayed Jackson and Van “Ruin” as the cause of the panic, leading to Whigs who supported the National Bank gaining more power Democrats vs. Whigs: The beginning of the Whig party was by people who were anti-Jacksonians ↓ Whig supporters: Anti-Jacksonians [used his veto count against him] and even Southerners who didn’t like his view on nullification * Election of 1840 marked the transition into a national party system [Second American Party System] with Whigs and Democrats * Whigs: “improvers” mostly Northern farmers, merchants, industrialists, and Southern wealthy people * Democrats: “common man” mostly localists who wanted a limited national government * WHIGS AND DEMOCRATS STEPPED AWAY FROM SLAVERY ARGUMENTS Manifest Destiny: The idea that the United States was destined by God to conquer the continent (American Identity) ↳ Could connect to the “City on a Hill” ↳ More and more slave states were founded within the Louisiana Purchase and more migration, leading to a new state every 3 years ↳ Anti-slavery people felt Manifest Destiny was just an excuse to get more slavery (They were right in some cases) Nationalism: A growing idea in the US to possess the whole continent and go West to gain land along with the American identity that we are good enough to fix everything in the West and make it better Sectionalism: As there were more migration, there were more states. More states meant there could be a difference in slave and free states which could tip off the delicate balance that was created due to the Missouri Compromise Great American Desert: As Americans went further West for migration, usually towards Oregon, they came across land in Central America that was made up of plains, mountains, and wasteland. It was too dry for farming and inhospitable [some Americans said it was only suitable for Indians] which contrasted with their initial hopes of the land West. Mormon Migration (1839-1847): Mormons settled in Illinois due to persecution and established Nauvoo but the Illinois residents turned out to be inhospitable and killed Joseph Smith ↳Later migrated to Great Salt Lake Basin and created Zion but conflict between US army led them to surrender the land Republic of Texas: Texas was initially a part of Mexico but later gained independence in 1836 and had a constitution modeled after that of the United States Mexican army led by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna captured the Alamo fort in San Antonio, Texas, killing all of its defenders ↳ Texans captured Santa Anna, forcing him to sign an independence treaty which would eventually lead to Texas petitioning for US annexation* *Texas Annexation: Some people (like Jackson and Van Buren) were against annexation because it would cause Mexican conflict and also upset Northern Americans to be upset [Texas was going to be a slave state] while others (like Tyler and Calhoun) supported it so they could get more slave states Annexation eventually passed in 1845 James K. Polk who ran for president [and won] in 1844 (Election of 1844) led a campaign that claimed he would have the annexation of Texas AND Oregon [up to the 54* 40’ line] so they could balance out the slave state Texas with the free state Oregon Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): Disputes between Maine and Canada at the border which was poorly defined; the treaty established a clear border between the two and made relations between Britain and the United States more peaceful compared to how strained it had been since the War of 1812 Nationalism: The US as a nation was resolving disputes with a foreign nation; more land = more power = pride (American identity) Sectionalism: Gave more power to the North since any added land was all up in the North Oregon Territory (1846): Polk did not go through with his campaign, and instead of the 54*40 line, he decided to split Oregon at the 49th parallel ↳ Northern Democratic Senators were upset because this upset the balance of power between slave and free states Mexican War: Polk initially wants to declare war on Mexico, but needed a justifying reason to do it; he sent a representative down to Mexico with an offer to buy NM and CA for $30 million dollars ↳ In order to provoke the Mexicans, Polk sent 4000 soldiers into Rio Grande and the Mexicans responded by attacking American patrol (1846) ↓ With the war being justified, Polk sent a war message to Congress* * Most Whigs opposed but didn’t want to branded as unpatriotic so they reluctantly voted for the declaration of war * The Whigs referred to the Mexican War as “Mr. Polk’s War” since they felt Polk only declared war for his own goals, not for the benefit of the nation IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN THE WAR: General Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready”: beat large forces and captured Monterrey in 1846 and then called an 8 week truce in hopes of peace negotiations which would be later be canceled by Polk; After his troop numbers decreased because of Scott, he still marched into Monterrey and won General Stephen Kenny: Easily occupied Santa Fe in New Mexico because the residents were already willing to accept American rule (They didn’t like the Mexican government) General-in-Chief Winfield Scott “Old Fuss and Feathers”: After Polk canceled Taylor’s truce because of political suspicion, he ordered Scott in command. Scott decided to take more than half of Taylor’s troops to his own Veracruz invasion and ended up capturing Mexico City in 1847 The Mexican American war had South/West Democrat support, Northeast Whig opposition Different notions of progress: * Democrats: expanding America through SPACE [NEW TERRITORY] * Whigs: American institutions over TIME [INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS] Wilmot Proviso (1846): Polk claimed it was highly unlikely that any new territory gained from Mexico would permit the existence of slavery which some Americans didn’t agree with; to end the disputes, David Wilmot offered an amendment: “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory” * The amendment passed in the House, but the Senate where the South was bigger said no ↓ Sectionalism: between free and slave states and even the two NATIONAL parties can’t solve the arguments regarding slavery; Northern Democrats started getting upset at the President because the Southern Democrats always got what they wanted Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): America would pay $15 million for California, New Mexico, and Texas border * Some Democrats wanted more land, while some Whigs wanted none at all; still passed nonetheless with 38-14 Mexican Cession: the large amounts of territory that Mexico lost due to the treaty; New Mexico, California, Texas border above Rio Grande ELECTION OF 1848 Rising question during the presidential election: “Would the US reintroduce slavery to Mexico Cessions after its abolishment by Mexico?” Election provided four takes on the question: 1. No more slavery in ALL new territories (Liberty Party: John P. Hale) 2. Congress can’t prevent a settler from taking his slaves to California (idea introduced by Calhoun) ↳ This idea known as “southern rights position” 3. 36 30’ line be moved to Pacific, which would exclude slavery from WA, OR, ID, UT, NV, south CA but permit slavery in NM, AZ, and north CA (James Buchahan) 4. Popular sovereignty: the idea that settlers of each territory can decide for themselves the rules on slavery (Lewis Cass) ↳ The North and South weren’t sure if the decision would be between territorial legislature of once state constitutions were formed ↓ Both the North and South supported this idea Conscience Whigs (anti-slavery Whigs) formed an alliance with anti-slavery Democrats and the Liberty Party, and would be known as the Free Soilers HAD BOTH WHIG AND DEMOCRAT SUPPORT Nationalism: The Free Soilers were united with the idea of slavery and consisted of two different parties with very different ideas CANDIDATES AND THEIR REASON Whigs: Zachary Taylor [Whigs tried to direct attention away from slavery and focused on the fact that he was a war hero] Democrats: Lewis Cass [Popular sovereignty with its unclear stance on slavery] Free-Soilers: Van Buren [Wasn’t a slave holder so he aligned with the Free-Soilers beliefs] California Gold Rush: Gold was discovered in Sacramento in 1848 which made California a large center of trade with people from all over the world visiting Population increase = governmental structure was necessary * Whig controlled House drafted a bill to make California a free territory and Calhoun (⅖ Southerners) claimed they would secede if the bills passed and it was “unconstitutional” to keep slavery out Taylor proposed admitting CA and NM as immediate states which would mean no slavery, angering the South California drew up a constitution that excluded slavery and applied to be a state ↓ Completely tipped the balance of equal free/slave states forever, gave North more power even in Senate PRESIDENCIES: 1824-1828: John Quincy Adams Corrupt Bargain Jackson’s Memorandums End of Era of Good Feelings 1828-1836: Andrew Jackson Democratic Party Spoils System Tariff of Abominations Nullification Indian Removal Act Indian court cases Peggy Eaton Affair Bank War Specie Circular 1836-1840: Martin Van Buren Gag Rule Republic of Texas (Alamo) Panic of 1837 Democrat vs. Whigs Mormon Migration 1840-1844: Harrison/ Tyler Webster Ashburton Treaty 1844-1848: John K. Polk Texas Annexation Manifest Destiny (Great American Desert) 54 40’ Line Oregon Territory Mexican War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Wilmot Proviso Mexican Cession 1848: Zachary Taylor Southern Rights position Popular Sovereignty Free Soilers PRO-WAR ANTI-WAR Democrats: America should be expanded through SPACE (new territory) Whigs: America should be expanded through TIME (internal improvements) “Unlikely that any new territory would even permit slavery” (Polk) “Mr. Polk’s War” was only for Polk’s personal benefit, not for the country More slavery Anti-slavery people felt the expansion was an excuse for more slavery The idea of Manifest Destiny means they are DESTINED to expand by God, can’t go against God The new land gained from the war would inevitably lead to more slavery Mexican government is tyrannical and it would be helpful Relations between North and South would be disturbed and don’t want Mexican conflict (Jackson + Van Buren) Americans would be beneficial to Mexicans Mexico wasn’t bothering the US so it was unconstitutional for the president to send forces [plus only Congress can declare war] More commerce/harbor [trade with Asia] Greedy to Mexicans who already lost so much After Americans get the land, some didn’t want to have to DEAL with the Mexicans America’s growing greed to control all non-Americans (American identity) WHIGS DEMOCRATS TIME (Internal improvements) SPACE (New expansion) Clay Van Buren, Jackson, Calhoun Opposed the Mexican War but openly supported For the Mexican War (Mostly) Wanted National Bank Wanted hard money National party National party Zachary Taylor Tension between Northern and Southern Democrats Anti-slavery joined Free Soilers Lewis Cass Anti-slavery joined Free Soilers TIMELINE Clay’s American System ↦ Rush Bagot Treaty ↦ Adam Onis Treaty ↦ McCulloch v. Maryland ↦ Panic of 1819 ↦ Missouri Compromise ↦ Monroe Doctrine ↦ Election of 1824 ↦ Corrupt Bargain ↦ Jackson’s Memorandums ↦ Democratic Party ↦ Spoils System ↦ Tariff of Abominations ↦ Nullification ↦ Indian Removal Act ↦ Native American Court Cases ↦ Peggy Eaton Affairs ↦ Calhoun Vice off ↦ Bank War ↦ Specie Circular ↦ “Gag Rule” ↦ Panic of 1837 ↦ Martin “Van Ruin” ↦ Clear Democrats v. Whigs ↦ Mormon Migration ↦ Manifest Destiny ↦ “Great American Desert” ↦ Republic of Texas ↦ Webster Ashburton Treaty ↦ Texas Annexation ↦ 54 40’ Line ↦ Oregon Territory ↦ Mexican War ↦ Wilmot Proviso ↦ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ↦ Mexican Cession ↦ Southern rights position / popular sovereignty ↦ Free Soilers ↦ California Gold Rush APUSH UNIT 6 ★ = Big impact events/ key legislations List of unit terms: * Free-Soilers/Free Soil Party (1848) * Filibustering (1849-1860) * Compromise of 1850 (September 9 1850) * Fugitive Slave Law (1850) * Uncle Tom’s Cabin (March 20 1852) * Kansas-Nebraska Act (May 30 1854) * Stephen Douglas * Death of the Whigs (1854) * The (new) Republican Party (1854) * Know-Nothings (the American Party) (1850’s) * Nativism * Bleeding Kansas (1854) * Border ruffians (1854) * Caning of Sumner (May 22 1856) * John Brown * “black Republicans” (1856) * Dred Scott decision (March 6 1857) * Panic of 1857 (1857-1859) * The Lecompton Constitution (October 19 - November 8 1857) * The “American system of manufactures” (1850’s) * “king cotton” (1850’s) * “free labor ideology” (late 1850’s) * The Impending Crisis of the South (June 26 1857) * Cannibals All (1857) * Lincoln-Douglas debates (August 21 1858) * Freeport Doctrine (August 28 1858) * Harpers Ferry/John Brown (October 16 1859) * Election of 1860 * Secession (1860-1861) * Crittenden Compromise (1860-1861) * Jefferson Davis * The Confederacy (1861) * Fort Sumter (1860- April 14 1861) * Border states * Confederate treasury notes (1861-1864) * Blockade (1861-1865) * Battle of Bull Run (July 21 1861) * The Trent affair (November 8 1861) * Morrill Act (March 2 1861/ July 2 1862) * Homestead Act (May 20 1862) * Pacific Railroad Act (July 1 1862) * King cotton diplomacy * Monitor/Virginia [Merrimac] (March 8-9 1862) * Second Bull Run (August 28-30 1862) * Antietam (September 17 1862) * Stonewall Jackson * McClellan * Ulysses S. Grant * “Contrabands” * Peace Democrats * Copperheads * Writ of habeas corpus (1861,1862,1863) * The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1 1863) * National Banking Act of 1863 (February 25) * “poor man’s fight” * West Virginia (June 20 1863) * Gettysburg (July 1 1863) * Vicksburg (July 4 1863) * Draft riots (1863) * Chattanooga (November 25 1863) * 54th Massachusetts Infantry (1863-1865) * Sherman’s campaign [Atlanta captured (September 2 1864)] * Prisoner exchange (1861-1863/1865) * Sherman’s march to the Sea (November 15 1864) * Appomattox (March 29 - April 9 1865) * Assassination of Lincoln (April 15 1865) ________________ ★ PRESIDENCIES ★: * 1850-1853: Millard Fillmore (Whig) * 1853-1857: Franklin Pierce (Democratic) * 1857-1861: James Buchanan (Democratic) * 1861-1865: Abraham Lincoln (Republican) * 1865-1865: Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Free-Soilers: Conscience Whigs (anti-slavery Whigs), anti-slavery Democrats, and Liberty Party formed the party; not necessarily for full abolition of slavery, they just didn’t want it to spread into the newly gained territories Filibustering: Unauthorized military expeditions, usually done by US citizens with the main goal of getting Latin America territory/ expansion of slavery [Manifest Destiny beliefs] KEY TARGET REGIONS: Cuba, Central America (ex. Nicaragua), Mexico NOTABLE LEADERS: William Walker Failed Mexico exhibition due to lack of support and Mexican resistance Declared himself president of Nicaragua and reinstated slavery and tried to Americanize the country, but forced to surrender to US forces later IMPACT: tarnished US foreign nations, especially with the Americas, showed how much some Americans (south) wanted slavery [Sectionalism] ★Compromise of 1850: *REMEMBER* Henry Clay offered 8 proposals to the Senate: * California would be a free state (1) but the rest of the Mexican Cession would have no restrictions [popular sovereignty] regarding slavery (2) * Texas can’t claim New Mexico land (3) but federal government would pay $10 million for Texas’ debts (4) * Slave trade would be abolished in DC (5) but slavery would be continued unless Maryland/Virginia said otherwise (6) * Congress can’t regulate/interfere with interstate slave trade (7) *Mostly Dred Scott ruling * Stricter national fugitive slave act (8) Clay lumped all of the proposals into one bill, hoping people would pass the whole act in order to get the section they want; instead they didn’t vote for it just so others wouldn’t get what they wanted Stephen Douglas (“Little Giant”) took charge and broke up the proposals and they passed one by one EASED TENSIONS TEMPORARILY BUT CREATED DEEPER DIVISIONS LATER ON ★ Fugitive Slave Law: Most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850, divided the nation; required the return of slaves who had run away especially directed towards Northerners since slaves often escaped North * National government enforced the law and sent federal commissioners to bring slaves back: $10 payment for return, $5 for freedom [most returned for the extra money] * $1000 fine if citizens didn’t help return the slaves * They only needed one WHITE witness to return the slaves, which led to the immense amount of slave returns * Ironic because South didn’t want any federal power but they were demanding that the federal government enforce a stricter law RETURN = HONOR AND RIGHTS OF SOUTH OPPOSITION Northerners were upset that slaves who worked hard to be free were being captured again, some states passed personal liberty laws (prohibition of state facility use to recapture slaves), upset the South because they weren’t honoring Southern rights Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Written by a white woman, Harriet Beecher Stowe, in regards to the Fugitive Slave Act * Central theme: families breaking up due to slavery (felt white women could sympathize as well) * The law is cruel/immoral and should be broken when given the chance since slaves have been abused their whole lives SHAPED VIEWS OF SLAVERY Ralph Waldo Emerson: the level of morality of the act was nearly the same as arson/murder and individuals have a moral responsibility to disobey such immoral acts, such a law makes disunion inevitable ★ Kansas-Nebraska Act: Nebraska Territory (1853) split into Nebraska and Kansas; those pro-slavery were already upset with California being a free state, so they wanted Nebraska to be a slave state. Stephen Douglas decided on popular sovereignty in the territories which permitted slavery to expand into new lands OPPOSITION: abolitionists, Free-Soilers, Northern Whigs/Democrats DOUGLAS CHASE (Free-Soiler) KENTUCKY EDITOR* Believed making slavery a state issue over a federal one with popular sovereignty would create peace since there would be no alienation Free-Soilers aren’t to blame for the arguments, slavery was un-Democratic and went against old American fundamentals. Repealing the Missouri Compromise causes sectionalism Against the Kansas-Nebraska Act because South went against the Missouri Compromise and the benefits of repealing the compromise don’t outweigh the consequences Sectionalism: Douglas underestimated it and he thought it would bring the Union closer but it actually divided the country No compromise could contain slavery, only full abolishment can stop slavery Splits up the Union and if Missouri Compromise is repealed, they shouldn’t expect the North to respect any future Southern compromises Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act so dangerous to the stability of the Union? * North and South stopped respecting each other * Whig Southerners moved to Democrat * Arguments of secession kept increasing Stephen Douglas: Proposed Kansas and Nebraska to have popular sovereignty but both territories were above 36 30’ line so it went against the Missouri Compromise MOTIVES: As a Northern Democrat, he wanted Southern Democrat support so it would be easier to become president during Election of 1856 Death of the Whigs: REASONS: * Southerners were already upset when Zachary Taylor [plantation and slave owner] was against the expansion of slavery and didn’t have Southern beliefs * Free-Soilers * Know-Nothings * Northern Whigs opposition to Kansas-Nebraska, alienating Southern Whigs Southern Whigs moved to Democrats and anti-slavery Whigs struggled to reunite ↓ Became the new Republican Party: Emerged with anti-slavery (Northern) Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Northern Democrats with the main goal being the opposition to the expansion of slavery but also supported industrialization; majority was in the North, while very little supporters in the South Know-Nothings (American Party): an anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic party formed from two secret societies and supported temperance, limiting immigrant rights, and against tax support for parochial schools ↳ Nativism: opposition to immigrants, sentiments increased after the wave of immigrants in the 1840’s; declined due to the diminishment of the Know-Nothings, arguments switched from immigrants to slavery, and immigrants began to integrate into American society Bleeding Kansas: Refers to violence over slavery within the Kansas territory which started because of the idea of popular sovereignty that Douglas implanted; pro-slavery known as Border Ruffians came from Missouri, and anti-slavery abolitionists moved to Kansas to oppose them ↳ Created two opposite governments: Lecompton and Lawrence ↳ Incidents of violence in places like Lawrence Border ruffians: Wanted a pro-slavery government, so they casted fraudulent votes (about 1700 ballots) even though majority of those in Kansas was anti-slavery Caning of Sumner: Sumner’s speech towards Senate: mentions Don Quixote (believes he’s a knight and goes on crazy adventures and in love with a prostitute) Sumner portrays South Carolina/ Butler as Don Quixote and slavery is the prostitute * Brooks, Butler’s cousin, became angry and beat Sumner with a cane SIGNIFICANCE: South was mostly united under the idea of pro-slavery and North became angry at the South, used this aggression as an example of what a slavery society could lead to “Black Republicans”: During the election of 1856 [Republican vs. Democrats vs. American], Republicans were the largest party in the North and nominated John C. Fremont for president; Democrats portrayed the Republicans as Black Republicans who wanted racial equality which most whites were opposed to * John Buchanan won the election but South says he only won with Southern help, so they expect him to help the South out Dred Scott case: Dred Scott was a slave, usually kept at military stations and after his owner died, he sued for freedom; the Supreme Court which was South heavy, ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional since the Congress lacked power to keep property out of a territory which later became law and African Americans weren’t citizens so they couldn’t sue ↳ Meant that SLAVERY WAS APPROVED AND COULDN’T BE BANNED Sectionalism: The North were upset the their beloved Missouri Compromise became unconstitutional, and the expansion of slavery would spread into places that didn’t permit slavery before ★The Lecompton Constitution: Race between pro-slavery Kansas and anti-slavery Kansas to create a state legislature and pro-slavery (fraudulent) called for a convention at Lecompton; there were two versions pro-slavery people said the voters could vote for the one with slavery or the one without slavery (first referendum) ↳ The one with slavery would protect the rights of slaveholders completely but even the one without slavery would still protect the rights of existing slaveholders, meaning one was for keeping slavery and the other was protecting it indirectly * Free-state advocates refused to vote and boycotted it, but due to the fraudulent votes, the Lecompton Constitution still passed [OUTCOME OF FIRST REFERENDUM] * The president Buchanan was pro-slavery so he supported the Constitution OPPOSITION: The anti-slavery advocates organized a (second referendum) with Congress in 1858 where the residents of Kansas could vote against or for the two Lecompton Constitutions; they were both rejected * Stephen Douglas, although a Democrat, was strictly opposed to the Constitution due to his strong beliefs in popular sovereignty; Southerners HATED Douglas, and caused a split between the Democratic Party * Congress sided with the free-state advocates and rejected the Lecompton Constitution after they saw how many Kansas people were against it OUTCOME: Even after the defeat of the Constitution, Kansas was neither free or a slave state for some time, until 1861 when it entered the Union as a free state Sectionalism: Division between the Democratic Party and also highlighted the deepening divide between the North and South regarding slavery The “American System of Manufacturers” (Yankee Techniques): US paved the way for interchangeable parts which are crucial in the modern industry; played a crucial role in the industrialization of the United States * Since the parts were cheaper, it led to mass production and also appealed to middle class more “King Cotton”: The Southerners didn’t like how dependent they were on the North in terms of their economy demanded economic independence from the North so the South started investing in business (railroads, mills, etc) “King Cotton” refers to the central role that cotton played in the South’s economy, and the global demand for cotton Sectionalism: Industrialization vs. agriculture; the North was rapidly increasing their economy with new industries while the South kept their old ways with agriculture; people (Britain) believed the North’s new industrialization system was due to their education, and North used the South’s lack of education as evidence of the harm of a slave society ★ Panic of 1857: During the Crimean War, Russia’s grain export decreased, leading to the US filling the gap; expensive land with borrowed money, risky bank loans, overbuilt railroads, and increased Europe interest rates led to banks and businesses being shut down ↳ Recovered by spring 1859 but strikes happened for wages to go back to the amount pre-Panic Sectionalism: The South escaped the panic since they were less reliant on railroads and more on cotton, giving the South a bigger ego boost of their economy but the North wasn’t happy and felt the Panic was because of the South for not letting them raise tariffs “Free Labor Ideology”: work done in a free society was honorable and you could climb the social ladder, while slavery aligned with being forced to do work and slaves were always going to be at the bottom Sectionalism: Implemented the idea that in a slavery society, people couldn’t rise up to the top, in a free society, the American Dream was still alive The Impending Crisis of the South vs. Cannibals All: War between the two books with the Impending Crisis being written by Helper (anti-slavery Southern advocate) and he uses statistics to contrast the South to the prospering North and Cannibals All by Fitzhugh saying slavery is a positive institution and slaves are treated better than free workers Sectionalism: Impending Crisis was banned in the South, leading to the idea that free society had free speech while a slave society didn’t Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Series of debates between Lincoln and Douglas for a spot in Senate, morality of slavery versus popular sovereignty; Douglas won the Senate spot but Lincoln gained more political support ★ Freeport Doctrine: Lincoln asked Douglas if people in a territory could still ban slavery even after the Dred Scott ruling, Douglas said yes due to his belief of popular sovereignty, and angered the South ↳ The South began demanding a federal slave code but North Democrats AND Douglas joined with the Republicans to stop it Harpers Ferry: John Brown wanted to make an army full of slaves with arsenals from Harpers Ferry, but he got captured by the state militia; Brown had immense support from the North Sectionalism: The North’s support of Brown led to the South grouping Brown and all Republicans together, they began being suspicious of slaves and all Northerners and more talks of disunion ★ Election of 1860: Four party election: Douglas (Democrat) vs. Lincoln (Republican) vs. Breckinridge (Southern Rights Democrat*) vs. John Bell (Constitutional Union) * Southern Democrats were determined to keep Douglas from being nominated but when he did get nominated and ran on popular sovereignty, they walked out and made their own party * Republicans carried all northern states except 5, meaning Lincoln (seen as more moderate, which appealed to the lower North) had to focus on those 5 swing states but only needed to carry ⅖ of the swings [Between ⅔ of the time between 1789 to 1860, a Southerner was president, and a Republican president would put an end to the Southern political control and LINCOLN WON EVERY SINGLE FREE STATE] ↓ Lincoln’s election victory led to secession of 7 Southern states; they argued that while the national government had sovereignty in certain situations, states had underlying sovereignty, meaning they were able to leave if they wanted to CREATED THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA OPPOSITION: North said secession was unconstitutional but Southerners argued back that the right to revolution justified it Crittenden Compromise: Proposed constitutional amendments to prevent the Civil War, of the following: * Guarantee slavery in states that didn’t want federal authority * Congress can’t prohibit slavery in DC or federal property * Congress can’t interfere with interstate slave trade * Compensation to slave holders who couldn’t get fugitives back * Territory south of 36 30’ slavery protected “now…or hereafter acquired” ALL APPEALED TO THE NORTH, LINCOLN REJECTED IT AND ITS MODIFIED VERSION IN WASHINGTON Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy, and a military war hero; Davis fired on Fort Sumter, the civil war started ★ The Confederacy: The seceded states (Florida, Alabama, South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas) wrote a constitution for their new confederacy * Guaranteed slavery in states/territories * State power * Congress can’t add a protective tariff * President: single 6 year term Told the Upper South they should secede too due to common origin and pursuits but the Upper South valued Union preservation over the protection of slavery ★ Fort Sumter: Many of federal forts in the South were already under Southern control, except for some with Fort Sumter being one; Robert Anderson stationed at Fort Sumter and Buchanan sent supply ships to Anderson but South Carolina artillery fired without being fired back Lincoln had two options: resupply the troops (make the upper-South leave the Union) or withdraw troops (gives sense of victory to the Confederacy) * He decided to send an unarmed supply ship and inform Davis beforehand meaning war or peace depended on Davis’ decision CIVIL WAR STARTED IN 1861 WHEN DAVIS FIRED ON FORT SUMTER Border States: Slave states that bordered the free states but wanted to be neutral (Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland); the Border States remained the Union and were crucial to the war so Lincoln needed to control the border states in order to win the war; some border states had civil wars within the civil war between the Unionists and the Confederates of the states West Virginia: Virginia voted to secede in 1861, but those who opposed the secession of Virginia traveled west to secede FROM Virginia and created West Virginia which joined the Union in 1863 Confederate Treasury Notes: The Confederacy was short on money and had to focus on keeping resources and had inflation because they printing too much money, leading to the amount of Confederate bills be basically worthless Blockade: Part of the Anaconda Plan of the Union plan to cut the Confederacy off from resources; they blocked off the port and there were blockade runners to evade it * Fort Fisher was one of the only places that had big guns to protect the blockade runners, however a fleet of warships attacked them, stopping the blockade runners ★ Battle of Bull Run: As the Union army marched into Bull Run Creek from D.C, Confederate reinforcements forced the inexperienced Union to surrender → reality check of how long the war would actually be; before, spectators were bringing lunches to watch King Cotton diplomacy: The South had hoped that the demand for cotton from the South would keep their economy running, but Europe just found other ways to get cotton from other sources (plus other textiles) and Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation appealed to Britain workers who were anti-slavery and the Confederacy ended up not getting British recognition Trent Affair: The Confederacy once got close to getting Britain recognition; two Confederate diplomats travelled to Britain on the British Trent but a Union ship took the two as prisoners to which Britain responded with threatening war if they weren’t released ↳ Since the Union did release the prisoners, Britain’s neutrality was reinforced meaning they couldn’t help the Confederacy although they were sympathetic to their situation Monitor v. Merrimac (Virginia): Virginia was a ship made from the pieces of the Merrimac (Confederate ship) and attacked the Union ships, which ultimately jeopardized the Anaconda Plan; Monitor (Union ship) fought back for long and the battle ended in a draw [Merrimac wanted to shut down the blockade of the Union] IMPACT: Naval warfare switched from wood to iron ships Second Bull Run: Robert E. Lee defeated John Pope who had to surrender to protect D.C IMPACT: Confederate victory and rising Lee’s reputation so that he continued to invade up North; Pope replaced AGAIN by McClellan ★ Battle of Antietam: Lee kept going into Maryland to gain Britain recognition and support; Lee’s plans were leaked to McClellan so they were intercepted at Antietam Creek and the Union army outnumbered that of the Confederacy but McClellan was too cautious and missed a great opportunity OUTCOME: The battle ended in a draw between the two sides but the Confederacy failed to get Britain support National Banking Act of 1863: To manage revenue for war funds ↳ Creation of a national bank that would issue national currency which would lead to greater stability and confidence in the US currency Stonewall Jackson: One of the Confederate generals; when the Union forces were close to victory in the Battle of Bull Run, Jackson sent in reinforcements, which started his rise in prominence; he also helped the Confederacy win in the battle of Fredericksburg McClellan: McClellan took things slow and steady, replaced and put back multiple times; due to his tactics of slowness, he missed multiple chances to win several battles Ulysses S. Grant: Commanded the Mississippi river plan, captured forts on Cumberland River which is a branch of the Mississippi River where 14,000 Confederates were imprisoned; Grant defeated the Confederacy to retreat at Shiloh; Grant kept reducing Lee’s armies and Lee eventually surrendered to Grant at Appomattox “Contrabands”: Slaves of the Confederacy that escaped to the Union military but the name degraded them IMPACT: Turning point on how slaves were viewed during the Civil War, and showed the growing role of enslaved people at the frontlines; sped up the process of slavery abolition in a way Peace Democrats/Copperheads: Democrats that wanted to just negotiate peace and were very against the war; but peace negotiations would basically pass the victory over to the Confederacy Writ of habeas corpus: The writ of habeas corpus gives someone the right to appear in front of a judge so that they could have a trial; in the Constitution, the suspension of the writ would only be justified if the public safety is in danger plus it was a Congress power ↳ Lincoln suspended it multiple times between 1861-1863 but he argued that only the president has the speed to stop any dangers while Congress doesn’t Especially controversial to the border states ↳[1863] Congress passed the Habeas Corpus Act in response to Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus which effectively legalized it ★ Emancipation Proclamation: States still in rebellion by January 1 of 1863 would be free states, only applied to Confederate states that weren’t in Union control meaning not border states and in the end only about 1% of slaves were freed [Lincoln was waiting for a big military victory so it wouldn’t seem like it was a last resort so he did it after Antietam] OPPOSITION: Democrats and border states IMPACT: The Emancipation Proclamation led to the war being about slavery or not; if the North won, slaves would be freed if the South won, slavery would be protected; anti-slavery Britain didn’t want to help the Confederacy if the war was about slavery Draft Riots: Lincoln set laws to draft people in the federal army and due to the suspension of habeas corpus, anyone who opposed the law would be imprisoned; Lincoln called for about 600,000 volunteers and Democrats who rioted against were arrested but it was said to be unconstitutional since it was against civil liberties “Poor man's fight”: people could avoid service and the draft if they paid a fee, or having someone do it for them, which led to wealthier people having to not fight in the war; caused a commotion from the poor Northerners who still had to do service and more draft riots Morrill Tariff Act: Raised tariffs to increase industrialization Morrill Land Grant Act: federal land grants to states for agricultural technical colleges Homestead Act: Free 160 acres of land to anyone who lived for at least 5 years in the area ↳ To encourage settlement further west Pacific Railroad Act: Transcontinental railroad West to East ★ Gettysburg and Vicksburg: the two battles were the turning points of the Civil War and they happened right after each other; 1. Gettysburg: Confederate goal was to gain a clear path to DC but 51,000 total casualties put a final end to any hope for foreign recognition * Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: redefined the purpose of the war as slavery by promoting the ideas of equality/ freedom 2. Vicksburg: Gave the Union control of Mississippi which split the Confederacy and Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana were cut off from the Confederacy Chattanooga: Chattanooga was a big transportation center since it was near lots of railroads; the Union’s victory in the Battle of Chattanooga paved the way for the Union army to advance South towards Georgia and Alabama 54th Massachusetts Infantry: Most Whites didn’t want to fight for Black freedom and Black soldiers would mean that Whites and Blacks are even closer to racial equality; there was an African American regiment under the leadership of a white officer BOUGHT BRAVELY WITH COURAGE AND GOT RECOGNITIONS ★ Sherman’s Campaign: Sherman’s objective was to capture Atlanta which was vital for the Confederacy; Sherman’s forces faced that of the Confederacy outside of Atlanta and Sherman forced the Confederates to retreat and surrender and Sherman destroyed Atlanta [TOTAL WAR] Prisoner Exchange: Union and Confederacy did prisoner exchanges but Black soldiers were murdered during their surrender or captured and returned as slaves → Lincoln suspended the exchange unless Whites and Blacks were treated equally which turned out to be a problem because Northerners kept dying in prison, especially in South where there are less resources ↓ Confederacy abandoned the refusal of Black soldier exchange because they realised they wanted slaves to fight for the South as well Sherman’s March: Sherman marched into South Carolina since he felt it was the reason the whole war started, and left less standing than he did in Atlanta while defeating Confederate forces sent to stop them ↳ In order to prevent the Union armies from getting any Confederate supplies, the Confederate army set fire to their military stores, but the fires eventually reached Richmond, destroying more than Columbia (South Carolina) or Georgia (Atlanta) ↳ Sherman destroyed Atlanta and kept foraging towards the sea, made the US look stronger → Lincoln reelected BUT THE WAR COULD ONLY BE STOPPED WHEN CONFEDERACY SURRENDERED ★ Appomattox: Lee had to give up both Petersburg (Virginia) and Richmond (Virginia) and when they were returning, they were cut off at Appomattox; the only thing Lee could do was surrender to Ulysses Grant ↓ They were very generous, 30000 Confederate prisoners were allowed to return home on the condition that they don’t rebel against the United States again [13th Amendment (abolish slavery): passed in Congress in January 31, 1865 but wasn’t ratified by the states until December, after the war ended Loophole: labor could be enforced as a punishment of a crime and Congress had the power to enforce it ↳ All people had to do was get the African Americans in jail and they could be used as slaves again] CIVIL WAR UNION CONFEDERACY ADVANTAGES - More numbers - Better economy → more resources - Had the US Navy - Strong central government - Emancipation Proclamation appealed to the anti-slavery Britain - Britain compensation ($15 mil) - More fighting experience - On defense ↳ Had to travel and conquer less - Robert E. Lee - Strong military leaders - Had the Mississippi River (which would later be taken) DISADVANTAGES - Had to conquer more land - Inconsistent military leaders - Robert Lee too strong - Some battles had more Union suffering compared to the Confederacy - Terrible military leaders - Weak central government - Less resources and army - No foreign recognition from Britain and France - inflation - Europe found other places to get textiles BASIC STRATEGY - Anaconda plan: block off Souther ports to cut resources - Mississippi River conquer which would split Confederacy - Large army - Long training time - Prevent Confederacy from getting federal aid - Hoped Union would turn on Lincoln and quit - On defense - Gain Britain support - Using their experience to defeat the inexperienced Union - Outside demand for cotton would keep their resources going KEY BATTLES - First Battle of Bull Run ↳ Reality check of how long the war would be - Appomattox, Virginia ↳ Where Lee surrendered to Grant - Sherman’s March ↳ The battle at which the Confederacy lost the will to fight - Battle at Vicksburg ↳ Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas cut off from Confederacy - Battle of Antietam ↳ Lee’s plans leaked and Confederacy failed to get Britain support AND it paved the way for Emancipation Proclamation - Monitor v. Merrimac ↳ Naval warfare switched from wood to metal ships Assassination of Lincoln: John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in the head because he hated Lincoln for what he did to Booth’s beloved South; Lincoln’s death brought grief to the North and the newly freed Southern slaves IMPACT OF THE CIVIL WAR The North’s victory solved two big issues: Union or no Union, and the continuation of slavery or not. The amount of casualties led to no serious secession proposals since 1865, and the 13th amendment of 1865 abolished slavery. APUSH UNIT 7 Unit Terms: * Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan) (December 8 1863) * Radical Republicans * Wade-Davis Bill (July 2 1864) * Andrew Johnson (1864-1868) * Presidential pardons * Credit Mobilier Scandal (1864-1867) * Black Codes (1865-1866) * Carpetbaggers (1865-1877) * Scalawags (1865-1877) * “40 acres and a mule” (January 16 1865) * 13th Amendment (January 31 1865) * The Freedmen's Bureau (March 3 1865) * Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan (May 29 1865) * American Equal Rights Association (AERA) (May 10 1866) * The 14th Amendment (June 13 1866) * Congressional Reconstruction (“radical Reconstruction) (1867-1877) * Reconstruction Acts of 1867 (March 2 1867) * Tenure of Office Act (March 2 1867) * Impeachment of Johnson (February 24, 1868) * Ku Klux Klan * 15th Amendment (February 26 1869) * President Grant (1868-1876) * “Negro rule” * Ku Klux Klan Act (April 20 1871) * Panic of 1873 (September 18 1873 - March 1879) * The Mississippi Plan (1874-1875) * U.S. v. Cruikshank (March 27 1876) * U.S. v. Reese (1876) * Bulldozing (1876) * “bayonet rule” (1876) * Election of 1876 (November) * Compromise of 1877 (January) * Pendleton Act (January 16 1883) Presidencies: - 1864-1868: Andrew Johnson (Republican, Democrat at heart) - 1868-1876: Ulysses Grant (Republican) - 1876-1880: Rutherford Hayes (Republican) Three stages of Reconstruction: Presidential (1865-1867), Congressional, and Redemption PRESIDENTIAL CONGRESSIONAL REDEMPTION * Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson * Goals: Quickly restoring the Union with lenient punishments for the South * Lincoln’s 10% Plan * Johnson’s Policy, Reconstruction Plan * Black Codes * Reason for end: Congress rejecting Johnson’s policies * Also known as Radical Reconstruction * Led by the Radical Republicans in Congress * Reconstruction Acts of 1867 * Civil Rights Act * Amendment ratification * Johnson veto and impeachment * White resistance * Reason for end: Panic of 1873, Republican corruption Southern Democrats gained control of South * Compromise of 1877 * Military troops pulled out, internal improvement federal money, Southern Democrat (Keys) as postmaster general in exchange for respect and equal treatment to Blacks Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan): Outlined Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction after the Civil War to bring the Union back together 1. Presidential pardon to anyone who swore allegiance 2. Acceptance of abolition 3. When 10% of a state’s voting population took the oath of allegiance, that state could reorganize a new state government IMPACT: Offered a way for the ex-Confederates to rejoin the Union with lenient term, criticized by Radical Republicans who thought it should be more severe Radical Republicans: Republicans who wanted equality for African Americans and punishing the Southern states for secession KEY BELIEFS: Advocated for slavery abolition and equal rights for African Americans with constitutional [voting] rights and wanted harsh punishments for the South; wanted Congress to be in charge of Reconstruction, not the president Wade-Davis Bill: Gave strict loyalty laws to the South; introduced by Radical Republicans in the House and passed in both House and Senate ↳ Lincoln vetoed the bill because he felt it was too strict to the South and would damage their return to the Union IMPACT: Republican conflict, which would ultimately subside after the Sherman’s March PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION POSITIVES NEGATIVES * Focusing on quickly bringing the Southern states back into the Union * Lenient policies to bring the South back * South started to rebuild their infrastructure that was destroyed during the war * Some freedmen were able to buy land * Some labor jobs switched from African Americans to white people since they couldn’t employ slaves * Slaves would get wages or crop share * Democrat ran as Republican (Andrew Johnson) * African Americans still couldn’t vote * Ex-Confederate beliefs [by Johnson] * Violence towards Black people * Black people could still be enslaved due to the 13th amendment loophole [enforcement of labor for a punishment of a crime] Andrew Johnson: A former Democrat from Tennessee, nominated by the Republican party as Lincoln’s second runner; became vice president but then president after Lincoln died Beliefs: planters were “stuck up aristocrats” and refused to support Confederacy even though he was a Democrat ↓ Switches up on everyone and begins pardoning the ex-Confederates and restored everything; replaced Republican officials with Democrats WANTED TO SLOW DOWN RECONSTRUCTION UNTIL 1868 [hoped the Northern voters would abandon the Reconstruction for presidential election] ________________ Why was he impeached? ↳ Ultimately, he removed the Secretary of War Stanton who favored Reconstruction which went against the Tenure of Office Act; the House initially impeached him (February 24, 1868) [In order to impeach, the president had to have committed treason, bribery, etc] Did Johnson commit “treason, bribery…high crimes and misdemeanor”? ↳ Some people felt he shouldn’t have been impeached, so they voted for acquittal; in Senate vote (May 1868) the tally was 35 guilty 19 not guilty, fell one vote short so Johnson was impeached but not removed from office NEGATIVE: Johnson didn’t actually get removed from office, thus allowing him to complete his full term POSITIVE: Johnson had no chance of being reelected *Impeached does NOT mean removed from office; Johnson was impeached but Senate vote tallies said he wouldn’t be removed from office* Presidential Pardons: primarily used by Andrew Johnson to restore land and property to ex-Confederates; both Lincoln and Johnson promised pardons with lenient conditions (allegiance to the Union, acceptance of slavery abolition, etc) Johnson’s leniency led to former Confederates to regain power and he wanted to prevent freedmen from getting rights IMPACT: Restoration of South and rights, but return of Confederate power and failure of freedmen protection Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan: The proposed idea of Johnson’s reconstruction after the Civil War 1. Punish planter class 2. Allowed for presidential pardons 3. Quickly reconstruct state governments 4. Didn’t enfranchise Black people Johnson’s Policy (1865): Two proclamations that were issued 1. Blanket amnesty except for high rank Confederate officials, or those with taxable property worth $20000 or more ↳ Only WHITES with the amnesty could vote; excluded “stuck up aristocrats” and Blacks 2. Temporary governor to draft new constitution in North Carolina 13th Amendment (abolish slavery): passed in Congress in January 31, 1865 but wasn’t ratified by the states until December, after the war ended Loophole: labor could be enforced as a punishment of a crime and Congress had the power to enforce it ↳ All people had to do was get the African Americans in jail and they could be used as slaves again Black Codes: laws passed in the Southern United States aimed to restrict the rights of freedpeople; Southern states still wanted control over Black populations to preserve white supremacy EXAMPLES (Louisiana County): 1. Can’t move past the limits without the special permission IN WRITING from his employer; if they violate they have to pay a fine 2. Required to work under a white person, and free time has to be given permission IN WRITING and can’t exceed 7 days at a time 3. No meetings between others after sunset and can only be held between sunrise and sunset with permission IN WRITING under indirect supervision 4. Can’t preach or deliver words to other colored people without permission IN WRITING 5. Can’t carry firearms if they aren’t in the military service unless they have permission IN WRITING and approved by the nearest chief of patrol 6. Every citizen has to act like a police officer to detect any offenses to the rules and hand them over to the police Freedmen’s Bureau: made by the Congress in 1865, oversaw relations between freedpeople and owners in the South ↳ Helped freedpeople created schools for freedpeople in rural areas SOUTHERNERS WERE HOSTILE TO THEM “40 acres and a mule”: Sherman ordered abandoned land to be distributed to the freedmen but Johnson’s orders had already restored most land to former owners Congressional Reconstruction: Republicans wanted to gain control of the reconstruction process. Many Southern Unionists, freedpeople, military officials spoke up about the terror in the South. This convinced Congress to not admit former Confederates. Some Republicans wanted black voting rights which were seen as too radical. POSITIVES NEGATIVES * Constitutional amendments * Promoted educational and economic development in the South * More political participation of African Americans * More white backlash towards African Americans (Violence: KKK) * Corruption in Southern state governments * Failure to address economic issues like land distribution 14th Amendment: Johnson tried to veto, but Congress overrode the veto with more than two-thirds majority; passed in Congress then went to states for ratification Section 1: All naturalized people (Black people included) were citizens and Congress can’t take away their citizen rights Section 2: States have to enfranchise Black people or they’ll lose some seats in office/ votes Section 3: Large number of ex-Confederates can’t hold office Section 4: National debt due to the war but Confederate debt is separate Section 5: Congress has power to enforce the amendment Reconstruction Acts of 1867: The 10 South states divided into 5 military districts placed under the control of Union generals; in order for a state to be readmitted to the Union they needed to draft a state constitution with equal rights for African Americans and the 14th amendment; limit voting rights for ex-Confederate officials ↳ Johnson vetoed these acts but the Radical Republicans in Congress overrode the veto IMPACT: Important in reshaping the South in favor of African Americans but led to more resistance from Southern whites, leading to more discrimination Carpetbaggers and Scalawags: Different slurs the Democrats had for people who didn’t agree with their beliefs “Carpetbaggers” were what Northerners were called and there was a myth that they were corrupt; they only came to the South for economic opportunities and to invest in it POSITIVE: Republicans held majority in the states where there were a lot of carpetbaggers NEGATIVE: the mentality that white Republicans just wanted to exploit the Southern whites and are selfish; led to Democrats wanting to crush Republicans “Scalawags” were what Southern white Republicans were called, myth that they were mischievous because they supported the Reconstruction and sided with the freedpeople Ku Klux Klan: White terrorist organization founded in Tennessee that wanted control of the Black population and to destroy the Republican Party by terrorizing its voters 15th Amendment: Granted African Americans the right to vote and prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” IMPACT: African Amricans could now have a voice in government, but women still couldn’t vote which led to opposition from women OPPOSITION: Southern whites resisted against the 15th amendment with violence, laws, etc. President Grant: Seen as a war hero, 2 terms total; won the 1868 election against Horatio Seymore (Democrat) who said the Reconstruction was unconstitutional because they didn’t want “Black supremacy” Grant was too trusting and made mistakes in appointments due to his lack of political experience, leading to corruption BELIEFS: Wanted the Reconstruction and advocated for protection of African American rights with the help of federal troops Foreign policies: Annexation of Santo Domingo, Treaty of Washington [$15.5 million from Britain for Confederate damages by British ships] Second Term: Troubles because some people had stopped supporting the Reconstruction especially after the Panic of 1873 and rising violence in the South between white people and black people American Equal Rights Association: Created for Black/women suffrage but Black voting rights favored more than women; some influential women walked out and created the National Woman's Suffrage Association ↳ Supported the 14th amendment (citizenship and equal rights under the law) but debates arose regarding the 15th amendment since it gave African Americans the right to vote, but excluded women Credit Mobilier Scandal: Credit Mobilier was the construction company for the Union Pacific Railroad, but inflated construction costs and made the Union Pacific pay then they pocketed the money; Credit Mobilier paid with federal loans ↳ In order to avoid investigation into the financial situation of the Credit Mobilier, they bribed Congressmen with company stock or sold them at discounted prices and the scheme was ignored ↳ The story was let out in 1872 to the public, and the government gained lots of backlash, some of the bribed Congressmen were punished but not all IMPACT: Shows the corruption between big business and the government during industrialization; demonstrates how federal funds can be used for personal gain Pendleton Act: The spoils system first started with Andrew Jackson, it was rewarding government positions for presidential support; Civil service reformers wanted to eliminate the spoils system ↳ Required for a competitive exam other political connections; made it illegal to fire civil service employees for political reasons IMPACT: Politicians now couldn’t use federal jobs for political support so they had to find new ways to get support; reduced corruption in government “Negro Rule”: derogatory term by Southern whites to describe the social and political changes when African Americans gained more power; African Americans kept gaining more political roles in local, state, national offices ↳ When Southern states had to reconstruct the government, African Americans were appointed to political offices Ku Klux Klan Act: in order to enforce the 14th and 15th amendment, gave the president power to suspend the habeas corpus in extreme situations and then sent in federal troops against the KKK ↳ Thousands of Klansmen convicted in 9 South Carolina counties ↳ Made it a federal crime to use violence to prevent citizens from using their constitutional rights (ex. voting, holding office, etc) IMPACT: The KKK sort of declined after these acts, but would reemerge after during the 20th century; federal government more willing to protect the rights of African Americans, demonstrating the federal government’s commitment to enforcing civil rights Panic of 1873: The economy was finally growing after the small postwar decline; after the first Transcontinental railroad was done in 1869, the second transcontinental Northern Pacific was going to be built ↓ Jay Cooke invested heavily in the Northern Pacific but ran into financial difficulties when the construction cost became more expensive with less profit → DOMINO EFFECT: Banks and businesses that invested in the railroad also declined ECONOMIC FACTORS: Over speculation of railroads, paper vs. gold money, credit tightening IMPACT: Same as any other panic - economy declines, employment rates decline; power switched from Republican to Democrats, and support for change sort of lost momentum “Bayonet rule”: use of federal troops to enforce Reconstruction policies and maintain order in the South, used by critics of military occupation and federal intervention especially amongst Southern Democrats MILITARY OCCUPATION: Under the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, the Southern states were divided into military districts which was seen as necessary to implement Reconstruction policies IMPACT: Backlash against Republicans within the party, led to Democrats gaining control of state governments and only four states were under Republican control Mississippi Plan: While people were criticizing the Grant administration, Democrats devised the Mississippi Plan: 1. Have Republicans switch parties to Democrats 2. Intimidate black voters* * Violence towards African Americans, a Union general wanted federal troops to help ease the tension but Democrats threatened Grant, “If you send troops in we’ll use the “bayonet rule” so the Democrats can gain Ohio”; Grant felt Ohio was more important so he didn’t send troops into Mississippi IMPACT: Democrats became the majority of the state U.S v. Cruikshank / U.S v. Reese: two court cases that went to the Supreme Court, the decisions ruled that the enforcement of the 14th and 15th amendment was unconstitutional WHY? The amendments only applies to the actions of STATE, meaning it’s unconstitutional to prosecute INDIVIDUALS who violated the amendments Explanation of each: U.S v. Cruikshank: Came from a massacre in Louisiana where a mob of white people attacked African Americans and 100+ people were killed; federal government charged under the Enforcement Acts U.S v. Reese: Kentucky refused to register an African American’s vote; federal charges under the Enforcement Acts OTHER COURT CASES: Civil Rights Cases: Civil Rights Law banned racial discrimination in public (transportation, etc); similar to the other two court cases, the Supreme Court labeled the prosecution of individuals unconstitutional since the law applied to the state Bulldozing: a new form of intimidation for Democrats to terrorize Republican voters; used in the election of 1876 and violence increased but this time federal troops were sent for supervision Election of 1876: Due to the corruption of the government, reform became the leading issue for the election Democrat nominee: Samuel J. Tilden (New York) Republican nominee: Rutherford Hayes (Ohio) Tilden won the popular vote but just barely missed the margin for the electoral votes, Hayes had less electoral votes ↓ Since no candidate got the necessary electoral votes, the Constitution says to have the two houses choose but that couldn’t happen since the two houses were of different parties ↳ Congress created a special electoral committee with 5 Representatives 5 Senates, and 5 Justices RESULT: the disputed electoral votes were given to Hayes, giving him presidential victory Compromise of 1877: To please the Southern Democrats and to secure Hayes presidency the Republicans had been working on a compromise while Democrats had begun a filibuster Hayes promised support for federal sponsor for rebuilding destroyed infrastructure and new internal improvements IN THE SOUTH, withdraw federal troops from the South, and appoint a Democrat in Hayes’ cabinet in exchange for equal treatment of African Americans and respect of constitutional rights Solid South: Most Southern whites were Democrats and South voted Democrat for federal positions for over 100 years after that; Republicans were considered the “party of Lincoln” OVERVIEW: Before the Civil War, people feared a strong national government, but that changed when the national government was given some power during the Civil War / Reconstruction. Amendments were created under the national government and Congress was also given power to enforce the amendments. Reconstruction reincorporated ex-Confederates to the Union and switched to more freedom in the South. APUSH UNIT 8 Unit Terms: * Sodbuster/sod houses (mid-1800s) * The Homestead Act (May 20, 1862) * Pacific Railway Act (July 1, 1862) * Transcontinental railroad (May 10, 1869) * Mining * Cattle frontier/the long drive (1850’s - early 1900’s) * “free silver” movement (~1873) * The Grange (late 1800’s) * The Farmers Alliance (late 1800’s) (1875 ish) * Knights of Labor (1869) * The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 * “Indian Problem” (1800’s - 1900’s) * Reservation policy (1850’s) * Assimilation * Chief Joseph (late 1800’s) * A Century of Dishonor (1881) * “new” vs. “old” immigrants * The Chinese Exclusion Act (May 6, 1882) * The Pendleton Act (January 16, 1883) * Standard time zones (November 18, 1883) * Haymarket Square incident (May 4, 1886) * Samuel Gompers * AF of L (December 8, 1886) * Interstate Commerce Act (February 4, 1887) * The Dawes Severalty Act (known as the Dawes Act) (February 8, 1887) * Sherman Antitrust Act (July 2, 1890) * Homestead strike (July 6, 1892) * The People’s Party or Populist Party (1892) * Omaha Platform * Panic of 1893 (-1897) * 1893 Columbian Exposition * The Chicago’s World Fair (1893) * Turner's Frontier Thesis (July 12, 1893) * Coxey’s army (1894) * The Pullman strike (May 11, 1894) * Eugene V. Debs * Booker T. Washington * Washington’s Atlanta Exposition speech (September 1, 1895) * Plessy v. Ferguson (May 18, 1896) * William Jennings Bryan * “Cross of Gold” speech (July 9, 1896) * Election of 1896 * Political machines * Tammany Hall * The “Lost Cause” (late 1800’s) * Sharecropping (late 1800’s - early 1900’s) * Crop lien system (late 1800’s - early 1900’s) * Social Darwinism (1900’s) * Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire (March 25, 1911) * Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) * Lynching * Jim Crow Laws (post-Civil war) * Convict leasing * “solid South” * The tariff issue * “pools” * Thomas Edison * Mass production * Corporate consolidation * Frederick Taylor * Scientific management * “robber baron” * Andrew Carnegie * Gospel of Wealth * John D. Rockefeller * Industrial Workers of the World * Madame C.J. Walker * “walking cities” * Frederick Law Olmsted Helpful Videos: Gilded Age Politics Westward Expansion The Industrial Economy Growth of Cities, and Immigration PRESIDENCY: Ulysses Grant (Republican) (1869-1877) Rutherford B Hayes (Republican) (1877-1881) James Garfield/Chester Arthur (Republican) (1881-1885) Grover Cleveland (Democratic) (1885-1889) Benjamin Harrison (Republican) (1889-1893) Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) William McKinley (Republican) (1897-1901) Theodore Rosevelt (Republican)(1901-1909) Laissez Faire: “leave alone” in French, shows that the government is hands off regarding the economy, civil service and not regulating things Capitalism: able to own business and keep the profit, business competition Anarchy: completely didn’t want a controlling government Communism: Government owns basically all industries/properties including media Socialism: government owns industries and runs it Democrats vs. Republicans during the Gilded Age: * Republicans waved the “bloody shirt” [blaming Democrats for the civil war] * Republicans vouched for high tariff * Democrats were home to farmers in the South * Democrats benefitted from Solid South * Both used “spoils system”, or patronage, leading to corruption Sodbusters: people who made houses with sod bricks, the extremity of their lifestyle took away some of their resources Homestead Act: offered 160 acres of land to settlers who were on the land for more than 5 years, with the goal of people settling further West and promoting agriculture IMPACT: in the end, lots of land grants were given and it allowed people with less opportunities to make use of their new acquired land CHALLENGES: the land West turned out to not be as fertile as they had hoped and the harsh land factors became hardships for those who got land; speculators who would buy land to sell at a higher price later often bought large amounts of land, meaning the people who wanted land to live on couldn’t get as much Pacific Railway Act: series of laws passed in 1862, facilitating the construction of a transcontinental railroad; the federal government would support (with money and land) the construction of two different railroads: Union Pacific and Central Pacific which would later meet in the middle to create the transcontinental railroad IMPACT: connected the East and West leading to westward expansion and economic development CONSEQUENCES: corruption, like the Credit Mobilier Scandal, and Native Americans were moved and lost their land ↳ Transcontinental Railroad: promoted economic growth and settlement, advancement of transportation; First Transcontinental Railroad, Southern Pacific, Northern Pacific, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe, Great Northern; more and more towns were created with the amount of settlers pouring in Mining: After the California Gold Rush, more miners went West to look for gold; the rapid amount of miners flowing in led to Nevada, Idaho, and Montana receiving early statehood; when gold and silver ran out, the prospering cities fell Cattle Frontier: There were 5 million cattle roaming and free grass growing everywhere led to cattle business; railroads linked the Eastern market to the West and low payed cowboys (usually African American or Mexicans) walked the cattle out DECLINE: In the 1880’s when they overused the land, leading to the destroyment of the land; also the use of barbed wire, used by farmers to scientifically breed better cattle → ended the open land era “Free silver” Movement: The Coinage Act of 1873 suspended the coinage of silver, meaning the coin supply was limited to only gold; the people advocated for unlimited coinage of silver at a 16:1 ratio SUPPORTERS: Farmers, silver miners, Democrats OPPOSERS: Bankers, industrialists, people who trusted gold’s stability Congress Response: Bland-Allison Act (1878) required government to coin $2 million~$4 million of silver a month ↳ Compromise between free silver advocates and gold standard advocates because it still issued silver money but the amount was limited The Grange: Farmers movement founded in 1867 while encouraging the participation of women; since they couldn’t build railroads themselves to ship their goods, they selected state legislators who would make “Granger Laws” which set a maximum price limit on rates [states vs. business] CHALLENGES: In Munn v. Illinois (1877), the Supreme Court ruled that business used for the public could be regulated by the states [pro-farmer ruling] Interstate Commerce Act (1887): passed by Congress that prices have to be reasonable and just; Interstate Commerce Commission was a federal agency to enforce the act but they had little power to enforce and courts often sided with the businesses Farmers Alliance: Farmer’s organization that addressed worker exploitation, became the National Farmers Alliance and industrial Union by 1890 which its agenda being: 1. Gradual income tax 2. Direct election (instead of through state legislatures) of senators 3. Unlimited coinage of silver at 16:1 4. Government control ↳ sub treasuries of federal government for crop storages ⭑ Most important to farmers since it would allow for crop storage until prices were favorable The Great Railroad Strike of 1877: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cut wages by 10%, workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia walked out and protested which then spread nationally and workers from all over the country started protesting OPPOSITION: Armies put down the workers because they feared a national government revolt, middle class who were also afraid wanted armories in cities “Indian Problem”: People wanted to settle further West but there were already Indians and other wild animals living there, the solutions included things like murdering, and the Indian Peace Commission* * Congress would negotiate peace treaties, which were often broken, with the Native Americans to resolve conflicts in the way of westward settlement * Indian Appropriation Act (1871): The US stopped recognizing tribes as independent nation; government started violating the treaties they made with the Native Americans KEY FIGURE: Chief Joseph: A Native American who advocated for Native rights and resisting westward expansion Ghost Dance Movement: The Native Americans prayed and did religious rituals hoping to drive the Americans out of their land, obviously didn’t work and many killed in response MEXICAN TRADE INCREASED AFTER MEXICO’S INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN; MEXICANS KEPT COMING WEST FOR JOBS Reservation policy: Wanted to relocate the Native Americans to places called reservations to control and manage them, but the lad they were relocated to usually had bad land or was far from their ancestral home, peace treaties often broken for government benefit Assimilation: Another solution to the “Indian Problem”, conversion to Christianity and teaching them white American culture ↳ Boarding schools (ex. Carlisle school) were where Americans could “help” Indians be more American and kids would be sent to enforce the culture [ex. Beaten if they didn’t speak English] A Century of Dishonor: Published by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 written about the mistreatment of the Native American tribes to raise public awareness about the injustice IMPACT: led to the growing awareness of reforms and awareness “New” and “Old” Immigrants: Between 1880-1920 there was a big wave of immigrants, approximately a third of the already existing population came in; most went to Northeast/Midwest * “new immigrants” were those in 1880 or later, seen as impoverished, inferior, and incapable of understanding American views mostly came due to economic hardships but came only temporarily for money, not a home (men > women) * South/Eastern Europe, Asia * Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Orthodox * Greek, Italian, Russian, Japanese * “old immigrants” were those from Northwest Europe, seen as sophisticated and mature * Great Britain, Scottish, Dutch * Protestant * Northern/Western Europe ↓ Immigrants made up about 70% of the workforce, but hard, risky labor with lower wages and long working hours [Ethnic middle class emerged when the immigrants started businesses and did business with people they trusted (same language, etc)] Chinese Exclusion Act: Government tried to keep the Chinese out of the country, reflected the anti-Chinese growing sentiment in the United States ↳ They started to forge documents to enter but were sent back, then started to enter illegally through Canada and Mexico Pendleton Act: Civil service jobs required an exam to fill in order to get rid of the spoils system but the government positions of these were limited Why was this gilded? It looks good on paper, it seems like they’re trying to solve an issue but in reality it didn’t have that big of an impact Standard Time Zones: Cities used to keep their own time from the sun’s meridian but railroad companies wanted to standardize time with four different time zones and clocks at the same time OPPOSITION: Some argued it interfered with “God’s time” but was quickly adopted throughout the country Knights of Labor: A labor organization with Powderly as its leader founded in Pennsylvania, gained national members by the 1880’s; wanted the artisan republicanism of the antebellum period back ADVOCATED FOR: 8 hour days, equal gender pay, no child labor, gradual income tax, public railroad ownership; seen as more inclusive but most didn’t admit black people Powderly didn’t like strikes because: 1. Losing a strike meant the group would be destroyed 2. Wanted workers to get all the wages they got [if they striked they wouldn’t get their pay] Haymarket Square Incident: Chicago was seen as a city of labor activism so the police were rather hostile to labor organizers; a fight in Haymarket Square led to a police attack with 4 killed → men organized a protest meeting and when the police arrived near the end of the meeting someone threw a bomb causing the police to open fire RESULT: 50 wounded 10 dead and gave punishment to eight Germans they felt were at blame IMPACT: Knights of Labor got backlash even though they didn’t have anything to do with it and increasing anti-immigrant and anti-labor sentiment within the public AF of L: Leader was Samuel Gompers and came into power as the Knights of Labor declined; growth was slowed due to the fact that there were no laws protecting unions ADVOCATED FOR: better conditions, high wages, less hours, safety Limited success with not enough members and concentration on skilled craft works [excluded unskilled workers], prejudice In Lochner v. New York, Supreme Court ruled that a New York state law limiting working hours was unconstitutional (pro-business government example) Dawes Severalty Act: breaking up “uncivilized” tribal organization and divided tribal land into plots of 160 acres of land and whoever lived on it for more than 25 years would get citizenship; gave 160 acres of land to families if they were “Americanized” and were living the way the government thought they should IMPACT: reduced Native American claims as time went on Why was this gilded? Looks good on paper and 47 million acres of land presented to Indians but the best land with good conditions were sold off not to Native Americans Sherman Antitrust Act: “restraint of trade” (action that interferes with free competition) was illegal Why was this gilded? Looks good on paper but it was too vague and didn’t actually do anything to end monopoly of businesses US v. EC Knight Company ruled that the federal government didn’t have authority over manufacturing since it wasn’t commerce (pro-business government example) Homestead Strike: Carnegie wanted to destroy the country’s biggest union: Amalgamated Association and his plant manager (Frick) tried to close the Homestead plant in order to reopen it without unionists but they striked and refused to leave RESULT: Called in guards, led to a gun battle with 9 strikers and 7 guards dead and many wounded PUBLIC SYMPATHIZED WITH THE UNION UNTIL SOMEONE TRIED TO MURDER FRICK People’s Party: third party formed by Alliancemen when the Farmers Alliance and Grangers felt the public would have opposition ADVOCATED FOR: silver coinage, sub treasuries, government control, gradual income tax, direct election, labor union protection * Nominated a Union veteran for president and Confederate veteran for vice president for the election of 1892 but the result was terrible and only really carried West states heavy on wheat and silver with the exception of some South states BLACK PEOPLE MOSTLY STAYED REPUBLICAN * Omaha Platform: Political program adopted by the People’s Party at a convention in Omaha, Nebraska; in response to the grievances that farmers were experiencing like debt, declining prices, big business monopoly, etc * AGENDA: * Silver backed money * Graduated income tax [the more you make, the more you pay] * Referendum (state level) * Direct election instead of through state legislatures * Direct election of Senators * Sub treasuries * Public ownership of railroads [government = people] * 8 hour work day and union protection * A way to get industrial workers to join the Populist Party PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS High shipping costs Regulation, government ownership of railroads to make prices fair Overproduction by farmers Sub treasuries within government where they could store crops; government would give loans until prices were favorable Deflation/farmer’s debt Wanted silver-backed money; this would put more cash into circulation which would cause inflation meaning value of their debt decreases Laissez-faire government, pro business New political party to implement change Panic of 1893: The crisis was caused by numerous reasons and caused lots of consequences and unemployment was one of them; the public started to strike and protest against the unemployment caused by the Panic of 1893 IMPACT: People blamed the major parties who wouldn’t listen to them so it boosted the Populist Party and more people joined Coxey’s Army: A group of people led by Jacob Coxey protesting against the unemployment and demanding the government to do something about it but Coxey was arrested for trespassing onto Capitol grounds 1893 Columbian Exposition: A fair in Chicago celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus finding America ↳ White City: In the middle of the fair, buildings were white to mimic the Greece/Rome architecture and to recognize the advancements of American civilization; temporary, flimsy material that wouldn’t hold through even winter ↳ Inspired the City Beautiful movement where city planners would have similar order throughout the US SYMBOLIZE: Nation’s capacity for rebirth and the American dream of perfection Why was this gilded? It symbolizes the innovations and advancements but in reality it also symbolized the racial hierarchy by depicting non-white Americans as bad Turner’s Frontier Thesis: Turner published an essay during the World’s Fair, where he said settling into the frontier would lead to building civilization and felt it was a safety valve with opportunities for a fresh start AMERICAN IDENTITY: Frontiers symbolized independence, individuality, democracy; * Remaking yourself in the West * Fresh new start * HAVE to be innovative in the West as an identity of American ingenuity * Too many people migrated to the West so it's not a frontier anymore = closing of the frontier OPPOSITION: Historians opposed by saying that frontier cities were nothing new and developed due to city growth Pullman Strike: Fueled by labor and capitol conflicts; George Pullman made a living off cars/railroad stocks, cut off ⅓ of his employees but didn’t reduce the company house rent, store prices, etc leading to strike ↳ Called the American Railway Union which was founded in 1893 by Eugene Debs to include all railway workers into one Union Pullman refused to mediate the protest leading to the American Railway Union boycotting transfers of Pullman cars RESULT: Equipment was destroyed, workers killed, and Debs went to prison Booker T. Washington: advocated for technical education for Blacks during his Atlanta Exposition Speech, in exchange for segregation support; White people loved him because his beliefs benefitted them and it made them feel better if they supported a civil rights leader Plessy v. Ferguson: Ruled that disobeying the Jim Crow Laws would be met with punishment as long as the separate facilities were equal except they never were MEANING: Segregation would be permitted as long as the facilities were separate but equal William Jennings Bryan: One term congressman advocating for free silver in the Populist Party Cross of Gold speech: opposed gold standard and that free silver would expand economy, secured him a nomination for the Election of 1892 ↳ Two ideas of government; either make upper class wealthy and top rises OR make lower class wealthy and all classes rise Election of 1896: Democrats fused with the Populist Party, therefore the election was a two party election; REPUBLICANS: nominated William McKinley who focused on the tariff ↳ Portrayed Bryan as a wild person who would make the economy worse DEMOCRATS: nominated William Bryan who focused on free silver RESULTS: McKinley won with carrying the northeast and Republicans gained Congress control; McKinley proved true to his words and pulled the country out of depression within the first year of his term so the silver issue lost its influence MARKED THE END OF THE GILDED GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION ERA Political Machines: A group, usually run by one “boss” or small group of leaders, disregarded election laws but provided immigrants with services and upward mobility opportunities Tammany Hall: Democratic Party’s political machine in New York by late 1800’s How did Tammany get votes? * Tammany operated like a “machine” by breaking the city into small parts and each member of his group would be assigned a certain amount of votes they needed to get * Waited at ports to get immigrant votes * People could vote multiple times by changing their appearances (hair, beard, etc) * No private voting, ballots were a different color based on the political party or candidate The “Lost Cause”: False Southern ideology that the only reason why the South lost the Civil War was because the Union had such big advantages during the War PLEASED EX SLAVE OWNERS AND SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS Sharecropping: Farmers would work on a piece of land and the payment would be a share of their crop; this was because the post-war South didn’t have a lot of money due to war debts * Usually owed debt to landowners and to the merchants who rented them supplies * The debt they usually owed outnumbered the amount they made, so they were stuck in the cycle of working for the landowners Crop Lien System: Merchants provide farmers with supplies in exchange for possession of their next crop, made farmers dependent on merchants CHALLENGES: There was often a high interest so the amount they owed increased as time went on, leading to the never-ending cycle of debt Social Darwinism: Justified wealth because it's the “survival of the fittest” as a law of nature and God; at first used by the intellectuals but later adopted by the public and working class simply couldn’t survive because they weren’t “fit” Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: Garment factory in NYC with no fire escapes and doors locked to keep the employees working but a fire most likely caused by a carelessly thrown cigarette butt caused a fire where 146 workers died EMPHASIZES: the lack of government regulations of employee safety and work condition regulations Lynching: Death by hanging, of Blacks increased to 188 per year often having spectators MESSAGE: Stay in your place in the white-dominated society ↳ Ida B. Wells: African American journalist who did an anti-lynching campaign but was later forced to flee North where she was met with less attention, eventually moving to England where she gained publicity [Northerners who were sensitive to English opinion sparked attention for anti-lynching] Jim Crow Laws: Mandated racial segregation in all public facilities with many Black opposition; Southern states tried to disenfranchised blacks with things such as poll taxes, literacy tests CONTINUED THROUGHOUT LATER YEARS Convict Leasing: System of forced labor by using the loophole of 13th amendment, the Black Codes were a set of laws and if they violated any of the laws, they would be forced into labor; LOTS of White people used this as an excuse to set up the system of slavery again “Solid South”: the idea that all Southerners voted Democratically leading to white Democrat politician control * In order to secure solid South, white men made all of the rules so nothing to protect the Black people “New South”: After Reconstruction, the economy of the South changed with more industrialization ↳ The South saw new industries and an increase in railroads but they still found it hard to catch up to the North who had a head start; North was investing in Southern business which meant the South had less control of its economic decisions Tariff Issue: Grover Cleveland (1885 President) said lower taxes would reduce consumer goods cost and increase American exports but Republicans disagreed and wanted high tariffs McKinley Tariff: Increased taxes of lots of products to an average of about 50% Pools: A part of corporate consolidation, businesses will have standardized rates, or increase/decrease rates depending on the situation and with little competition; A part of the “big business” idea in America Thomas Edison: Invented many things useful then created his own company: Edison Electric Light Company; many scientists including Edison found new ways to use electricity, and electricity eventually became ⅓ of the industry by 1920 EMPHASIZES: The technological advances during this time Mass Production: Increasing production speed with low costs by replacing skilled workers with high paced machines that humans normally couldn’t keep up with This and “mass distribution” (aggressive promotion to get people to buy) became America’s “big business” CONSEQUENCES: The high pace machines usually were dangerous which shows the government's lack of condition regulation Corporate Consolidation: Merging, integrations to make the company bigger; railroads cooperated with each other through shared information, market division, standardized rates OFTEN FAILED BECAUSE THE TRUST WAS BROKEN FOR SINGULAR MARKET GAIN Frederick Taylor: Similar to Edison, he was an engineer and founded the Scientific Management system Scientific management: Changes in management, founded by Taylor and the idea that when advancements were happening, the need for high speed efficiency with speedy machines and workers that can keep up with the machines; EFFICIENCY = MORE PROFIT = HIGHER WAGE “Robber Baron”: Industrial titans who were criticized for harsh business practices and their luxurious lifestyles leading to some giving their money away to improve their public image; opposites were industrial statements who were wealthy but uplifting society Andrew Carnegie: Corporate titan who created Carnegie Steels after the Civil War, started using vertical integration, making his business stronger Gospels of Wealth: A philosophy of Andrew Carnegie that wealthy should donate to charity to improve welfare and make opportunities for the public and for themselves John Rockefeller: Ruthless corporate titan who was in charge of Standard Oil, ruined his competitors by making them go bankrupt with predatory pricing, rebates from railroads * Used horizontal integration with other companies, then did vertical integration which led to him controlling about 90% of the oil business Industrial Workers of the World: Union organization founded in Chicago and known for its socialist values by William Haywood Madame CJ Walker: Built a business off of products that she created and sold them to Black people throughout the country but Black communities were often smaller with less economic opportunities “Walking cities”: Urban areas designed to commute by foot, with a compact layout; Usually for poor people who couldn’t afford trolleys to transport themselves to work every morning, as opposed to wealthy people who lived a little bit away since they could afford transportation and didn’t want to live in the same communities as the industries ↳ Another development of cities: The sewage and water systems were pumped for inhabitants but not so much in poor cities * Why was this gilded? → the workers used to build were immigrants and the costs weren’t as impressive [workers weren’t paid well either] * Consequence: Water was contaminated so it killed thousands of people in certain cities until water filtration was installed Frederick Law Ohmsted: Designed the Central park where people could escape from the city; EMPHASIZES: the importance of education through beauty of art but the wealthy were worried that the public would ignore institutions; leading to people petitioning to open museums on Sundays (most day off) so more people could enjoy the art RAPID ADVANCEMENTS MEANT GROWING GAPS BETWEEN THE RICH AND POOR, VIOLENCE, CORRUPTION INFLUENTIAL WRITING [not listed as unit terms] * Looking Backward: Published in 1888, the message is that the world would be better if they stopped discriminating against inequalities * Progress and Poverty: Published in 1879. answers the question of why poverty still exists even when the cities and innovations are advancing so quickly and that was because of unequal distribution of land ownership APUSH UNIT 9 Unit Terms: * Muckrakers * Realism * Settlement houses * Jane Addams * Hull House (September 18, 1889) * How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis (1890) * Socialist Party of America (1901) * Eugene Debs * City commission plan/City manager plan * Direct primary * Referendum * Recall * Australian ballot * Personal registration laws * Alice Paul * Robert LaFollette * Booker T. Washington * Plessy v. Ferguson * W.E.B. DuBois * Theodore Roosevelt * Square Deal * 1902 coal miners strike * Northern Securities case (1904) * Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) * Trust-busting * The Jungle (1906) * Hepburn Act (1906) * Interstate Commerce Commission * Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) * Meat Inspection Act (1906) * National Park Service * William Howard Taft * NAACP (1909) * Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) * Ballinger Pinchot Affair (1909-1910) * Mann Act (1910) * Woodrow Wilson * New Freedom * 16th Amendment (1913) * 17th Amendment (1913) * Federal Reserve Act (1913) * Federal Trade Commission (1914) * 18th Amendment (1919) * 19th Amendment (1920) Presidency: Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) : 1901-1909 William Taft (Republican) : 1909-1913 Muckrakers: Young Protestant journalists who wanted to get rid of the “muck” in the world and replace it with institutions; they journaled to inform the public about the corrupt world and encourage them to take action against it ↳ Applauded by the middle class who then pressured government to get rid of the corruption (also supported by Roosevelt) The Jungle: Published in 1906 about working conditions and eventually forced the federal government to regulate the meat industry CONTENT: Talked about how they would make lard out of cow fat but the vat would be below ground level and since the floors are slippery it was really easy to fall into the boiling hot container and their body wouldn’t be found until bones were seen when cleaning the vat out; DRAWBACKS: Didn’t lead to people sympathizing for the workers, but actually they were worried about what was in their food Realism: A new trend in art, literature → depicting things in a REAL manner by exposing the harsh realities of the world [ex. The way the poor lives, or the dirty streets] IMPACT: Raised awareness about social injustice and led to some reform movements to fix these problems How the Other Half Lives: Written by Jacob Riis who was a photographer and often staged his photos; “other half” refers to the poor immigrants or workers to raise awareness to improve living conditions Why was this a drawback in some ways? In the book he often portrayed them in a racist way, using racial stereotypes and depicting them as victims who can’t do anything, failing to show the resilience and hard work they put in Settlement Houses: Institutions created by middle class Protestant women to help out the poor ↳ Hull House: First settlement house founded in Chicago, built by Jane Addams* and Ellen Starr which inspired man other houses Who really benefited from the Hull House? Most of the things [ex. English class, cooking class, 18th amendment] offered by the Hull House encouraged assimilation for the “new immigrants” leading them to lose sight of their culture *Jane Addams: moved into the Hull House building where she set up nurseries, bank, playground, employment agency, etc; encouraged immigrants to integrate their own culture into their life but discouraged prostitution and criticized alcoholism Mann Act: Prohibited the moving of women like property across a border, usually being forced into prostitution DRAWBACKS: What if they wanted to go into prostitution? What if she was being moved across a border with consent to live there with a man? INTENT: To keep of women’s actions so they could control them in a closer view more Socialist Party: Founded in 1901 and fueled progressivism under socialist ideas which spread even more with newspaper circulation ↳ Eugene Debs was the presidential candidate of many elections, with the Election of 1912 being the most prominent with the highest votes CONSISTED OF MANY POPULISTS WHO SWITCHED OVER ↳ Some INCLUDING Debs wanted to end capitalism completely, advocated for no child labor, less hours, equal gender rights, self freedom City Commission Plan (1) / City Manager Plan (2): (1) City commission power shift from mayor to five commissioners who were responsible for city government departments; adopted by 300 cities by 1913; SOMETIMES LED TO CORRUPTION WITH THE POLITICAL REWARDS (2) Commissioner’s policy would be implemented by a chief executive elected by the commissioners to ensure no outside influence THESE REFORMS DECREASED THE MINORITIES IN VOTING AND SOCIALISTS IN OFFICE BECAME ZERO Direct Primary: Introduced in 1902, people choose the party candidates; before this party bosses chose the party’s election candidate which led to people being dissatisfied with the system 17th Amendment: Ratified in 1913, Senate was obliged to make it mandatory for direct election of Senators by state voters; seen as necessary to reduce the influence of big businesses; but some people didn’t like it because they thought it tipped off the balance of power between state and federal government Referendum: Proposed in 1890s, first adopted in 1902, gave voters the right to repeal an act that the state passed Recall: Allowed voters to remove officials who betrayed their trust MADE POLITICS MORE HONEST AND GAVE VOTERS MORE INFLUENCE Australian Ballot: Required voters to vote in secret than public and government had to print the ballots instead of parties GOAL: To get rid of voting corruption and prevent political parties from bribing the voters to vote for them KEY THING TO REMEMBER: Some political machines had colored ballots so people would know who voted for what candidate based on the color of their ballot; the pressure of the higher ups and everyone else seeing who you’re voting for LESS CORRUPTION Personal Registration Laws: Passed by almost every state in 1890-1920; voters could only vote if you registered with identification and a certain period of state residence and time between the registration and vote was required GOAL: To get rid of people who didn’t do anything until voting day and just went to go vote for the political party bribes CONSEQUENCES: This excluded poor voters who couldn’t register 19th Amendment: Ratified in 1920, enfranchisement of women ↳ Less populated states felt the gentle nature of women would balance and tame the men Alice Paul: Founded the National Women’s Party and protested at the White House to give women voting rights Robert LaFollete: Leader of the Republican corruption rid movement, born into a farming family and became governor; aimed for both direct primary and tax law Kern-McGillicuddy Act / Keating Owen Act / Adamson Act: A set of laws states passed by 1910; set worker’s injury compensation, prohibited child labor, 8 hour day for railroad workers Booker T. Washington: W.E.B DuBois: His approach was different compared to Booker T. Washington and he opposed his “acceptance” of segregation ↳ First African American to receive a PhD from Harvard University but because of his skin color, he couldn’t get far ADVOCATED FOR: Black enfranchisement, no segregation, and no discrimination * Founded the NAACP: launched in 1910 and marked the start of the modern civil rights movement * Also launched The Crisis to publicize the Black discrimination and protest against it Theodore Roosevelt: A Republican who was McKinley’s running mate in 1900, wanted to get rid of the Republican corruption from the inside → The party made him vice president for safety ↳ McKinley was shot barely into his 2nd term so Roosevelt became president, making him the youngest president ever even to this day ↳ He was affectionate for the “people” and a strong reformer ↳ Unpopular among Congress because he kept claiming lots of land, but was popular among the people Northern Securities Case: The Northern Securities Company was a $400 million monopoly that controlled all railroad lines in the Northwest; Roosevelt used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break it up ↳ The federal court ordered the company to dissolve in 1903, they did a year later Clayton Antitrust Act: Made rules to prevent the trusts that the Sherman Act was meant to break from even becoming one by making certain things illegal IMPACT: The first time the Sherman Antitrust Act was ever used in real life [it used to just look good on paper] and Roosevelt became known as the trust-buster Square Deal: The name for Roosevelt’s presidency campaign, wanted business owners and workers get a fair shot, not just robber barons at the top 1902 Coal Miners Strike: United Mine Workers wanted recognition for better pay and less hours so they went on strike ↳ Roosevelt called them over to the White House but instead of arresting them, he went to their employer and threatened them to cooperate or else their property would be taken away Hepburn Act: Increased the Interstate Commerce Commission’s ability to set rates Pure Food and Drug Act: Protected the public from dangerous foods and medications Meat Inspection Act: Government had to monitor quality and safety of meat sold to the public ↳ Upset some socialists because The Jungle was supposed to give recognition for the workers but the people were actually just upset about what was going into their stomachs National Park Service: (1916) 5 new national parks, 16 national monuments, 53 new reserves in the West REASON: Roosevelt felt the wildlife in the West was a way to exercise your physical and to learn more about the nation’s roots ↳ Appointed Public Land Commission to study the land and regulate the kinds and numbers of users [ROOSEVELT AND CONSERVATIVES INCLUDING PINCHOT DECLARED LOTS OF LAND OFF LIMITS TO MINING AND CONSTRUCTION] William Howard Taft: Secretary of War while Roosevelt was president so Roosevelt felt he was a good successor, but it turned out he appointed corporate lawyers over reformers for cabinet positions ↳ Broke up more trust than Roosevelt did Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act: In 1909, didn’t do anything to reduce tariffs, inevitably not benefitting the workers ↳ Progressives wanted lower tariffs because that would mean more foreign competition which would mean lower prices Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: Pinchot was the head of the National Forest Service; Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger opened up land that was under federal protection for private use ↳ Taft defended Ballinger, Roosevelt came back to defend Pinchot → Taft + Ballinger vs. Roosevelt + Pinchot Woodrow Wilson: When Roosevelt came back for the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair, he created the Progressive Party so the split Republican votes led to the Democratic candidate, Wilson, winning the election ↳ Aligned himself with the anti-Bryan Democrats which appealed to the wealthy conservatives Right after he became governor he withdrew from the Democratic Party and voiced for reform Election of 1912: 3 reform candidates Wilson, Roosevelt, Debs New Freedom: TEMPORARY increase of government power to break trusts COMPLETELY; aligned with the radical Socialists * As opposed to New Nationalism: Roosevelt's idea of a strong central government to REGULATE and decrease monopoly power if NEEDED * Wilson defended businesses, not labor organizations and no racial equality 16th Amendment: Ratified in 1913, gave government the power to add an income tax; and didn’t require the federal government to distribute the tax money they collected to states based on their population Federal Reserve Act: In 1913, established 12 regional banks, each controlled by a private bank which was required to deposit 6% of its income into its regional bank ↳ Connects to the Populist Party with the “free silver movement” and the idea of not enough money to back up paper money out West ↳ Does the job of a National Bank but with more regulation ↳ Sets interest rates which affect inflation and was a way to regulate the economy INCREASED GOVERNMENT’S CONTROL AND DIDN’T BREAK UP PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS Federal Trade Commission Act: In 1914, created an agency that would regulate business practice, had lots of power to collect info but lost power to attack trusts due to the Senate taking them away [Progressives enfranchised women and broke laissez faire, bringing strong government away from monopolies. Federal government involvement is better than local, but government regulation could be taken advantage of for the benefit of corporations. Progressivism still a work in progress] MORE REGULATION IN SOME PARTS BUT MORE CONTROL IN OTHER PARTS Roosevelt (1901-1909) * Hepburn Act 1906 * Pure Food/Drug Act 1906 * Conservation movement * Northern Securities case 1904 * New Nationalism 1910 * trust busting * City commission/manager thing Taft (1909-1913) * Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act 1909 * Ballinger-Pinchot Affair 1910 * Mann Act (1910) * 16th amendment 1913 (also did trust busting + conservation stuff) Wilson (1913-1921) * 17th amendment (1913) * Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913) * Federal Reserve Act (1913) * New Freedom (his campaign platform) LATER BECAME New Nationalist * Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) * Keating-Owens Act (1916) * Adamson Act (1916) * 19th amendment (1920) (super racist, segregated admin, etc.) Republican ROOSEVELT (progressive) + TAFT (conservative) * they had some disagreements in political actions → Roosevelt creates Progressive party * High tariffs * Individualism (government by the people) Progressive ROOSEVELT * formation of this party split the Republican vote and helped Wilson/Dem. win election of 1912 NEW NATIONALISM * social welfare + economic reform * women’s suffrage * REGULATE large monopolies * conservation of natural resources Democratic WILSON NEW FREEDOM: * break up monopolies * free market competition * bank reform → Fed. Reserve Act * LIMITED federal government → more individual liberties Populist * mostly for agrarian/farmer reform * mostly dissolved by 1900 * Want regulation of big businesses * Income tax * Sub-treasury * Direct election Socialist EUGENE V DEBS * advocate for government ownership of utilities * better work conditions/8 hr work day, better wages * universal suffrage * income tax * Most were former Populists APUSH UNIT 10 * Purchase of Alaska (1867) * Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) * Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893) * Hawaii (1898-1959) * Imperialism * Jingoism * Hearst vs. Pulitzer * Yellow journalism * De Lome Letter (1898) * USS Maine (1898) * Teller Amendment (1898) * Anti-Imperialist League (1898) * American-Filipino War (1899-1902) * Open Door Policy (1899) * Boxer Rebellion (1899) * Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” * Platt Amendment (1903) * Panama Canal (1903-1914) * Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine * Great White Fleet (1907-1909) * “Gentlemen’s Agreement” (1907) * Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) * “dollar diplomacy” * Triple Alliance (1914) * Triple Entente (1914) * Secret alliances (1914) * U-boats (1914) * Lusitania (1915) * Sussex Pledge (1916) * “he kept us out of war” * “peace without victory” * Zimmerman telegram (1917) * Jones Act (1917) * Committee on Public Information (1917) * Selective Service Act (1917) * Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition Acts (1917-1918) * Fourteen Points (1918) * The Food Administration (1917) * U.S. Railroad Administration (1917) * War Industries Board (1917) * The Great Migration * National War Labor Board (1918) * Liberty Bonds * 18th Amendment (1919) * Treaty of Versailles (1919) * Lodge vs. Wilson (1919) * Irreconcilables (1919) * Boston Policemen’s Strike (1919) * League of Nations (1920) * Article X of Covenant * Sacco-Vanzetti case (1921) * Immigration Restriction Act (1924) * IWW * Socialist Party * Eugene V. Debs * Red Scare * Marcus Garvey (1918 rise to influence) * Black nationalism Purchase of Alaska: Alaska had been under Russia/Great Britain control but Russia eventually gained control however once Russia got it the threat of Britain was too big so Russia looked for countries to sell it to and turned to the US ↳ William Seward (Secretary of State 1861-1869) needed to convince Congress to purchase the land, they did approve because Russia helped them during the Civil War ↓ Russia sold Alaska to the US for $7.2 million but was seen as “Seward’s Icebox” because no one saw potential in the land Hawaii: Seward failed to annex Hawaii during his time as Secretary of State, but was later annexed in July 1898 and became US territory in 1900; a state in 1959 Imperialism: Control and power outside of borders through military and diplomatic means SUPPORT 1. Economic interest: foreign markets ↳ Republican, industrialist, farmers 2. Wanted more power in world affairs ↳ Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote The influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) arguing a strong navy was necessary ↓ US became 3rd largest navy by 1910 3. Social fears like lack of frontier ↳ Urban workers, farmers ↳ Turner’s Frontier Thesis: Turner published an essay during the World’s Fair, where he said settling into the frontier would lead to building civilization and felt it was a safety valve with opportunities for a fresh start AMERICAN IDENTITY: Frontiers symbolized independence, individuality, democracy; * Remaking yourself in the West * Fresh new start * HAVE to be innovative in the West as an identity of American ingenuity * Too many people migrated to the West so it's not a frontier anymore = closing of the frontier ↳ Was used to show that we needed to go outside of borders since we couldn’t go further west in our own country anymore 4. Social Darwinism ↳ Survival of the fittest applies to countries too, the stronger countries need to conquer the weaker ones because they are more fit to survive 5. Protests felt they had a duty to spread Catholicism to “less fortunate” countries in order to save them 6. More exotic foreign stories about the outside world that most people hadn’t been to ↳ Newspaper, journal editors OPPOSITION 1. Self-determination: Government by the people should apply everywhere to all countries, they shouldn’t be oppressed by us 2. Whites aren’t superior to other races OR didn’t want to add new races 3. George Washington’s Farewell Address and his warning of foreign affairs 4. Expenses/cost too high ↳ Where would we get the money? Jingoism: Extreme aggressive nationalism with a need for foreign policy → wanted to become an imperialist like Europe; itching to fight ↳ Theodore Roosevelt was a prominent jingoist Hearst vs. Pulitzer: The first newspaper exceeding a million in circulation was Pulitzer’s New York World about stories of crime, disaster, and political/economic corruption; Hearst’s New York Journal used scandals and exciting stories to increase circulation as well Yellow Journalism: War encouragements with exaggerations of Spanish actions to urge Americans to put an end to Spain’s rule ↳ Most newspaper companies just wanted to sell De Lome Letter: Letter from a Spanish diplomat to Spanish minister, De Lome, it criticized McKinley which led to it being considered a Spanish insult to the US USS Maine: Right after the letter, the US battleship exploded in Cuban harbor and the yellow press accused Spain for its sinking ↳ Turned out it wasn’t Cuba’s fault and was just an accident Spanish-American War: McKinley sent out a war message to Congress: 1. Would end immorality in Cuba 2. Protect US citizens in Cuba 3. Better the trade and business 4. Cuban disorder was a threat to peace Teller Amendment: Part of Congress authorizing war but no political control of the nation and Cubans could control their own government ↳ Despite their agreement, US troops stayed in Cuba after the war Treaty of Paris: provided 1) Cuban independence 2) US gain Puerto Rico and Guam 3) US control of Philippines for $20 million to Spain; ratified in 1899 Anti-Imperialist League: Led by William Bryan, opposing expansion ↳ Did Constitution ideals qualify to territories of the US as well? Or just the citizens in the US? Platt Amendment: Withdrawal of troops with Cuba’s acceptance of conditions: 1) To never sign a treaty with power that would impair independence 2) Allow US to become part of Cuban affairs 3) Let US keep naval bases in Cuba ↳ Cuba became subject to US control despite the Teller Amendment RESULTS: US recognition in Europe and South became more unionized with the whole country since the Civil War Rough Riders: Headed by Roosevelt, quite navy so he could fight; fought alongside all Black regiments but the Blacks didn’t get as much recognition as the others did American-Filipino War: After the US helped the Flipinos during the Spanish American War, the US came to take control of the Philippines, upsetting the Filipinos; the Filipinos revolted against the US and then failed to go against the US Open-Door Policy: John Hay (McKinley’s secretary of state) didn’t like weakened China being under control of other countries and establishing spheres of influence; Hay sent a note to other nations asking for equal trade in all of China ↳ No one opposed but no one cooperated either Boxer Rebellion: Due to growing xenophobia in China, Boxers (secret society of nationalists) attacked foreigners and killed Christian missionaries ↳ US troops stopped the rebellion and forced China to pay compensation Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stick” IMPACT: Strengthened US power and influence; helped secure political and economic interest; sometimes led to military actions that were seen as imperialistic Panama Canal: US wanted a canal connecting Atlantic and Pacific Ocean but needed British approval to build one without coexisting British control; Columbia refused the construction within the Panama territory ↳ Panama revolted with US support and gained independence from Columbia < Panama had to sign property to the US for the canal > Construction completed in 10 years but Canal Zone eventually returned to Panama and $25 million to Columbia Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: Just an extension of the Monroe Doctrine permitting the US to intervene in Latin America between European conflicts Why did this happen? ↳ European powers intervened with San Domingo (Dominican Republic) since they couldn’t pay debt but Roosevelt used Monroe Doctrine to step in CONSEQUENCES: Future presidents often used this to justify sending troops back to Latin America Great White Fleet: Big ships sent around the world to demonstrate its naval power; similar to the Chicago World Exposition Fair where it showed the US power to the world Root-Takahira Agreement: Agreement signed between US and Japan to reduce the risk of war; US sec Elihu Root and Takahira agreed on mutual respect as well as China’s Open Door support “Gentlemen’s agreement”: California laws segregated japanese so Roosevelt arranged an informal compromise ↳ US would stop segregating in exchange for Japanese government [secretly] agreeing to Japanese worker emigration restrictions “Dollar Diplomacy”: William Taft’s policy and depended on currency over the navy, promoted US goods by supporting them abroad; Investments in China/ Central America [Opposition: anti-imperialists] ↳ Taft was able to invest railroads in China, but Japan/ Russia had their own agreement EXCLUDING the US Jones Act: Wilson opposed “big stick”, imperialism, and “dollar diplomacy” and wanted to show he RESPECTED the other nations ↳ 1) Full territorial status to Philippines 2) Bill of right, male suffrage to Filipino citizens 3) Philippine independence US granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917 WWI: How did it start? ↳ A Bosnian nationalist assassinated Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austro-Hungarian throne) as an act to protest against the Imperialism in the Balkans ↓ Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia since they felt they were to blame ↓ Russia obligated to defend Serbia against Austria-Hungary; causing Germany to protect Austria-Hungary ↓ Germany attacked France instead of Russia itself ↓ Britain declared war on Germany American Neutrality: Wilson declared this was a European war, no need to get involved and since we could still trade with both sides we would benefit a lot OPPOSITION: Theodore Rooseclt wanted to join Triple Entente to go against Germany, many felt more aligned with Britain than Germany (which was aligned with a monarchy) US trade with Britain more evident than trade with the Central Powers [FAILURE TO PROTECT TRADE WITH GERMANY PULLED THE US INTO WAR] OUTCOMES: White men who served in the war came back to their jobs being taken by Black people, immigrants, women and wanted them back; Black men who served in the army had hope of being treated normally but were met with the exact opposite: segregation and racial riots; Germany lost majority of its navy and lots of its land was given to other nations Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy would aide each other if attacked → Italy later replaced by the Ottoman Empire ↳ Also later known as the Central Powers Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia against the Triple Alliance ↳ Known as the Allies Secret Alliances: Treaties led to certain countries obligated to defend other countries; Triple Alliance one of them; Russia and Serbia another + others U-Boats (Unterseeboot): First effective submarine used by Germany to sink British ships ↳ Lusitania: British passenger ship secretly carrying weapons to Britain therefore sunken by the U-Boat - Germany argued that the U-Boat’s purpose was on the same level as the purpose of Britain’s blockade of German ports Sussex Pledge: Another German submarine attacked the Sussex (American commercial ship) leading to the pledge where Germany promised to not sink any more ships ↳ Wilson also added bills to increase military, tighten control, and build merchant fleet [Germany announced unrestricted naval warfare because the US was still helping out the British] Wilson wanted nations to negotiate, opposing militarism, earning the title “peace president” and many saying “he kept us out of war” ↳ Believed in “peace without victory” leading to him winning the 1916 elections but after he got elected he stopped following his campaign Zimmerman telegram: Germany proposed a deal to Mexico where if they attacked the US, they would get money and their lost Mexican Cession back IMPACT: Angered the US and Wilson, starting point of American intervention [Intercepted by the BRITISH, passed to the US because Britain needed US help in the war] Fourteen Points: Wilson reaffirmed America’s war aim of setting the stage of an international system for democracy and world peace; his points included the idea of freedom of trade, freedom of seas, open diplomacy, national self-determination, and the League of Nations ↳ Wilson became known as “The Savior of Humanity” and “Moses from Across the Atlantic” by the smaller nations who would get more recognition The Food Administration: federal agency that increased production of food and efficiently distributed food to soldiers, headed by Herbert Hoover US Railroad Administration: Headed by Treasury Secretary William McAdoo, shifted rail system from private to public control and made transportation / good shipping more easy and efficient War Industries Board: Only looked good on paper for some time, established to make use of manufacturing for military needs ↳ Lacked authority to implement plan until Bernard Beruch made war production have high profit and punished those who didn’t cooperate GOVERNMENT AND CORPORATION RELATIONSHIPS BETTER Great Migration: Black people left the rural South to go to industrial North for job opportunities due to labor shortage ↳ Population shift that began in World War I and lasted until World War II National War Labor Board: brought together representatives and the public to shine light on labor issues Selective Service Act: Drafting people of certain age male disregarding wealth, ethnicity ↳ Few resisted getting drafted but black soldiers were segregated into all black regiments ↓ IQ tests “proved” Blacks were morons compared to Whites Liberty Bonds: Individual purchasers would be rewarded with a 3.5% annual interest and became the number 1 source of the government’s income for war expenses Committee on Public Information: Popularize war sentiments with public ↳ Distributed pamphlets regarding US war aims in different languages and deliver war speeches IMPACT: Anti-immigration sentiment increase and deepend class divides even more Immigration Restriction Act: Anti-German sentiments escalated and declared any adult immigrants who failed a reading test would be denied into the US; also banned people from “Asiatic Barred Zone” 18th Amendment: Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in response to anti-immigrant ideals Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition Acts: Administration has power to silence / imprison opposers of anything nationalism ↳ Free speech restriction [against the First Amendment] Schenck v. United States: Schenck opposed the war and recruitment, so he publicly advocated his sentiments which went against the Espionage Act, therefore brought to court but he argued it violated the First Amendment OUTCOME: In favor of the US, there are limits to basic rights and it depends on the situation “Clear and present danger”: A situation where speech or actions pose a threat to the people around them Both IWW and Socialist Party including Eugene Debs and Schenck opposed American intervention ↳ Many of their materials were banned from mails ↳ Federal government encouraged local government and citizens to go against it too Treaty of Versailles: Signed on June 28, 1919 officially ending the World War and forcing Germany to pay $33 billion to victors League of Nations: Would act as an international legislature / judiciary establishing rules and resolving disputes between nations ↳ Exclusive council with US, Japan, Britain, France, Italy having a permanent position with the other four positions rotating among the smaller nations Article X of the Covenant: Would give the league the power to punish nations through economic isolation and military retaliation ↳ Violation of the Constitution? Why would the US go to war based on an international league? ↳ Irreconcilables: A group of Republican Senators who opposed the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles with key figures being Robert LaFollete and William Borah Felt it would go against US sovereignty and Congress’ power to declare war ↳ Wilson vs. Lodge: Henry Cabot Lodge was the leader of a Republican group who wanted to embarrass Wilson due to conflicts that occurred a while back; Lodge agreed with Roosevelt and there should be a balance of power with some powerful nations and some weak → Wilson’s Fourteen Points would make the weak small nations a threat to the US ↳ Most Republicans proposed amendments to the Treaty that addressed reasonable points, but Wilson refused to Compromise OUTCOME: The Treaty was signed by all countries that were a part of it but wasn’t ratified by the US but it did by Germany, Britain, France, Italy Boston Policemen’s Strike: One of the strikes that turned the public against labor forces; when the police administrator refused to negotiate, policemen walked out leading to a strike ↳ MA governor Coolidge became upset and fired the whole workforce, gaining him public support nationwide Red Scare: Moral panic in regards to fear of immigrants who adopted Communist/Socialist ideals ↳ States passed laws to punish those who advocated for a revolution Sacco-Vanzetti Case: Two Italian anarchists convicted for murder when they were just speaking their political beliefs, when brought into court they claimed they were innocent but due to their thick accent they were treated harshly OUTCOME: They were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death Palmer’s raids: On 1/1/1920, federal forces trespassed into homes / meeting places suspected of revolutionaries and were PUBLICIZED; were meant to expose the extremity of revolutionary actions but they found no weapons, or anything in the places they searched IMPACT: Got some public backlash due to his failure so he spread misinformation that the revolutionaries were going to assault government officials and buildings Marcus Garvey: Said they should give up on integration and make their own Black nation in Africa ↳ Black nationalism: Popular amongst people, idea of creating a nation with only Black people in Africa ↳ Founded the UNIA to promote black nationalism and racial uplift but due to his lack of economic experiences he handled money terribly ↳Deported to Jamaica to be silenced APUSH UNIT 11 Unit Terms: * Fundamentalism * The Scopes trial * Prohibition * Immigration restrictions (Emergency Quota Act of 1921, Johnson-Reed Act, 1924) * Sacco and Vanzetti case * Ku Klux Klan * Birth of a Nation * The “lost generation” * Margaret Sanger * The flapper * Harlem Renaissance * Jazz * Marcus Garvey * “Return to Normalcy”/Harding * Teapot Dome scandal * Coolidge * Hoover vs. Smith * Henry Ford/The automobile * Consumerism/buying on credit * Welfare capitalism * Art deco * Mass media * The radio * Pop culture * Charles Lindbergh * Buying stock on margin * Federal Reserve Board * Hawley-Smoot Tariff * Herbert Hoover * The Reconstruction Finance Corp. * Home Loan Bank Board * The Bonus Army * Franklin D. Roosevelt * The First New Deal * Fireside chats * The three R’s * Emergency Banking Relief Act * Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) * Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) * Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) * Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) * National Recovery Administration (NRA) * Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) * Public Works Administration (PWA) * Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) * Federal Housing Administration (FHA) * Redlining * Senator Huey Long * Father Charles Coughlin * Francis E. Townsend * Frances Perkins * The American Communist Party * The Second New Deal * Keynesian economics * Social Security Act * National Labor Relations Act (the Wagner Act) * Works Progress Administration (WPA) * The “Black Cabinet” * Repatriation programs * Bureau of Indian Affairs * Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act) * Good Neighbor Policy * “court packing” * The 1937 recession Fundamentalism: When modernists started to redefine their faith and adapted, fundamentalists criticized modernists with creationism (the idea that God created the universe in 7 days) ↳ [Isolated religion] vs [Combination of religion and science] ↳ Traditional vs modernized created divisions between Protestants FUNDAMENTALIST IDEAS SPREAD USING RADIOS Scopes Trial: A court case in Tennessee in regards to the law that made teaching evolution in public schools illegal; Scopes taught Darwin’s theory of evolution but then he went to court WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN (FUNDAMENTALIST) VS. CLARENCE DARROW (MODERNIST) OUTCOME: Scopes was convicted but the decision was later overturned Nationalism: The trial was followed both in news and radio, people started to become interested in teaching evolution Prohibition: Despite the 18th Amendment being enforced, people smuggled liquor into bars and officials were paid off not to say anything KEY POINT: WWI led to a new wave of immigrants, which increased nativism which in turn increased prohibition sentiments RESULT: The 21st Amendment which repealed the 18th Amendment Immigration Restrictions: WWI immigration wave increased nativism ↳ Emergency Quota / Johnson-Reed Act: targeted mostly Asians and “new” immigrants → Canadians / Latin Amricans were exempt from these laws IMPACT: Significantly decreased the amount of immigrants coming in Sacco and Vanzetti Case: People protested against the case but they were still executed SYMBOLIZES: Some people were on the same side as immigrants Ku Klux Klan: Resurfaced in the 1920’s but not just the South this time, also in the Midwest → hostile towards groups OTHER than African Americans [Jews/Catholics/Immigrants] ↳ Birth of A Nation: Portrayed the KKK as heroes during Reconstruction ↳ Used modern advertising to increase members ↳ Gained political influence and intimated the “un-Americans” ↳ Declined because the leader was convicted of murder and there was already a lot of corruption within The “lost generation”: Writers who criticized religion and said that wartime sacrifices were fraud for people who financially profited from the actions; people became disillusioned with American values due to a newfound idea post-WWI ↳ Disillusionment: Things don’t seem as good as they used to, lost faith or trust in something ↳ Cynicism: Human distrust and believing that people only did things for self-profit ↳ Rejection of traditional values: Rejected conservative values of their parents Margaret Sanger: Women were still expected to do housework and the way they were viewed was still more or less the same; Sanger advocated for birth control, showing how people wanted to take a step towards feminism IMPACT: Birth control pill legalized decades later The flapper: Short dresses, bobbed hair; stepped away from conservative women visuals as a way of “rebelling” against their parents “The war tore away our spiritual foundations and challenged our faith.” REPRESENTED: New independent women known for their rebellious spirit embodying the youth generation stepping away from the past generations Harlem Renaissance: When 20% of African Americans lived in the North, there was still discrimination; in Harlem NY, African Americans celebrated their culture through art, music, literature → sometimes drew White people in too to see the many performances ↳ One of the big reasons why the town prospered is because they were finally recognized by White people, which gave them more opportunities Jazz Music: Biggest art in Harlem, often seen as a Black thing and most thought it was a shame for people other than African Americans to do jazz ↳ Ex. Silent film watched in class when the father was upset at his son because he started to have an interest in jazz Marcus Garvey: “Back to Africa” movement to create a Black nationalist community back in Africa and founded the UNIA Harding’s Presidency: Newspaper writer, did some good in office including SOME good appointments; lower income tax, higher tariff (Fordney-McCumber Act), budgets (Bureau of the Budget), Eugene Debs release ↳ “Return to Normalcy”: 1920 Election campaign, wanted to go back to the Gilded Age (Wealth distributed to the wealthy will bring the economy up from top to bottom) Teapot Dome Scandal: One of Harding’s appointments, Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall, accepted bribes for granting oil leases in Wyoming SYMBOLIZES: Corruption still exists, pro-business government, laissez faire Coolidge’s Presidency: Harding’s vice president who broke up the Boston policemen strike, doesn’t speak a lot, wanted a limited government, BUDGETS, and vetoed Republican bills Hoover vs. Smith: During the election of 1928, Hoover was pro-prohibition was Smith was anti-prohibition which appealed to immigrants; Hoover’s campaign to get rid of poverty had him win by a landslide Henry Ford/Automobile: Ford used the idea of scientific management which made manufacturing more efficient ↳ Made use of an assembly line to create automobiles efficiently and many corporations adopted the procedure by 1920 Consumerism: Federal Reserve loosened bank regulation and lowered interest rates which led to more consumerism of appliances, automobiles ↳ Buying on credit: Consumers started to do monthly payments but it was very costly which led to the decline of purchases Welfare Capitalism: Offering workers benefits (ex. wages or better hours) to decrease unions Art Deco: Modernist, simple architecture/art [SKYSCRAPERS] Mass Media: Newspapers and radios provided light to different cultures ↳ Radios: People all over the US listened to the same things → NATIONALISM ↳ Charles Lindbergh: Flew from New York to Paris, was seen as a hero and seen on the radio with a national celebration Buying Stock on Margin: Investors using their own money for 10% of the price and then borrowing the rest to resell at a really high price to pay off loan and still get profit ↳ Lenders demanded that the loans be repaid Federal Reserve Board: Restricted the total physical cash and increased interest rates which caused international banks to go bankrupt ↳ Would’ve been good during the prospering years but the 1930-1931 needed the opposite [* International bankruptcy → Europe’s financial trouble → US banks specializing in Europe trade lost business] Hawley-Smoot Tariff: Raised agricultural good’s tariff by 8% and on manufactured goods RESULT: Europe was upset and raised their own tariffs which declined international trade Herbert Hoover: 1928 Republican president; wanted prosperity in America ↳ In response to the depression, he encouraged people to work together and passed an act to protect depositors ↳ Reluctant to help out homeless people because he thought it would decrease self-worth Associationalism: Different industries should work together and help each other; didn’t think it was the government’s role to help out the industries Reconstruction Finance Corp: $2 billion loans to banks and corporations that could pay them back EXCLUDED THE SMALLER CORPORATIONS AND CITIZENS PUBLIC OPINION: People were upset that Hoover didn’t help out the common people which made them turn away from him even more Home Loan Bank Board: Regulate the housing market during the Great Depression for more affordable home loans to Americans Bonus Army: A group of army veterans from WWI demanding the payment of their $1000 bonus ↳ House approved, Senate disapproved ↳ Federal troops set fire which in turn hurt Hoover’s public image Franklin D. Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt’s cousin, grew up with a lavish lifestyle but when he was paralyzed for two years with polio, he had a change of mindset with compassion towards the unfortunate ↳ Entered office in 1933 during the Great Depression The First New Deal: Political campaign; “Ours must be the party of liberal thought, of planned action, of enlightened international outlook, and of the greatest good for the greatest number of citizens.” ↳ It actually increased racism and didn’t do much to take steps towards equality ↳ Fireside Chats: Roosevelt’s radio announcements and he would talk to the citizens like they were “around a fireplace” using words like “friends”; appealed to many especially middle class ↳ Three “R’s”: Relief [immediate help to the unfortunate], Recovery [economic betterment], Reform [“insurance” to keep the changes continue] Emergency Banking Relief Act: Roosevelt shut down banks for a week because they were going bankrupt; while they were shut down, he fixed them with stronger enforcement Federal Deposit Insurance Company: Government would protect $5000 of their savings ↳ Still used now as banking insurance Securities and Exchange Commission: Enforce federal law and regulate NY Stock Exchange on a federal level → MARKET REFORM Federal Emergency Relief Administration: $500 million relief to poor, headed by Harry Hopkins who distributed $2 million only on the first day Civilian Conservation Corps: 2 million men to plant trees, offered jobs to people with wages ↳ Had segregation between Black people and White people National Recovery Administration: Persuade industrialists to raise wages by 30-40 cents and max 30-40 working hours per week but FAILED when codes were evaded; SYMBOL: Blue eagle → placed on different industries/companies and producers got together to develop certain wage/hours etc DRAWBACKS: Didn’t offer as high pay to Black people and gave White people first pick for jobs GOAL: To decrease overproduction Agricultural Adjustment Administration: Paid farmers to keep a piece of land non-farmed and smaller herds ↳ Some refused since they were skeptical (Why would we get paid for farming less?) but went along once payments were made to people around them DRAWBACKS: Sharecroppers who worked on the farms that became smaller were forced off the land GOAL: To decrease overproduction Public Works Administration: Construction projects to strengthen infrastructure for economic investments ↳ Major dams, Triborough Bridge, schools, etc Tennessee Valley Authority: Controlling flooding of Tennessee River and use its waters for electricity/fertilizer, navigation, etc ↳ Sort of similar to the PWA but with more authority ↳ Big accomplishments and one of the most successful ↳ Got criticism for being socialist because it was government control for electricity distribution ↳ Hired little minorities Federal Housing Authority: Provided insurance for loans for mortgages and encouraged banks to lend more money for mortgages ↳ Redlining; Maps color coded to represent neighborhood where it was “safe” or “dangerous” to give out a loan * These used by banks to determine if they should loan out money to buy property → red zones usually denied these loans Senator Huey Long: Louisiana senator who announced on radios, wanted wealth distribution ↳ Supported by mostly middle class/skilled workers ↳ Most likely to remove Roosevelt but was assassinated before he could “Share our Wealth” Plan: get rid of wealth inequality through federal taxes, consumerism policies, etc Father Charles Coughlin: “Radio priest” who shared a similar message to Long’s ↳ Appealed to middle class / once wealthy workers ↳ Former Roosevelt supporter, wanted a strong government that wasn’t run by bankers ↳ Anti-semitic beliefs led to people turning him away Francis E. Townsend: Doctor who felt giving $200/month to seniors would end the Great Depression and had 20 million supporters American Communist Party: Left sided political party; emerged in the 1920’s by people who wanted to adopt the Soviet Union’s way of socialism ↳ Went to vulnerable citizens first since they were easiest to appeal ↳ “Popular front”: Different Democratic groups come together to oppose authoritarian rule which increased government PUBLIC OPINION: some called for its suppression RESULT: Forced New Dealers to respond to the poor Second New Deal: Roosevelt started to appeal to the poor and to abolish the “evil holding companies” Keynesian economics: Give government money (government spending) → get money returned → more income → more spending ↳ Government spending increases and all other spending stays the same, then the total economic output increases ↳ Government spending increases demand [EX. If government decides to spend money on creating infrastructure, the demand for workers and materials to build the infrastructure increases] Social Security Act: Required states to set funds to distribute to the poor, unemployed, disabled, and also put people into a program that would give them income after retirement ↳ Benefitted white middle class mostly EXCLUDED MEXICAN AMERICANS Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act): Every worker had the right to join a union and the employers should try to bargain in order to reach a compromise ↳ National Labor Relations Board to supervise ALSO EXCLUDED MEXICAN AMERICANS Works Progress Administration: Most of relief money; built/bettered public institutions and provided a lot of jobs “Black Cabinet”: African Americans appointed to second level positions to end discrimination ↳ Roosevelt didn’t advocate for civil rights because he needed the Southern majority support ↳ Some people still advocated for racial equality/segregation and SOME segregations were eliminated Repatriation Program: Deporting Mexicans back home, US Immigration Service sent them home if they didn’t have the right documents ↳ 500,000 Mexicans were forced to return by 1935 NEW DEAL DIDN’T OFFER LOTS OF RELIEF BECAUSE MOST MEXICANS WORKED AGRICULTURE IN RURAL AREAS Mexicans became known as the “invisible majority” Bureau of Indian Affairs: Led by John Collier to improve Native American lives ↳ Indian Reorganization Act: Native rights that reflected Collier’s “cultural pluralism”; ended the Dawes Act [which forced them off land], self-government rights, and cultural support ↳ Gave them job opportunities that they wouldn’t normally have OPPOSITION: White Protestants and some tribes themselves (they felt it was a way of government control) Good Neighbor Policy: Abandoned the Monroe Doctrine but didn’t decrease the US’ influence on Latin America; they still participated in diplomatic measures but without sending in troops ↳ The US retreated its troops from countries they originally had them in to show it was a formal agreement ↳ Also did trade agreements to increase business Reciprocal Trade: Agreement between the US and other countries [total: 14 countries] that they would lower US tariff by 50% if other nations did the same “Court Packing”: Roosevelt wanted to change the Supreme Court because the judges were too old/weak but his real motive was to get rid of conservative judges who would go against his New Deal PUBLIC OPINION: Met with a lot of disapproval and many middle class started to turn away from the New Deal 1937 Recession: Roosevelt decreased relief programs but increased federal tax to compensate for the government’s spending → value of currency decreased → another stock market crash THIS WAS DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION, THINGS GOT BETTER FOR A BIT BUT WENT DOWNHILL AGAIN GREAT DEPRESSION CAUSES 1920’s consumerism Middle class bought on credit and it was a “trend” to spend a lot of money which made the stock market rise → people more willing to buy stock Slowed down eventually and then stopped completely Stock market speculation/buying on margin Investors bought stock but only paid 10% of the price so when the lenders demanded them to pay, the price was too high to pay them back [Bought stocks really quickly and just assumed the prices would keep on rising] Stock market crash Risky investments led to people running out of money, so they started selling all their products which decreased value of the stocks → market crashed Bank failures The investors now owe a lot of money to the banks but they don’t have the money to pay them back → Banks actively losing money Banks ALSO invested in stocks too but their investments also decreased Hawley-Smoot Tariff Raised American goods tariff by a large percent, so Europe in response increased their own tariffs too → declined the international trade Federal Reserve Board/interest rates Restricted total money circulation and increased interest rates so people couldn’t pay back the amount they owed → banks didn’t get money back and harder to get loans Distribution of Wealth Rich got more rich, poor got more poor Unfair income distribution also decreased consumerism ★ THREE R’S RELIEF RECOVERY REFORM FERA WPA PWA NRA AAA TVA CWA CCC WPA SEC FDIC NRA POLITICAL PARTIES APUSH UNIT 12 Neutrality - Pre WWII World War II Cold War 1950s → Civil Rights Disarmament Stimson Doctrine Good Neighbor policy Axis Powers Mussolini- Fascism Hitler- Nazi Party Japanese expansion Nanjing Massacre Isolationism Nye committee Neutrality Acts America First Committee Munich Conference Appeasement Invasion of Poland Blitzkrieg “cash and carry” Selective Service Act Destroyers for bases deal Lend-lease Act Atlantic Charter Four Freedoms Japanese trade restrictions, frozen assets Pearl Harbor War Labor Board Bracero program Fair Employment Practices Commission Smith-Connally Act OFF OWI WASPS Executive Order 9066 - Japanese incarceration Korematsu v. U.S. “Double V” campaign Zoot suit riots CORE Battle of the Atlantic “Strategic bombing” Operation Torch Eisenhower Battle of Stalingrad D-Day The Holocaust Battle of Midway Island hopping Kamikaze attacks The Manhattan project Hiroshima and Nagasaki Unconditional surrender Truman Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Cold War United Nations The Cold War UN Security Council Satellite nations Division of Germany The “iron curtain” Containment The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan The Berlin Airlift East vs. West Germany NATO Warsaw Pact National Security Act Arms race NSC-68 The Korean War General MacArthur Brinkmanship Communist Control Act of 1954 John Foster Dulles Nikita Khrushchev “New Look” SEATO CENTO United States Information Agency Geneva conference “spirit of Geneva U-2 incident Open skies initiative Hungarian uprising The Third World CIA activity – Iran, Guatemala Fidel Castro Suez Canal incident Eisenhower Doctrine Sputnik NASA McCarran-Walter Act The Red Scare HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) Hollywood “blacklists” Alger Hiss The Rosenberg case McCarthyism Employment Act of 1946 GI Bill Baby boom Suburbs Levittown The Sun Belt Taft-Hartley Act The Dixiecrats The Fair Deal “Modern republicanism” Interstate Highway Act “New Frontier” Television Rock and roll Conformity The Affluent Society Beatniks The Warren Commission Jackie Robinson Desegregation of the military The “Dixiecrats” NAACP Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Thurgood Marshall “Southern Manifesto” Desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King, Jr. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Birmingham “Letter From a Birmingham Jail” March on Washington3 Context Terms Quizlet PRESIDENCIES: Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat): 1933-1945 Harry S. Truman (Democrat): 1945-1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican): 1953- 1961 John F. Kennedy (Democrat): 1961-1963 Disarmament: withdrawal/reduction of military forces; 1920 presidents tried to promote peace with treaties ↳ Washington Conference: Secretary of State Hughes advocated for naval disarmament to resolve Pacific conflicts [Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal representatives came together] * Five Power Treaty: allowed to maintain large warships but on a ratio [5 (US): 5 (UK): 3 (JP): 1.67 (IT/FR)] * Four Power Treaty: US, FR, UK, JP would respect each other’s territories in the Pacific * Nine Power Treaty: All nine countries would respect the Open Door Policy in China ↳ Women movement of preventing future wars led by Jane Addams led to the Kellogg-Briand Pact which would say they can’t use force for national benefit (like territorial expansion) → ineffective because it allowed defensive war and no severe punishment Stimson Doctrine: Secretary of State Stimson declared that it wouldn’t recognize the territory on “Manchukuo” because Japan went against the Open Door Policy IMPACT: Showed that the US respected the Nine Powers Treaty Good Neighbor Policy: Intervention no longer made sense and Germany and Italy’s rise made the US eager to defend the Western Hemisphere region (to maintain good relations) Axis vs Allies: Axis [Germany, Italy, Japan], Allies [United States, Britain, Soviets, France, China] Mussolini-Fascism: Benito Mussolini led Italy’s Fascist Party from 1922 ↳ Attracted unhappy war veterans, nationalists, and those with fear of Communism SYMBOL: Black shirt Hitler-Nazi Party: Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party [economic dissatisfaction, Treaty of Versailles resentment]; anti-Semitic ↳ Attracted unemployed workers Japanese Expansion: Japan kept expanding into China and Southeast Asia for raw materials since they didn’t have their own ↳ Nanjing Massacre: Killed about 300,000 Chinese during the 8-year Sino-Japanese War Isolationism: Isolated from outside affairs and only focusing on your nation REASONS: Disillusionment, didn’t want to end up like Europe’s issues, Soviet Union’s communism, fear of interfering with European conflicts BIGGEST IN MIDWEST AND REPUBLICANS Nye Committee: Led by Senator Nye which said the only reason the US joined World War I was to satisfy banker greed and manufacturers ↳ Increased the anti-war sentiment and isolationists Neutrality Acts: To ensure American neutrality even if Europe went to war ↳ Neutrality Act of 1935: Gave the president power to forbid arms shipments and citizen transportation of ships from countries at war ↳ Neutrality Act of 1936: Forbade loans/credit to countries at war ↳ Neutrality Act of 1937: Shipment of arms forbidden to the opposite side during Spanish civil war Strategic Bombing: Aerial bombing of cities (targeting civilians) to prevent the country from being able to fight Battle of the Atlantic: Naval War where Germany sunk 500+ Allied ships ↳ The Allies eventually developed ways to overcome them with radar, sonar technology “Cash and carry”: Since the British still controlled the seas they could ship arms to only Britain and not Germany ↳ Looser Neutrality Act where the US can sell weapons if the country paid cash and its own ships Destroyers for Bases Deal: Germany started to threaten British sea control but just selling them destroyers would anger the isolationists ↳ US decided to sell old destroyers in exchange for military base rights in British islands THIS WAS TO PLEASE THE ISOLATIONISTS BUT THEY WEREN’T FULLY HAPPY America First Committee: A committee to increase anti-war sentiment in the US; had about 800,000 memberships ↳ Failed to block the Lend-Lease Act DISSOLVED AFTER THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR Selective Service Act: Made military service mandatory which pushed neutrality ALL males from age 21-36 were required to serve in the military, meaning the wealthy people can’t pay for substitutes to take their place OPPOSITION: Isolationists Four Freedoms: When the US lent Britain money to buy US war materials, Roosevelt said it was the American “duty” to protect other nation’s freedom of speech, religion, and from want, and fear GOAL: To convince Congress to approve the Lend-Lease Act so they could step away from isolationist values but also to set the outline for post-war peace Lend-Lease Act: Permitted Britain to buy any necessary arms on credit OPPOSITION: Isolationists SUPPORT: Majority of the Americans were leaning towards Britain aid Fair Employment Practices Commission: Banned work hire discrimination based on race ADVANCED THE NON-DISCRIMINATION/SEGREGATION MOVEMENT RESULTS: After World War II, African Americans held more government jobs and industrial jobs as well Atlantic Charter: With britain, determined the idea of peace after war, self-determination, free trade, and no expansion Japanese trade restrictions / frozen assets: Due to Japan defying the Open Door policy in China, the US decided to prohibit trade with Japan and froze Japanese assets in the US; the US refused to end the embargo until Japan would remove troops from China ↳ This meant Japan now needed to take the Dutch East Indies for their oil supply Pearl Harbor: Japan dropped bombs from an aircraft onto the city of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; the US thought they would attack an island like the Philippines, Dutch East Indies, or Malaya IMPACT: 2400 Americans killed and the US declared war on Japan which led to Germany and Italy declaring war on the US War Labor Board: Managed labor disputes and made unfair payment towards other races illegal IMPACT: African Americans were now more northern industrial who held many skilled positions CORE (Committee on Racial Equality): Opposed discrimination and wanted to integrate public facilities Bracero program: Mexicans can now enter the US as a guest farmer Executive Order 9066: Roosevelt issued the federal order that Japanese would be sent to concentration camps after Pearl Harbor since people were suspicious of every Japanese American in the US ↳ hundreds of thousands were displaced with majority of them being Americans (born in the US) OFF: A government agency created to spread war-related information to the public; focused on domestic propaganda to ensure the nation was informed of the war ↳ Later absorbed into the Office of War Information (OWI) Battle of Midway: Ended Japanese expansion, by decoding messages and then destroying the Japanese carriers and planes OWI (Office of War Information): Maintained propaganda and censorship to inform the public of the government’s aims and the war effort of the nation OPPOSITION: New Deal Democrats who wanted it to promote more liberty/equal OPPOSITION: Republicans for it favoring the New Dealers more Manhattan Project: Under Leslie Groves, a $2 billion project with 100,000 people to create an atomic bomb; Oppenheimer successfully tested out the first atomic bomb in New Mexico Operation Torch: Led by Eisenhower and Montgomery from Britain to force German forces out of North Africa and Mediterranean; took North Africa in 1943 Eisenhower: Nicknamed “Ike”, he was the general that led Operation Torch and also commanded the D-Day invasion, NATO Supreme Commander Zoot Suit Riots: Soldiers/ sailors attacked Mexican / Africans wearing zoot suits and police interfered andbeat/arrest Mexicans ↳ Ended when the soldiers were sent back to their bases Smith-Connally Act: Gave president power to seize plants/mines if strikes got in the way of production WASPS (Women Airforce Service Pilots): More than a thousand women joined ↳ Seen as a “short term sacrifice” to protect their ACTUAL role (housework) so nothing happened to it after the war Tehran Conference: United States, Britain, and Soviet seen as the “Big Three”, they met up and agreed that they should liberate France and USSR should invaded Germany then regroup to declare war against Japan along with the other two D-Day: The day that the Allies were going to free France with US, Britain, and Canada ↳ When the Allies were coming to France, the Axis planted obstacles in the waters which prevented the ALlies from coming in * Operation Bodyguard: Allies tricked the Germans they were going to Calais to bring the troops up North when they were actually going to the Normandy beaches; they used rubber tanks, fake cannons, etc ↳ Stalin started getting irritated about how long it was taking TURNING POINT: Of the 20th century because Germany started to focus on the Western Europe too; Stalin sacrificed a lot so post-war he was going to expect a lot in return but in this operation the US and Britain contributed so the demands would be lighter Korematsu v. US: Challenged the constitutionality and Congress officially apologized 40 years later and gave compensation to those sent to camps “Double V” Campaign: Let’s have a victory abroad AND at home → regarding inequality which furthered the civil rights movement Battle of Stalingrad: Between the Soviets and Germany, turning point because the Germans lost and were on the defensive side but in Soviet territory ↳ German surrender The Holocaust: Discovered after the Germans surrender, millions of Jews murdered through a systematic way Yalta Conference: Met on Soviet Union coast to agree on post-war policies * Germany would be divided to Allies and some of their land would be given to Poland and Soviets * Eastern Europe can have free elections even under Soviet rule * Soviet Union enter war against Japan * Soviet Union would control islands and have privileges in Manchuria * San Francisco conference post-war to make a new peace organization CRITICS: Roosevelt got criticized for given too much land to the Soviets Island hopping: US military strategy; skipping over the heavily defended islands and onto less defended ones to isolate the big forts → defenders started to death, trade routes blocked, etc Kamikaze Attacks: Ships loaded with explosives and would hit enemies, killing themselves too SHOWS: The Japan determination and they wouldn’t surrender until they were dead [ACT OF DESPERATION → Japan didn’t have natural resources so they were struggling compared to the other countries like the US and Soviets] Potsdam Conference: Between Stalin (Soviet), Truman (US), and Attlee (Britain), to agree that: * Japan surrender unconditionally * Germany/Berlin divided into 4 ↳ Soviet wanted a bigger German punishment plus fear of atomic bomb, Truman wanted a stricter regulation on Soviets Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Truman dropped 2 atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in the respective order, 3 days apart; killed 250,000 Japanese civilians short term and long term effects like radiation diseases (cancer, etc) Unconditional surrender: When Roosevelt and Churchill of Britain met in Casablanca, they strategize for the unconditional surrender of the Axis United Nations: Congress easily agreed on the joining of the US unlike the League of Nations; United States, Soviet, Britain, and China proposed it and then 50 nations assembled ↳ Existence was recognized when its charter was ratified by the majority ↳ US proposed to the UN for atomic bomb regulation but the Soviets refused and made atomic bombs of their own Cold War: US vs the Soviet Union, shown through diplomatic measures not physical battles but almost led to a nuclear war; the US saw Soviet as a threat in the early 1900’s but then temporarily aligned for they had similar goals and after WWII, Americans determined that the Soviet wasn’t trustworthy DIFFERENCES: Roosevelt (hope of Stalin being contained) vs. Truman (zero trust of Stalin) Satellite Nations: Nations under a great power to provide protection ↳ SU rigged election results despite their agreement for free election and Communist leaders kept rising in Europe, little by little took over East Europe Division of Germany: TEMPORARY occupation of Germany with the United States, Soviet, Britain, France, but Soviet's area started to become a communist state DIFFERENCES: United States and Britain wanted no reparations since they felt Germany was necessary for the revival of Central Europe, but Soviet Union wanted big war reparations The “iron curtain”: Metaphor used to show US allies and Soviet Union allies division in Europe Containment: To prevent a communist expansion so the nation would give up on communism Truman Doctrine: Soviet demands and uprising led to Congress giving $400 million to assist Greece and Turkey No one actually chooses Communism but it’s forced upon them, the US, as the leader of the world, must help protect the democracy of the smaller nations SUPPORT: Both Congress parties IMPACT: Determined the US goal for world peace and containing communism Marshall Plan: $17 billion European Recover Program to strengthen the nations so they wouldn’t turn to Soviets → Offered the aid to the Soviets but they declined for fear of dependence on the US SUCCESSFUL BUT LED TO MORE COMMUNIST VS NON-COMMUNIST TENSIONS Berlin Airlift: When the Soviets cut off land routes to Berlin, the US started sending supplies through planes and Truman also sent bombers that COULD hold atomic bombs to England and many thought Stalin would declare war on the US but he didn’t RESULT: After 11 months they finally reopened the blockade East vs. West Germany: Berlin blockade made two Germanys with Federal Republic of Germany (West) being US ally and German Democratic Republic (East) being a satellite of Soviets Berlin, within the East Germany territory was also divided into 2 between the US and Soviets NATO: 10 European nations, US, and Canada made a military defense pact for West Europe, all members defended from attacks, if one member was attacked the other members would help MOST SUCCESSFUL ALLIANCE IN HISTORY Warsaw Pact: Soviet’s response to NATO, military defense pact for Eastern Europe National Security Act: 1) Condensed into the Department of Defense [army, navy, air] 2) National Security Council for foreign policy coordination 3) Foundation of the CIA IMPACT: Reorganized the structure of the armed forces NSC-68: Secret report to outline the strategy against the Soviet’s perceived threat that 1) US should increase defense spending by 4 times 2) Convince public that a defense buildup was crucial 3) forms non-Communist alliances Korean War: After WWII Korea was split into two with Kim Il Sung (Communist, North) and Syngman Rhee (Nationalist, South) ↳ North Korea invaded South Korea and Truman applied containment policy to South Korea and defended it through expeditions led by General MacArthur (Republican) * Sent troops but no war so this was just seen as “police action” ↳ North Korea overwhelmed the US and South Korea until MacArthur attacked from behind lines and pushed them to China; ignored China’s warnings and China pushed back and drove them out of North RESULT: MacArthur viewed as hero, Truman criticized for allowing communism in China; since neither sides couldn’t win, they started the peace talks [Seen as a limited war (Don’t use all resources, no nuclear weapons)] Brinkmanship: Eisenhower administration took the enemy to the edge of the war to end US involvement in Korean War Communist Control Act of 1954: Prevented American Communist Party from running in elections and strengthened the Subversive Activities Control John Foster Dulles: US Secretary of War under Eisenhower, he initiated the Manila Conference which led to SEATO, which in turn led to CENTO ↳ Massive retaliation: Any small attack on US and their allies would result in unreasonable response (nuclear weaponry) Nikita Khrushchev: New prime minister of USSR after Stalin died, critic of Stalin and wanted peace with the people of the West “New Look”: Developed by Dwight Eisenhower; control military spending by focusing on nuclear weapons and airforce instead of costly human warfare ↳ US would respond by massive retaliation and the location, timing, etc of the response would be determined by the US SEATO/CENTO: The same thing as NATO, but for different parts of the world United States Information Agency: Coordinate anti-communist propaganda Geneva Conference: United States, Soviet Union, Britain, and France met and introduced cultural exchanges between the countries U-2 Incident: American U-2 spy plane shot down by the Soviets; “aggressive act” by the United States IMPACT: Paris Summit cancelled, possible arms ban or test ban treaty Open Skies Initiative: Mutual military observation to see if the country is actually properly reducing nuclear → Soviets hesitated at first ↳ Didn’t happen until 2002 Hungarian Uprising: Rallied to support Imre Nagy (Communist-nationalist) for multiparty political system but the Soviet military opposed ↳ Hungarians turned to the US for help but the US ended up not helping because they were scared of fighting so close to the Soviets IMPACT: Soviet army killed hundreds of Hungarians, intensified Cold War tensions, increased Soviet control over Eastern Europe Third World: Emerging independent nations peaked the US and Soviet interests ↳ US wanted to contain communism away so they covertly provided aid to keep them from being so vulnerable as to turn to communism CIA - Iran, Guatemala: In Iran, the CIA overthrew the nationalist leader and replaced him with the former dictator who would ensure the US connections with Iran regarding oil benefits; In Guatemala, CIA spread propaganda to push out Communist aligned president Fidel Castro: Organized the overthrow of dictator Batista and said he would decrease Cuban dependence on the US ↳ Eisenhower economically boycotted and then Castro turned to communism and assured his support even if others turned communist Suez Canal incident: Nasser (Egyptian colonel) seized power from a corrupt monarchy and declared Israel evil, increased power and bought weapons from a Communist weapon ↳ US blocked loans for Aswan Dam which was supposed to better Egypt ↳ Nasser responded by taking British owned canal to which the British responded by attack with France and Israel then reclaimed it US RESPONSE: Opposed British actions and gave the canal back to Egypt but US influence in the area declined Eisenhower Doctrine: Announced that any country that was attacked or being influenced by any armed aggression could turn to the United States for help, especially in the Middle East ↳ Economic aid or military help Sputnik: Soviet Union launched world’s first satellite IMPACT: Increased the education spending sentiment in the US ↳ When Soviets launched another satellite after, Eisenhower critics said the satellite could rain nuclear weapons so the United States has to do something about it NASA: Created by the United States in response to the Soviet Union’s new inventions John F. Kennedy: Naval officer during WWII and was already a prominent politician; social life stood out more than his legislations; Eisenhower critic “New Frontier”: John F. Kennedy’s political campaign, civil rights avocation (alongside Martin Luther King), education aid, better lifestyle conditions ↳ Focused the most on economic growth and aggressive foreign policy “Flexible Response”: Term used to show military/non-military strategies for overseas ↳ Increased budget and made the Peace Corps: volunteer program to send Amerians to oversea nations, working on projects to contain Communism Bay of Pigs Invasion: CIA planned to remove Fidel Castro and brought anticommunist former Cubans who were exiled but the revolt against Castro didn’t happen for the member numbers were too little → members captured by Cuban government IMPACT: Anti-US sentiment in Latin America Berlin Wall: Split East and West Berlin, to keep East Germans from escaping ↳ USSR and US tensions Cuban Missile Crisis: Missile launch sites in Cuba by the Soviets were spotted by spy planes but then Kennedy ordered a Cuban quarantine (naval blockade to prevent further weapons from arriving to Cuba), after 13 days Soviets dismantled the missiles National Liberation Front: Vietnamese political organization to overthrow the South Vietnam government and then unify North and South under Communist government, made up of anti-Diems who said he was too dependent on the United States, the numbers increased as North Vietnam kept sending supplies to South Vietnam McCarran-Walter Act: Immigration act that strengthened the immigration control and strengthened the deportation committee; Truman vetoed but then Congress overrode Red Scare: 2nd rebound after World War II; suspicions that national/foreign communists are infiltrating the federal government ↳ Loyalty Review Board started to investigate federal employees for suspicious activity HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee): In the House of Representatives, originally used to find Nazis, resurfaced but for Communists search ↳ Investigated organizations too, and not just government positions Hollywood “blacklists”: Where no one would hire you if you refused to testify in front of the HUAC Alger Hiss: Worked closely with Franklin Roosevelt, denied being a Communist but gave confidential documents to a Communist ↳ Ruled guilty during the Hiss Case Rosenberg Case: United States wondered how the Soviet Union got atomic bomb secrets, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg was found guilty then executed SYMBOLS: Just how many Americans were suspicious of the Communist infiltrations; tension and fear McCarthyism: Joseph McCarthy used the Red Scare and said he had a list of Communists to get himself more power; no concrete evidence that the names he were accusing were actually Communists ↳ Appealed to middle class as he attacked the wealthy Employment Act of 1946: Wanted employment and less inflation, created the Council of Economic Advisors to maintain the goal on an executive level; president would meet with Congress to give a report on the economic status at the moment OPPOSITION: Republicans and conservative Southern Democrats alliance to create difficulty GI Bill: Gave money to education and loans DRAWBACKS: Only actually gave money to the white people, so it created an even bigger racial gap than before Baby Boom: Births (and marriage) skyrocketed IMPACT: Women started to focus on houseworking more [Although women still worked outside the home, majority of MARRIED women were doing housework] Suburbs: Became aligned with middle which increased more racial division; increased with more affordable housing, post-war national wealth ↳ Levittown: William Levitt mass produced cheap homes with low interest rates to help out the less wealthy people in terms of getting a house DRAWBACKS: Only for White families Sun Belt: Warmer, lower tax, defense related industries; Florida to California; [political power shifted towards that area as well] Taft-Hartley Act: Pro-business act which Truman vetoed but then Congress overrode the veto ↳ Outlawed workers being required to join a union before hire ↳ Outlawed workers being required to join a union after hire ↳ Outlawed several unions supporting a strike by joining a boycott ↳ President has power to give a 80-day warning if the strike threatened safety Dixiecrats: A term used to describe Southern conservative Democrats who seceded away from Truman ↳ Despite Truman losing his own political party followers, he still won the Election of 1948 Fair Deal; Reform program with health insurance, education aid, civil rights, public housing funds, farm program ↳ Congress only approved a minimum wage increase, and more Social Security inclusion “Modern Republicanism”: US ideology under Eisenhower, called for reduced taxes, budget balance, and less government control over the economy, and return of some federal responsibilities to the states; support of social welfare programs and a moderate civil rights stance ↳ Conservative yet liberal Interstate Highway Act: 42,000 miles of interstate highway construction became a model overseas but the United States paid little attention to public transport which is what the poor and old people used Television: Similar to the radio in the 1920’s, center of life in American homes while some criticized the impact on children if they spent too long looking at it ASSOCIATED WITH: Suburban lifestyle/stereotype (white, middle class, working father, stay at home mother) Rock and Roll: Popular among teenagers through record albums, a mix of African American rhythm and blues with White country Conformity: Fitting in for wealth, suburb home, automobiles, schools Affluent Society: Wealthy Americans failed to do more social spending for the benefit of the rest; the idea that wealth distribution could be done from top to bottom Beatniks: Rebellious writers and intellectuals who advocated for drugs and rebel actions Warren Commission: Concluded that Oswald was the alleged assassin of John F. Kennedy, but many people doubted whether this was true or not IMPACT: Lost some government trust Jackie Robinson: Colored baseball player, first African American on the Major League Baseball since the 1880’s Desegregation of the military: Truman addressed discrimination and strengthened civil rights divisions IMPACT: Affected the lives of many in the South NAACP: Won lots of court cases regarding higher education in the 1940s Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka: A group of NAACP lawyers, led by Thurgood Marshall (Democrat) said educational segregation was unconstitutional because of the 14th Amendment RULING: Supreme Court agreed and the Plessy v. Ferguson case was overturned; 1) segregation is unconstitutional and 2) school segregation must end OPPOSITION: Eisenhower disagreed with the ruling decision DRAWBACKS: 10 years after the ruling there was still segregation “Southern Manifesto”: A document for opposition to the decision, disapproving the Supreme Court for power abuse Central High School in Little Rock: Arkansas governor refused to take in 9 African Americans into the high school despite the ruling of the court case and Eisenhower, even though he disagreed with the decision, sent in federal guards Montgomery Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the front of the bus and didn’t go to the back Murder of Emmett Till: In 1955 Emmett Till was a teenager from Chicago visiting his cousin in Mississippi. He supposedly whistled at a white woman to which he was beaten to death by white men. His mom decided to have an open casket funeral after his body was thrown away so people around could see it. His killers sold their story of the crime to the media to get money off it Martin Luther King Jr.: Leader of the civil rights movement to end segregation ↳ Believed in NONVIOLENT protests SCLC: Organized ministers and churches to support the civil rights struggle; most Black people in Montgomery went to churches so they broke up the area into groups SNCC: Organized by John Lewis advocating for voting rights and the end of segregation Birmingham: Martin Luther King jailed in Birmingham for an illegal march but most Americans thought his jailing was unjust ↳ More civil rights movement support “Letter from Birmingham Jail”: While being jailed Martin Luther wrote a letter supporting non-violent protests and gratitude towards the church while still criticizing Southerners March on Washington: Peaceful, in support of jobs and civil rights bill ↳ Delivered “I Have a Dream” KEY IDEAS * RIGHT AFTER WWII, Congress was mostly focused on foreign policy over domestic issues such as civil rights, education aid, etc * Republican majority Congress after 1946 * The United States was still segregated coming into the 1950s * Homefront during the Cold War: * Traditional gender roles, pressure to conformity, more wealth as a total * Post WWII priorities * Truman: Democracy/capitalism for more trade * Stalin: Protection for his own country * Soviet Union suffered the most losses during WWII * Southerners felt education aid from the federal government would increase pressure for racial integration TIMELINE: 1931 - Japanese Invasion of Manchuria ↳ Started the aggression in Asia 1932 - Stimson Doctrine ↳ No recognition of territories taken by force 1934 - Nye Committee ↳ Examination of arms manufacturing ↳ More distrust in war → neutrality 1935 - Neutrality Acts [preventing involvement in foreign wars] 1937 - Nanjing Massacre ↳ Japanese army invades and kills a lot of people 1938 - Munich Conference (Appeasement) ↳ Great britain and France appease Hitler and allowed him to take Sudetenland [Appeasement failed because it allowed further aggression → led to more aggression from US and other countries] 1939 - Invasion of Poland ↳ Beginning of WW2 in Europe ↳ Blitzkrieg 1940’s * Selective Service Act * Destroyers for bases deal * Lend-lease Act (1941) * Atlantic Charter (1941) [Outline vision of post-WW2 and it led to the UN] * Pearl Harbor (1941) = US joins WW2 * Fair Employment Practices Commissions (1941) ↳ Workplace discrimination ________________ WARTIME INVOLVEMENT 1940s * FDR created the OFF and OWI * Smith Connally Act (1943) = limited strikes in wartime industries [More FDR federal government changes] * War Labor Board (1942) * Bracero Program (1942) * WASPS * Executive Order 9066 (1942) * Congress on Racial Equality 1942 - Operation Torch ↳ North Africa invasion to help Soviet Union and prepare to invade Central Europe 1942-1943 - Battle of Stalingrad ↳ Soviets defeat Germany (BIG TURNING POINT) ↳ Germany goes from offensive to defensive * Tehran Conference (planning post war Europe) 1944 - D-Day (goal to liberate France by opening up West Front) ↳ Allies invade Normandy Beaches 1945 - Yalta (planning post war Germany and United Nations), Potsdam Conference (Terms for Japan’s surrender) ☆ POTSDAM: Divides up Germany and punishes, demanded Japan’s unconditional surrender ↳ Stalin refused free elections in Europe = tensions in Cold War + allies 1945 - Axis powers surrender ↳ Truman becomes president * UN created ↳ Peace, cooperation, preventing future conflicts (since League of Nations from WW1 failed) 1946 - Stalin’s “Iron Curtain” divides Europe and Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe ↳ Satellite nations/buffer zones of Communist nations ________________ TRUMAN’S POLICIES: 1947 → Containment (prevent spread and more influences of Communism) ☆ Truman’s Doctrine - Financial aid to countries resisting communism ↓ Fair Deal: Similar to FDR’s New Deal [FAILED] 1948 - Marshall’s Plan ($13 billion to aid European nations) [SUCCESSFUL] ↳ Berlin Airlift (helping Western Berlin) ☆ Arms race - with the Soviets to build more nuclear weapons 1950-1953 - Korean War [UNDER EISENHOWER] ↳ Communist and Soviet supporter North Korea attacks South Korea ↳ UN deploys troops and pushes North away ↳ Korea remains divided 1954 - Geneva Conference ↳ Meeting to discuss future of Southeast Asia ↳ “Spirit of Geneva” = reducing tensions and making better relations 1956 - Hungarian uprising ↳ Revolt against Soviets that was suppressed by Soviet forces ________________ EISENHOWER’S POLICIES: ☆ Brinkmanship → Pursuing conflict to a dangerous point; pushing them till the edge ☆ “New Look” → Emphasized nuclear weapons and containment, covert operations ↳ Massive retaliation = US would respond to Soviet aggression with nuclear war ↳ Increase in CIA action ↳ Proposed “Open Skies” to reduce Soviet nuclear warfare and mutual surveillance which Soviets rejected [only went into effect in 2002] ☆ Eisenhower Doctrine - provides economic and military aid to Middle Eastern countries resisting communism ________________ FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DURING COLD WAR 1947 - National Security Act makes CIA, Department of Defense, National Security Council * NSC-68 = calling for massive military buildup (contrast from disarmament) 1954 - Communist Control Act ↳ Resisted Communist Party in the United States 1954-1955 - SEATO + CENTO (US was in both) 1954 - John Foster Dulles (Secretary of State under Eisenhower); pushes brinkmanship and massive retaliation ☆ United States Information Agency (USIA) ↳ Cold War propaganda spreading democracy 1953-1954 - CIA gets involved in Iran and Guatemala ↳ Overthrows Communist government and replaces them with a pro-Western one 1956 - Suez Canal Incident ↳ Nasser (Egypt) wanted canal for revenge for the US blocking loans to build a dam; Israel, Britain, and France invade Egypt territory 1957 - Sputnik launched by the Soviets ↳ Triggers space race 1958 - US establishes NASA in response ________________ KENNEDY’S POLICIES: ☆ “Flexible Response” - emphasizing conventional forces as well as nuclear ☆ “New Frontier” - economic growth, civil rights, poverty ↳ Goal was to modernize the US ↳ Supporter of civil rights, ending segregation, but that alienated a lot of people away from him 1961 - Peace Corps ↳ Global service where volunteers would be sent abroad to work on underdeveloped countries with projects to contain Communism ________________ PRESIDENTIAL POLICIES RECAP: FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT: 1933-1945 ↳ New Deal ↳ Neutrality before WW2 but eager to help the British once it started ↳ Mobilization for WW2: * War Production Board * Manhattan Project ↳ Executive Order 9066 HARRY S. TRUMAN: 1945-1953 ☆ Policies shift from working with the Soviets to containing them ↳ Containment policy ↳ Truman Doctrine commits US to worldwide containment and sends money to help Greece and Turkey ↳ Helped make NATO ↳ Korean War ↳ Expanded New Deal into the Fair Deal ↳ Civil rights action DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER: 1953-1961 ↳ Eisenhower Doctrine = expanding containment to the Middle East ↳ Increasing nuclear weapons ↳ Modern Republicanism * Interstate Highway * Reduced government spending * Space race with the Soviets JOHN F. KENNEDY: 1961-1963 ☆ New Frontier = Civil rights action, economic policies, social programs ↳ Peace Corps Flexible Response ↳ Bay of Pigs Invasion [FAILED] ↳ Cuban Missile Crisis [SUCCESS] ↳ Berlin Wall: US increased military presence in West Berlin APUSH UNIT 13 * Lyndon Johnson * Great Society (Johnson) * “war on poverty” * Medicare/Medicaid * HUD * Civil Rights Act of 1964 * The Voting Rights Act of 1965 * Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 * Freedom Summer * Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Johnson) * Domino effect * Operation Rolling Thunder * Ho Chi Minh Trail * “living room war” (Johnson) * Tet Offensive * Watts riots (Johnson) * Malcolm X * Black Power * Black Panthers * Civil Rights Act of 1968 * The Feminine Mystique * NOW * Title IX * The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (Nixon) * Cesar Chavez * United Farm Workers * American Indian Movement (AIM) * The Warren Court * SDS - Students for a Democratic Society * Port Huron Statement * The New Left * Free Speech Movement * Anti War movement * The Yippies * The Weather Underground * Counterculture * Woodstock * The sexual revolution * Silent Spring * Earth Day * Environmental Protection Agency (Nixon) * Tet Offensive (Johnson) * “stagflation” * Roe v. Wade * Détente * SALT * Nixon’s China visit * Vietnamization * Nixon Doctrine * Jackson State/Kent State (Nixon) * My Lai incident * Vietnam Vets Against the War (VVAW) * Paris Peace Accords (Nixon) * Pentagon Papers * “Southern strategy” * Silent majority * CREEP * Watergate * Gerald Ford * Whip Inflation Now (WIN) (Ford) * Fall of Saigon (Ford) * Mayaguez incident (Ford) * Jimmy Carter * Department of Energy * Three Mile Island incident (Carter) * Panama Canal (Carter) * Camp David peace talks (Carter) * Nicaragua (Carter) * Sandinistas * Iran Hostage crisis (Carter) * Afghanistan (Carter) * Ronald Reagan * “Reagan Revolution” * Supply-side economics/Reaganomics/Trickle down economics * Air traffic controllers strike (Reagan) * SDI or “Star Wars” (Reagan) * Grenada (Reagan) * Iran-Contra Affair (Reagan) * End of the Cold War CONTEXT TERMS: https://quizlet.com/1018826331/context-terms-flash-cards/ PRESIDENCIES: John F. Kennedy (Democrat): 1961-1963 Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat): 1963-1969 Richard Nixon (Republican): 1969-1974 Gerald Ford (Republican): 1974-1977 Jimmy Carter. (Democrat): 1977-1981 Ronald Reagan (Republican): 1981-1989 George H. W. Bush (Republican): 1989-1993 Selma to Montgomery March: Lyndon Johnson: Kennedy’s vice president, used emotional tactics to get support from people around him; expanded Kennedy’s programs/goals as a way to commemorate him ↳ Really big on building projects, social economic programs ↳ Proposed to Congress addressing tax cuts, economic inequality, civil rights ↳ Had the Supreme Court on his side during presidency Great Society: Federal programs to make American life better which relied heavily on the economic growth of the United States post-war CONTROVERSIES: Usually seen as a failure because it increased government’s power, ambitious long term goals, made people too dependent on the government, and a cause for economic distress ↳ Some wealthy people thought it was a waste of their tax money on social experiments full of holes ↳ Some also thought it didn’t touch upon the topic of political and economic power distribution (ex. pro-business) SUPPORT: Others say it increased government spending (Keynesian economics) and a smaller wealth gap ↳ Lots of financial aid, educational support, classroom reform, all aimed at low-income people [“hand up” for people in distress], permitted activists to design projects OVER TIME: It started to lose momentum in 1966 when Republicans started gaining more seats in Congress “War on Poverty”: One of Johnson’s campaigns, addressed economic inequality, and Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 passed to make a program to eliminate poverty by giving loans, developing programs, and social programs [all with federal support] Medicare/Medicaid: Medical aid to the elderly and the poor which came from New Deal and Fair Deal programs HUD (Housing and Urban Development): Cabinet-level agency that made privately owned housing available to low income families Civil Rights Act of 1964: Established the federal address against racial discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ↳ Prohibited discrimination in public places with interstate commerce (hotels, etc) and also in organizations that receive federal financial assistance ↳ Prohibited discrimination based on sex/gender Voting Rights of 1965: Targeted state and local elections to increase Black voters, and specifically to get rid of literacy tests OVER TIME: Came to require voting ballots in other languages besides English Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: Abolished immigration quota system to allow immigration from all parts of the world RESULT: Big immigration wave from places like Asia and Africa where they normally wouldn’t be allowed to migrate from Freedom Summer: Recruited young volunteers as an effort to register Black voters in Mississippi ↳ Some volunteers were killed by the KKK or white KKK supporters ↳ Created the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party which included Black people → But Johnson didn’t support the party and supported the regular white party instead to not completely alienate the Southern Democrats Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: When a US destroyer came back after gun exchange with North Vietnam, they said there may be a CHANCE North Vietnam attacked with torpedo ↳ Johnson said it was an unprovoked aggression by North Vietnam ↳ Resolution passed by Congress with little opposition, allowed Johnson to attack back by ANY means necessary [Johnson saw this as a congressional declaration of war and immediately started bombing North Vietnam but South Vietnam was predicted to lose unless United States interfered] DRAWBACKS: The vague wording and no actual time limit meant that it could lead to a nuclear war Domino Effect: Started with Truman, nation’s fall to communism would lead to more communist nations in Asia ↳ Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh began fighting against France in Vietnam to try to get rid of them and gain independence, Eisenhower said the US had to help France because of domino effect but Viet Minh continued to resist with guerilla tactics RESULT: France did not defeat Vietnam and they were planning on giving up control but on their own terms Operation Rolling Thunder: Campaign of air strikes against North Vietnam DECLINE: After Pentagon said it was a strategic failure RESULT: Dropped about 1.5 million bombs total Ho Chi Minh Trail: Network of roads where North Vietnam sent resources to South Vietnam to get of US dependence of the South * The trail went into other nations like Laos and Cambodia, prompting the US to bomb those countries as well “Living room war”: A war that people could watch at their own homes on TV ↳ The media used to praise Johnson for his efforts but later on he was portrayed as aggressive which was shown with violent images Tet Offensive: On the day of Vietnam holiday (Tet), South Vietnam and North Vietnam were supposed to have a truce but National Liberation Front and North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam TURNING POINT: Increased anti-war sentiment and Americans started to think there was no chance of winning Watt Riots: Six days of violence that originated between white officers and a black motorist → hundreds of buildings burned and 34 dead ↳ Civil rights “agitators” vs people who wanted law reinforcement ↳ Violence kept increasing throughout urban cities Black Power: Movement advocating for a civil rights cause, racial pride ↳ Black Panther: Civil rights organization which used aggressive tactics to advocate for better opportunities, protections, and aid [EMBRACED THE WORD BLACK] ↳ Malcolm X: Initially part of “Black muslims” and criticized MLK’s non-violence and said SELF DEFENSE should be used as necessary, seen as aggressive, murdered * “A call for Black people to unite and build a sense of community” Civil Rights Act of 1968: Eliminate discrimination in real estate and made it illegal to cross state lines to initiate riots ↳ But bad wording within the legislation made the real estate discrimination worse CRITICS: Targeted Black political activists SUPPORTERS: Saw it as law and order Feminine Mystique: Written by Betty Friedan, encouraged middle class women to have professional careers in addition to being a wife and mother at home NOW (National Organization for Women): Used activist tactics, that civil rights activists used, to advocate for equal gender treatment ↳ Legislation for gender discrimination were passed but they were so horribly enforced that they barely had any impact Title IX: A law to end discrimination in schools that got federal aid ↳ Gave girls equal athletic opportunities too Equal Rights Amendment: Wasn’t ratified by Congress, addressed the equal treatment (no discrimination) based on sex OPPOSITION: Conservatives who thought it threatened traditional values Cesar Chavez: Led a lot of boycotts for Latino farm workers ↳ Founded the United Farm Workers: Wanted to empower farmers and improve wages and conditions RESULT: Got bargaining rights Latino Achievements: got a mandate to require schools teach both Spanish and english to Hispanics and got a lot of office positions American Indian movement: Self determination and revive traditional customs ↳ Used militant actions to occupy lands American Indian Achievements: Congress passed a law that gave them more control over educations, law enforce, programs and efforts for regaining territory and compensation; improved education and built industries on reservations Warren Court: Supreme Court with Warren as chief justice, made lots of decisions that influenced criminal-justice, state politics, individual rights ↳ Criminal justice: illegal evidence can’t be used in court, state courts to provide attorney services for poor, suspects can have a lawyer present during police questioning, remain silent rights ↳ Made having a house of Congress favor rural areas unconstitutional and election districts have to provide equal representation ↳ 1st Amendment protects freedom of speech, schools can’t require prayers and readings, right to use birth control SDS: A student organization that advocated for civil rights; students started protesting against the universities and also against the Vietnam War and racial discrimination ↳ Weather Underground: A radical portion of the SDS, used violence and vandalism and eventually escalated to bombing, protested against government war policies, racial unfairness, and corporate greed ↳ Port Huron Statement: Fight the “loneliness” of individuals, advocated for a more engaged, participatory democracy New Left: Left leaning movements, specifically on college campuses Free Speech Movement: On Berkeley campus students demanded an end to student political restrictions Anti War Movement: End war with Vietnam, some criticized Johnson for not being aggressive enough, others wanted North Vietnam to win ↳ Campus violence, draft resistance ↳ Martin Luther King was a big activist for the movement Yippies (Youth International Party): Fully used the media and used theatrical actions to pull people closer ↳ Reinvented political journaling into “new journalism” Counterculture: A movement with the slogan “Do Your Own Thing” with no formal aspects (office, elected officers, meetings, etc) ↳ Appeared in poor neighborhoods and displayed different lifestyle and activities like drugs, protests, casual sex, flamboyant style, and rock [hippies] ↳ Created its own media and influenced consumerism heavily Woodstock: Music festival in New York which featured a lot of counterculture like rock music, etc GOAL: Express the ideals of counterculture ideology Sexual Revolution: Casual sex, birth control contraceptives ↳ AIDS, etc spread Silent Spring: Negative effects of insecticides, preached that it was “better living through chem” that was causing the environmental crisis → is easier living worth harming the environment? Earth Day: People showed their support for Earth protection over pollution Environmental Protection Agency: Under Nixon, to enforce federal environment laws [ex. Clear air/water acts, endangered species protection, gasoline reduction, radiation, pesticides] OPPOSITION: Industrial and conservatives Vietnamization: The idea of South Vietnam troops fighting for themselves, withdrawal of US troops so we don’t have to bear the burden and losses “Stagflation”: The economic idea that instead of unemployment rates rising and inflation decreasing, they were rising together Roe v. Wade: State law making abortion illegal violated women rights OPPOSITION: Anti-abortionists who “valued” a life (uterus) Détente: Easing of relations with Soviets and less military engagement in South Vietnam; foreign policy of Nixon NOT CHINA SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks): Limited the development of anti ballistic missiles and intercontinental ballistic missiles DRAWBACKS: Had a limited impact because it wasn’t actually specific enough Nixon’s China Visit: To fulfill his foreign policy of Detente, he took a visit to China and had a ping pong match, ate, and others as an attempt to ease tensions IMPACT: Significant shift in the Cold War tensions; one of the big reasons for Soviet’s fall GOAL: Since Nixon assumed that China and the Soviets were aligned, he wanted to put a wedge between the two nations and have China on his side so that now it would be China and US vs. Soviet Nixon Doctrine: Nixon would expand military aid to other nations but they would have to use their own combat forces, first only applicable to Southeast Asia, amended later to include the rest of the world. ↳ US invade Cambodia which targeted North Vietnamese there, but antiwar rose Jackson State/Kent State: Anti war protests rose on college campuses; police shot two students at the all-black Jackson state and four students were killed by national troops at Kent State My Lai Incident: US went into South Vietnam settlement, My Lai, and killed 200 civilians there since they were told that they were all Viet Congs IMPACT: Increased anti war sentiment to the max, controversial VVAW (Vietnam Vets Against the War): An anti-war organization protesting against the Vietnam War and US involvement Paris Peace Accords: Peace treaty between the US and North Vietnam; called for: 1. US withdrawal of troops in South Vietnam 2. Cease fire between North and South Vietnam 3. Release talks for prisoners of war 4. Vietnam would still be split, not under one nation IMPACT: Looked good on paper, but made the US weak for not being able to win against such a small nation Pentagon Papers: Top secret papers about the Vietnam War that were not released from the public were leaked by an anti-war activist, Nixon tried to stop the publication and the media “Southern Strategy”: We’ll give Black people voting rights then the white Democrats would be intimidated into joining the Republican Party ↳ Black Americans tended to vote for the Democrat Party Silent Majority: People who are still supportive or things, not protesting; the word “majority” emphasizes that most people are good Americans → criticizing the New Left protesters by saying “You’re a minority” CREEP: An organization to re-elect president and raised millions, illegally Watergate: Eavesdropping equipment in Washington office complex for Democratic meeting, public saw it as a burglar but Nixon privately set up a cover up to contain political damage ↳ Federal officials linked figures and CREEP to illegal activities but links of Nixon to crime were still being investigated RESULT: Led to his resignation as president Gerald Ford: Nixon’s new vice after his former one resigned, he was never actually elected as president and some suspect that when Nixon appointed him as the new president to take over they made a deal for Ford to benefit Nixon during his presidency ↳ Pardoned Nixon after Watergate despite the fact that Nixon was not actually charged for a crime yet WIN (Whip Inflation Now): Temporary income tax increase and federal spending cuts ↳ Democrats: Favored programs that would stimulate employment and growth ↳ Republican: Wanted to cut government spending FAILURE: Unemployment increased and so did inflation Fall of Saigon: North Vietnam kept pushing closer and closer to Saigon and the Americans shredded documents within the US Embassy, all Americans evacuated from Vietnam IMPACT: Showed failure of containment, didn’t get Ford re-elected in 1976 Mayaguez Incident: Cambodia’s Khmer Rouge took US Mayaguez ship hostage which prompted Ford to respond with bombing of Cambodia IMPACT: Increased Ford’s popularity Jimmy Carter: Democratic nominee who emphasized his smalltown background and Southern faith, won the election of 1976 and advocated for non aggressive foreign policy ↳ Appealed to fundamentalist, evangelical whites, and African Americans KNOWN FOR: His attempts at international peace including the Camp David Peace Talks, Panama Canal, etc CRITICS: Some disliked him for not being able to do enough and incompetent as a president Department of Energy: Under Jimmy Carter, headed by Schlesinger, created to promise a less fossil fuel dependence due to gasoline price rising Three Mile Island Incident: Reactor malfunction, increased fears of nuclear energy RESULT: Nuclear power industry halted Panama Canal: Jimmy Carter signed treaties that gave Panama full control in 2000 because it wasn’t an economic or diplomatic necessity anymore Camp David Peace Talks: One of Carter’s greatest actions, when Israel and Egypt relations were bad because of a previous war, Carter met with both leaders and made a peace treaty IMPACT: Eased bad tensions, improved US public image Nicaragua: A movement to overthrow Nicaragua’s dictatorship that was supported by the US, mostly Democrats but Republicans said if they got rid of the dictatorship then the containment policy would be gone Sandinistas: Member of left wing Nicaraguan political organization, came to power after overthrowing the dictatorship government OPPOSITION: A force called the contras that were financed by the US government since the US felt they were a threat to US economy Iran Hostage Crisis: When Iranian dictator who was supported by the US was overthrown, he went to the White House for medical treatment but that led to Iranians holding the US embassy and 66 Americans hostage in exchange for the shah’s return FAILURE: When he tried to rescue them through force he failed, highlighting his incompetence Afghanistan: Soviet’s invasion in Afghanistan, Carter responded by stopping grain exports and set other restrictions OPPOSITION: Farmers from the US CRITICS: Allowed Soviet influence in another nation Ronald Reagan: Anti Communist military tactics, “tax and spend”, conservative ↳ Easily nominated, opposed domestic spending and high taxes ↳ 3 PRIORITIES: Federal tax cut, government’s role in economy, and national security “Reagan Revolution”: Domestic and foreign policy, rescued the country from stagflation, jobs rose, inflation lower Reagan Doctrine: ANY country or nation that is anti communist, dictatorship, authoritarian, democracy, whatever will be given US support Supply-Side Economics: Tax reductions for the wealthy (businessmen) and less government regulation would stimulate the economy ↳ The idea that businesses and individuals would invest and save more if taxes were lower ↳ After a two year economy drop, there was a period of non-inflation Air Traffic Controllers Strike: Nation’s air traffic union wouldn’t end a nationwide strike so Reagan fired all of them IMPACT: Union membership started to decline reaching 16% by the end of Reagan’s presidency and workers started to step away from strikes as an economic resistance SDI: Space shield against missiles, had its own Pentagon agency CRITICS: Called it Star Wars due to its incredibly high costs GOAL: Reagan thought Soviets would crumble under pressures of an arms race Lebanon: US sent troops to Lebanon as a way to stabilize the country and stop fighting between Syria and Israel as a “peacekeeping force” FAILURE: US troops killed by Islamic troops, led to US withdrawal of troops Grenada: Reagan sent troops to a tiny Caribbean island where Fidel Castro started forming ties, US got rid of Grenada government and replaced it with a more US favored one Iran-Contra Affair: Reagan secretly sold arms to Iran and used it for the contra troops in Nicaragua, which violated previous congressional ban on US military aid ↳ Some officials were convicted of crimes but were later overturned Mikhail Gorbachev: General secretary of the Communist Party, his new policies to withdraw troops and look for “economic liberation” at home earned him praise ↳ Him and Reagan signed an arms ban treaty reducing nuclear weapons ↳ After Gorbachev called the end to the Cold War, the Communist nations fell one by one End of the Cold War: Big reasons why the Cold War ended was that US-Soviet tensions were easing up and the Soviets were under a lot of economic pressure due to the arms race with the US and military expeditions as an attempt to increase satellite nations Post-War: Bush promoted economic cooperation and a free trade market but his goal was unclear and he failed to steer the US towards a clear path Persian Gulf War: Battles between the US and Iraq but Bush didn’t overthrow Hussein ☆ KEY IDEAS: * Although the United States was in a period of economic growth, they were also in economic uncertainty because of certain conflicts such as the Vietnam War * Democrats gained Congress seats in 1964 but then Republicans gained more again in 1966 * During the Vietnam War, much of politicians were divided amongst a wider war or stepping back * Republicans gained control of Senate but not House in 1980 * Democrats regained back the Senate in 1986 Johnson: Created a “welfare state”, supported civil rights and end on poverty, but declined the Freedom Summer Democratic Party to not alienate the Southern Democrats completely Nixon: First president to resign, economic reassurance Ford: Pardoned Nixon, never elected Carter: Energy Crisis Reagan: Anti-Détente, supply-side economics