good day ladies and gentlemen today we are going to be discussing about introduction to physiological and pathological chemistry under this we are going to be looking at the definition of biochemistry breakthrough in Biochemistry relevance of medical biochemistry to other life sciences and we will conclude with branches of biochemistry so at the end of this lesson you are expected to be able to Define medical biochemistry mention one major breakthrough in the field of biochemistry explain the relevance of biochemistry to nursing medicine and other biological sciences and lastly you should be able to describe different branches of biochemistry so as a way of uction we start by the definition of biochemistry biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms we can also Define it as the application of chemistry to study biological processes living organisms biochemistry is both life science and physical science because it explor the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for changes occurring in living cells while for medical biochemistry we can Define it as the branch of General biochemistry but its scope is not as broad as that of General biochemistry medical biochemistry can be defined as the study of chem biochemical processes that occur within the human body in relation with their application in the field of medicine millions of complex chemical reactions are going on in the human body at any given time ranging from the balance of the endocrine system to storage and utilization of fil molecules such as glucose by understanding this highly complex reaction medical biochemists have found better ways to fight infection and diseases at molecular level since an engineer cannot repair vehicle if he does not understand how it works so anos must understand how the human body works before she can treat her patient effectively much of the medical much of the biochemistry deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins carbohydrates lipids and nucleic acid collectively known as biomolecules meaning molecules of Life the main focus of medical biochemistry is in the understanding of how biological molecules give rise to process that OCC within living cells which in turns Rel gra greatly which in turns relates greatly to the study of and understanding of the whole organism which is the the human so let's look at the Breakthrough in Biochemistry our present knowledge of the human body came from series of experiments and res conducted several years ago the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next was not thoroughly understood until the major breakthrough of 1953 1954 one of the major breakthrough in the biochemistry was the discovery of the accurate model of deoxy ribonucleic acid that is DNA by James Watson and Francis Creek in 1953 so um many people believe that this American biologist James Watson an English physicist Francis Creek discover DNA in the 1950s in reality this is not the case rather it was first identified in the late 60s in the late 1860s by Swiss uh chemist Frederick Misha Frederick m I first discover the nucleic acid when he was working with white blood cells he discovered what he didn't called nulean which it was later changed to nucleic acid and DNA in 19 18669 so the the second person even before James swon and Creek work is tubus Le which he investigated the structure of DNA he was the first to discover the three major components of the single nucleotide which is phosphate sugar phosphate sugar based he was the first to uh discovered carbohydrate component of RNA which is ribos he was the first to discover the carbohydrate component of DNA which is the oxos and he was correctly ident he was able to correctly identify the way RNA and DNA molecules are put together iron chaga is the next scientist which he is the founder or the scientist that the chags rule was named after which states that the total number of purines in a DNA molecules is equal to the total number of pyramides that are present in that so James Watson which is the scientist in left and Francis Greek the scientist uh in t right photo he discover the DNA as a double stranded Helix and most of the DNA double helixes they discover it to be right-handed and the DNA Helix double helix is is anti parallel the discovery of DNA open up many possibilities in the realm of medical biochemistry that have been inaccessible on until that time the Human Genome Project which was completely uh which map the human genome completely and it was completed in 20 2003 as a result of the 13y year uh uh 13e Human Genome Project since then uh medical biochemist have had access to vital genetic information which has allowed to manipulate within the cells nucleus they are also finding ways to isolate h tra with human even human DNA and found method of sometimes uh and found methods of sometimes causing them completely shut down prior to manifestation so the Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project within the the goal of determining the B pairs that make of human DNA and of identifying mapping and sequencing of all gen of the human genome both from physical and functional point of view so relevance of medical biochemistry to the other life sciences biochemistry provide foundation for other life sciences such as Nursing Pharmacy zoology microbiology and various other fields various methods are used by biochemist to isolate purify characterize and study the reactions of cellular components biochemist have contributed greatly to the discovery of new drugs to treat chronic diseases such as the cancer uh various viral infection as well as metabolic Disorder so let's quickly look at branches of medical biochemistry number one toxicology which is the field that studies the adverse effect of toxic or foreign chemical substances on the organism environment environmental and food toxicology also falls under this uh branch of Bist we also have enzymology which is the study of enzymes their functions deficiency and consequences of such deficiencies in diseases molecular biology and biotechnology which is the field that Evol evolved directly from the discovery of DNA and it involves uh manipulation of DNA to improve drug research and solve health problems it has also has wide application in other fields of Sciences which include cancer research lipid and carbohydrate chemistry which is the liid the the field that involves study of biochemical bases of metabolic disorders such as diabetes obesity and cardiovascular diseases we also have natural product biochemistry which is a little bit new area in Biochemistry it evolves as a result of interest of scientists across the world in search for new drugs from plants so it's actually uh a field that explode natural product looking for cure of disease Therapeutics of different diseases from plants so queening as an example andate which are antimalarial drugs they were first they were isolated from uh plants so this is the end of this introductory class uh see you next in our subsequent l thank you for watching