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Mr. Sinn Overview of AP Human Geography Unit 2

Apr 8, 2025

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AP Human Geography Unit 2 Overview

Introduction

  • Review of unit 2 topics for AP Human Geography.
  • Recommended to use the study guide from the Ultimate Review Packet.
  • Ultimate Review Packet includes review videos, practice quizzes, vocab lists, and more.

Human Population Distribution

Major Population Regions

  • South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka.
  • East Asia: China, Japan, Korea.
  • Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam.
  • Europe: Industrial cities around natural resources (due to Industrial Revolution).

Influences on Human Settlements

  • Physical Factors: Climate, weather, landforms, bodies of water, and natural resources.
  • Human Factors: Economic opportunities, cultural acceptance, historical events, political stability.

Population Spread and Density

  • Population Distribution: Dispersed vs. clustered settlements.
  • Population Density Types:
    • Arithmetic Density: Total population divided by total land area.
    • Physiological Density: Population divided by arable land.
    • Agricultural Density: Farmers divided by arable land.

Consequences of Population Density and Distribution

Political

  • High-density areas have more political power.
  • Impact on voting patterns and districting.

Economic

  • High-density areas have more services and job opportunities.
  • Lower-density areas often rely on larger cities for resources.

Social

  • High-density areas offer better access to education and healthcare.
  • Low-density areas have a stronger community feel but fewer services.

Environmental

  • Urban sprawl in high-density areas vs. more green spaces in low-density areas.

Population Composition

Demographic Characteristics

  • Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, and occupation insights.
  • Population Pyramid: Tool for analyzing demographic trends.

Population Pyramid Components

  • Y-axis: Age ranges (pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive).
  • X-axis: Population number/percentage.
  • Sex Ratio: Ratio of males to females.
  • Dependency Ratio: Number of dependents to working-age population.

Population Dynamics

Key Terms

  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Live births per 1000 people.
  • Crude Death Rate (CDR): Deaths per 1000 people.
  • Natural Increase Rate (NIR): CBR minus CDR.
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average children per woman.
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Deaths of infants per 1000 live births.

Factors Influencing Population Dynamics

  • Healthcare, education, economic development, political policies.
  • Impact of gender roles on TFR and NIR.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Stages

  • Stage 1: High CBR/CDR, low NIR (no current countries).
  • Stage 2: High CBR, declining CDR, rising NIR (e.g., Afghanistan).
  • Stage 3: Declining CBR, low CDR, moderate NIR (e.g., Mexico).
  • Stage 4: Low CBR/CDR, zero or negative NIR (e.g., US, China).
  • Stage 5: Very low CBR, low CDR, negative NIR (e.g., Japan, Germany).

Epidemiologic Transition Model

Stages

  • Stage 1: High mortality due to famine, diseases.
  • Stage 2: Decline in pandemics, better sanitation.
  • Stage 3: Rise of degenerative diseases.
  • Stage 4: Extended life due to medical advancements.
  • Stage 5: Resurgence of infectious diseases.

Malthusian Theory

  • Thomas Malthus: Predicted population growth would exceed food production.
  • Neo-Malthusians: Believe in finite resources and environmental degradation fears.

Government Influence on Population

Policies

  • Pro-natalist: Encourage more births (tax incentives, resources).
  • Anti-natalist: Limit births (e.g., China's one-child policy).

Women and Demographic Changes

  • Development increases women's opportunities and lowers TFR.
  • Gender equality impacts migration and societal roles.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

  • Economic reasons, short distances, step migration, urbanization trends.
  • Gravity Model: Influence of population and distance on migration.

Challenges of Aging Population

  • High dependency ratio, economic impact, and potential policy changes.

Migration Types and Impacts

Push and Pull Factors

  • Economic, political, social, and environmental reasons for migration.

Types of Migration

  • Emigration vs. Immigration: Exiting vs. entering a place.
  • Intervening Obstacles/Opportunities: Factors preventing reaching final destination.
  • Voluntary vs. Forced Migration: Choice vs. compulsion to move.

Specific Migration Forms

  • Transnational, Chain, Step Migration.
  • Guest Workers and Transhumance.
  • Intra-regional & Inter-regional Migration: Movement within or between regions.

Impact of Migration

Political

  • Policies on citizenship, immigration quotas.

Economic

  • Talent pools, brain drain.

Cultural

  • Mixing traditions, languages, and potential anti-immigrant sentiment.

These notes summarize the key concepts and terms needed for understanding Unit 2 of AP Human Geography. Review these notes and use additional resources to deepen understanding and prepare for exams.

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