APUSH Periods 1-5 Review

Overview

Content Coverage: This is a review of periods 1-5, covering 50% of the APUSH curriculum.
Key Focus: Terms, people, and events from the new curriculum. Bolded terms indicate important curriculum points.

Significance: Represents Native life prior to European contact and the impact of European colonization.
Key Concepts:
- Columbian Exchange: Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
  - Impact: Diseases decimated native populations, introduction of guns, horses, and racially mixed populations.
- Native American Lifestyle:
  - Southwest: Maize cultivation.
  - Great Plains/Basin: Nomadic due to scarce resources.
- Encomienda System: Spanish system to Christianize natives, later replaced by African slave labor.

Significance: Colonization and the early formation of American society.
Colonial Regions:
- New England Colonies: Established by Puritans, focused on a like-minded community.
- Middle Colonies: Known for cereal crops, religious diversity, notable in Pennsylvania.
- Chesapeake Colonies: Tobacco cultivation, initially used indentured servants, later African slaves.
- Southern Colonies/West Indies: Staple crops like sugar, heavy slave labor.
Pueblo Revolt: Native American rebellion against the Spanish for religious and cultural preservation.
Transatlantic Print Culture: British and colonial ties through print and commerce.
Enlightenment: Emphasis on reason and questioning government.
- Notable Figures: Montesquieu (separation of powers), John Locke (consent of the governed).
Mercantilism: Economic policy benefiting the mother country.

Key Events:
- Seven Years' War: Britain vs. France, led to British taxation of colonies and colonial resistance.
- American Revolution: Influenced by Enlightenment and Thomas Paine's "Common Sense."
- Articles of Confederation: Weak central government, leading to Constitution.
- Constitutional Compromises: Great Compromise, Three-Fifths Compromise, Slave Trade Compromise.
- Bill of Rights: Added to satisfy Anti-Federalists.
Impact on World:
- Inspired global revolutions (French, Haitian)
- Washington's Farewell Address: Warned against political parties and foreign alliances.

Key Themes:
- Market Revolution: Changes in production and transportation.
- Political Parties:
  - Federalists: Upper class, loose interpretation, pro-British.
  - Democratic-Republicans: Middle class, strict interpretation, pro-French.
- Democrats vs. Whigs: Democrats favored low tariffs, Whigs supported tariffs and internal improvements.
Major Events:
- Louisiana Purchase: Doubled U.S. size, manifest destiny begins.
- Supreme Court Decisions: Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate trade).
- Second Great Awakening: Inspired reforms, including abolition and women's rights.
- American System: Henry Clay's plan for economic growth via tariffs, banks, and infrastructure.

Manifest Destiny: U.S. expansion justified by divine right, led to Mexican-American War.
Immigration and Nativism: Anti-Catholic sentiment against Irish and Germans.
Civil War Causes and Effects:
- Key Legislation: Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Decision.
- Civil War: Emancipation Proclamation, Northern advantages, and military strategies.
- Reconstruction:
  - 13th-15th Amendments: Abolished slavery, granted citizenship, and suffrage rights.
  - Resistance: Jim Crow laws, KKK violence, poll taxes, and literacy tests.

Study Tips: Focus on understanding bolded terms and key events.
Additional Resources: Part 2 of the review will cover Periods 6-9.
Encouragement: Confidence in studying will lead to success in the exam. Don't forget key figures like Henry Clay.